PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA
E-mail: font@focusonnature.com
Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-800-721-9986
 or 302/529-1876

 

MARINE LIFE
of Southeastern 
North America 


of & by the Atlantic Ocean
& the Gulf of Mexico

(other than Whales & Dolphins
 and the Manatee)

including inshore and offshore waters
and coastal Florida and Texas 


A list compiled by Armas Hill


With those seen during FONT tours 
& pelagic trips with an (*)

Photo at upper right: the jellyfish known as the PORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR


Links:

A Listing of scheduled Focus On Nature Tours

Upcoming Focus On Nature Tours in North America

FONT Past Tour Highlights

Links, in the following list, to:

Sea Turtles   

Fish

Corals & Jellyfish

Mollusks (Shells)

Arthropods (including Crustaceans & Echinoderms)


  

Codes:

All of the following either along the coast or offshore

FL   in Florida
TX   in Texas


(p)   pelagically 


(ASC:xx)  refers to plate number of photo in the "National Audubon Society Field Guide to Seashore Creatures"

(FGCF:xx)  refers to the page with an illustration in the book "A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes, from Maine to Texas", by Val Kells & Kent Carpenter, 2011.    

These classifications by the ICUN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
of Threatened & Near-threatened species; 
(t1):  critically endangered
(t2):  endangered
(t3);  vulnerable  
(nt):  near-threatened 




     
    MARINE, or SEA, TURTLES  (Reptiles)
 

  1. Leatherback (Sea) Turtle  (t1) (*)  ______ 
    Dermochelys coriacea

    The Leatherback Sea Turtle is the world's largest turtle. It can weigh half a ton. It is a deep diver, able to go to a depth of about 5,000 feet.

  2. Loggerhead (Sea) Turtle  (t2) (*)  ______  FL
    Caretta caretta 




    A Loggerhead Sea Turtle photographed during a FONT pelagic trip
    (photo by Alan Brady)

  3. Kemp's Ridley (Sea) Turtle  (t1)  (*)  ______  
    Lepidochelys kempii

    The Kemp's Ridley Turtle is the world's rarest sea turtle. It is classified as "critically endangered".

  4. Green (Sea) Turtle  (t2)  ______  
    Chelonia mydas


  5. Atlantic Hawksbill  (t1)  ______  (offshore in the Gulf of Mexico)
    Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata

    p's Ridley  (t1) (*)  ______
    Lepidochelys kempii

    The Kemp's Ridley is globally the most endangered of the sea turtles, but it is the species most commonly found in the Texan waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

    The primary nesting area for the species is in the Mexican state of Tampaulipas, where Rancho Nuevo has been the only known major nesting beach for the species in the world.
    A secondary nesting population has been established at the Padre Island National Seashore in Texas.  











    An excellent book about sea turtles is "Voyage of the Turtle - in Pursuit of the Earth's Last Dinosaurs", by Carl Safina, Owl Books, 2007.  



    FISH

    Click the above link to a list of marine fish of southeastern North America:  xxx species



    INVERTEBRATES

    including those of the OPEN OCEAN:


    CNIDARIANS (including corals & jellyfish)


    STONY CORALS  (Class Anthozoa)

  6. Staghorn Coral  ______  FL
    Acropora cervicornis

  7. Elkhorn Coral  ______  FL
    Acropora palmata

  8. Lettuce Coral  ______  FL
    Agaricia agaricites

  9. Starlet Coral  ______  FL  TX
    Siderastrea radians

  10. Reef Starlet Coral  ______  FL
    Siderastrea siderea

  11. Porous Coral  ______  FL  TX
    Porites astreoides

  12. Clubbed Finger Coral  ______  FL  TX
    Porites porites

  13. Knobbed Brain Coral  ______  FL
    Diploria clivosa

  14. Labyrinthine Brain Coral  ______  FL  TX
    Diploria labyrinthiformis

  15. Smooth Brain Coral  ______  FL
    Diploria strigosa

  16. Rose Coral  ______  FL
    Maniccina areolata

  17. Large Star Coral  ______  FL  TX
    Montastrea cavernosa

  18. Common Star Coral  ______  FL
    Montastrea annularis 

  19. Northern Stony Coral  ______  FL 
    Astrangia danae

    (Range: Cape Cod to Florida)

  20. Ivory Bush Coral  ______  FL
    Oculina diffusa



    JELLYFISH  (Class Scyphozoa)

  21. Crown Jellyfish  ______  FL  (ASC:503)
    Nausithoe punctata

  22. Purple Jellyfish  ______  (ASC:508)
    Pelagica noctiluca

    The Purple Jellyfish occurs in large swarms, which appear as glowing white balls at night.

    Although Pelagica noctiluca is toxic, it is eaten by the Ocean Sunfish and the Blue Rockfish.

  23. Sea Nettle  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:506,510)
    Chrysaura quinquecirrha

  24. Lion's Mane  ______  FL  (ASC:514)
    Cyanea capillata

    The Lion's Mane is the largest jellyfish in the world. Specimens up to 8 feet wide have been found.

    In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's story, "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", Sherlock Holmes solves a homicide caused by contact between the victim and this medusa in a tidepool.

  25. Upside-down Jellyfish  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:509)
    Cassiopeia xamachana

  26. Moon Jellyfish  (ph) (*)  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:502)
    Aurelia aurita



    Moon Jellyfish
    Above on a beach; below in the water 



  27. Cannonball Jellyfish  (*)  ______  FL  TX   (ASC:507,514)
    Stomolophus meleagris 


    HYDROIDS  (Class Hydrozoa, Order Siphonophora: not true jellyfish)

  28. Portuguese Man-of-war  (*)  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:512,513)
    Physalia physalis


    MOLLUSKS  (SHELLS)


    SEASHELLS are made by MOLLUSKS

    MOLLUSKS are invertebrate animals that produce shells of one or two pieces that wholly or partially enclose a soft body.

    SHELLS are the skeletons of MOLLUSKS. Like the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of a mammal, the external skeleton (exoskeleton) of mollusks function both for protection and as a place for muscle attachment. 
    A SHELL found on a beach is the skeletal remnant of a dead MOLLUSK.

    MOLLUSKS are either snail-like animals with one shell (UNIVALVES, or GASTROPODS),  or clam-like animals with two shells (BIVALVES). The two shells of a BIVALVE are held tightly together when the animal is alive.

    A third group of MOLLUSKS are the CEPHALOPODS, including SQUIDS and OCTOPUSES. These animals lack external shells, having instead internal or rudimentary shells.  



    GASTROPODS  (Class Gastropoda): snail-like mollusks with a one -part shell


    SEASHELLS are made by MOLLUSKS

    MOLLUSKS are invertebrate animals that produce shells of one or two pieces that wholly or partially enclose a soft body.

    SHELLS are the skeletons of MOLLUSKS. Like the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of a mammal, the external skeleton (exoskeleton) of mollusks function both for protection and as a place for muscle attachment. 
    A SHELL found on a beach is the skeletal remnant of a dead MOLLUSK.

    MOLLUSKS are either snail-like animals with one shell (UNIVALVES, or GASTROPODS),  or clam-like animals with two shells (BIVALVES). The two shells of a BIVALVE are held tightly together when the animal is alive.

    A third group of MOLLUSKS are the CEPHALOPODS, including SQUIDS and OCTOPUSES. These animals lack external shells, having instead internal or rudimentary shells.  



    GASTROPODS  (Class Gastropoda): snail-like mollusks with a one -part shell

  29. Rough-girdled Chiton  ______  FL  (ASC:375)
    Ceratozona squalida

  30. Mesh-pitted Chiton  ______  FL  TX
    Ischnochiton papillosus

  31. Florida Slender Chiton  ______  FL  (ASC:378)
    Stenoplax floridana

  32. Common Bee Chiton  ______  FL
    Chaetopleura apiculata


  33. Cayenne Keyhole Limpet  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:384)
    Diodora cayenensis

  34. Bleeding Tooth  (ph)  ______  FL
    Nerita peloronta

  35. Checkered Nerita  ______  FL  TX
    Nerita tessellata

  36. Marsh Periwinkle  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:473)
    Littorina irrorata

  37. Angulate Periwinkle  ______  FL
    Littorina irrorata

  38. Boring Turret Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:399)
    Turritella acropora

  39. Variegated Turret Snail  ______  FL
    Turritella variegata

  40. Common Worm Snail  ______  FL  (ASC:475)
    Vermicularia spirata 

  41. Common Sundial  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:433)
    Architectonica nobilis

  42. Costate Horn Snail  ______  FL  (ASC:396)
    Cerithidea costata

  43. Ladder Horn Snail  ______  FL
    Cerithidea scalariformis

  44. Black Horn Snail  ______  FL  (ASC:401)
    Batillaria minima

  45. Ivory Cerith  ______  FL
    Cerithium ebureum

  46. Florida Cerith  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:402)
    Cerithium floridanum

  47. Lettered Cerith  ______  FL
    Cerithium literatum

  48. Dwarf Cerith  ______  FL
    Cerithium variabile

  49. Variable Bittium  ______  FL  TX
    Bittium varium

  50. Common Purple Sea Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:466)
    Janthina janthina

  51. Angulate Wentletrap  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:395)
    Epitonium angulatum

  52. Common Slipper Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:462) 
    Crepidula fornicata

  53. Eastern White Slipper Snail  ______  FL  TX
    Crepidula plana

  54. Fighting Conch  ______  FL  TX
    Strombus alatus

  55. Queen Conch  (ph)  ______  FL  (ASC:435)
    Strombus gigas

  56. Four-spotted Trivia  ______  FL  (ASC:450)
    Trivia quadripunctata

  57. Atlantic Deer Cowrie  _____  FL  TX
    Cypraea cervus

  58. Atlantic Gray Cowrie  ______  FL
    Cypraea spadicea

  59. Flamingo Tongue  (ph)  ______  FL  (ASC:449)
    Cyphoma gibbosum



    Flamingo Tongue


  60. Shark Eye (or Moon Shell ______  FL  TX  (ASC:467)
    Polinices duplicatus 



    Some Shark Eyes, or Moon Shells
    (photo by Marie Gardner)

  61. Common Baby's Ear  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:465)
    Sinum perspectivum

  62. Emperor Helmet  ______  FL  (ASC:434)
    Cassis madagascariensis

  63. Scotch Bonnet  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:454)
    Phalium granulatum



    The Scotch Bonnet, on each side

  64. Angular Triton  ______  FL  (ASC:419)
    Cymatium femorale

  65. Apple Murex  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:437)
    Phyllonotus pomum

  66. Lace Murex  ______  FL  (ASC:438)
    Chicoreus florifer

  67. Rock Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:415)
    Thais haemastoma

  68. Atlantic Oyster Drill  ______  FL  (ASC:407)
    Urosalpinx cinerea

  69. Mottled Dove Snail  ______  FL
    Columbella mercatoria

  70. Greedy Dove Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:406)
    Anachis avara

  71. Lunar Dove Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:453)
    Mitrella lunata

  72. Channeled Whelk  ______  FL  (ASC:417)
    Busycon canaliculatum



    A grouping of Channeled Whelks
    (photo by Marie Gardner)

  73. Knobbed Whelk  ______  FL
    Busycon carica

  74. Lightning Whelk  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:427,428)
    Busycon contrarium

  75. Crown Conch  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:429)
    Melongena corona

  76. Mud Dog Whelk  ______  FL  (ASC:452)
    Nassarius obsoletus

  77. Mottled Dog Whelk  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:413)
    Nassarius vibex

  78. Florida Horse Conch  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:426)
    Pleuroploca gigantea

    Pleuroploca gigantea
    is the largest snail on the Atlantic & Gulf Coasts of the US. It is 24 inches long & 10 inches wide.

  79. True Tulip Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:421)
    Fasciolaria tulipa

  80. Banded Tulip Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:422)
    Fasciolaria hunteria

  81. Netted Olive  ______  FL  (ASC:440)
    Oliva reticularis

  82. Variable Dwarf Olive  ______  FL  TX
    Olivella hiplicata 

  83. Lettered Olive  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:441,442)
    Oliva sayana

  84. Beaded Miter  ______  FL  (ASC:403)
    Mitra nodulosa

  85. Junonia  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:423)
    Scaphella junonia

  86. Common Nutmeg  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:416)
    Cancellaria reticulata

  87. Common Marginella  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:439)
    Prunum apicinum

  88. Mouse Cone  ______  FL  (ASC:431)
    Conus mus

  89. Alphabet Cone  ______  FL  (ASC:430)
    Conus spurius

  90. Stearns' Cone  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:432)
    Conus stearnsi

  91. Concave Auger  ______  FL  (ASC:397)
    Terebra concava

  92. Common Atlantic Auger ______  FL  TX  (ASC:398)
    Terebra dislocata

  93. Oyster Turret  ______  FL  (ASC:404)
    Crassispira ostrearum

  94. Common West Indian Bubble  ______  FL  (ASC:443)
    Bulla occidentalis

  95. Warty Sea Cat  ______  FL  (ASC:211)
    Dolabrifera dolabrifera

  96. Spotted Sea Hare ______  FL  TX  (ASC:210)
    Aplysia dactylomela

  97. Ragged Sea Hare  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:148)
    Bursatella leachi

  98. Common Lettuce Slug  ______  FL  (ASC:212)
    Tridachia crispata

  99. Saltmarsh Snail  ______  FL  TX  (ASC:446,448)
    Melampus bidentatus 


    BIVALVES  (Class Bivalva)

  100. Turkey Wing  ______  NC 534
    Arca zebra

  101. Blue Mussel  ______  NC 538
    Mytilus edulis

  102. Stiff Pen Shell  ______  NC 540
    Atrina rigida

  103. Saw-toothed Pen Shell  ______  NC 541
    Atrina serrata

  104. Kitten's Paw  ______  NC 541
    Plicatula gibbosa

  105. Atlantic Bay Scallop  ______  NC 542
    Argopecten irradians

  106. Common Jingle Shell  ______  NC 546
    Anomia simplex

  107. Eastern Oyster  ______  NC 547
    Crassostrea virginica

  108. Giant Atlantic Cockle  ______  NC 556
    Dinocardium robustum 

  109. Northern Quahog (Clam)  ______  NC 559
    Mercenaria mercenaria  

  110. Coquina  ______  NC 566
    Donax variabilis 

  111. Common Razor Clam  ______  NC 569  (also called Atlantic Jackknife Clam)
    Ensis directus 

  112. Surf Clam  ______  NC 569
    Spisula solidissima

  113. Angel Wing  ______  NC 573
    Cyrtopleura costata


    SQUIDS & OCTOPODS  (Class Cephalopoda)

  114. Caribbean Reef (or Briar) Octopus  (ph)  ______  FL
    Octopus briareus



    Octopus

  115. Joubin's Octopus  ______  FL
    Octopus joubini

  116. Long-armed Octopus  ______  FL
    Octopus macropus 

  117. Common Atlantic Octopus  ______   (ASC:480)
    Octopus vulgaris



    ARTHROPODS 
    (Class Merostomata)

  118. Horseshoe Crab  ______  DE  NC   (ASC:666)
    Limulus polyphemus




    A mass of Horseshoe Crabs on a tidal shoreline of eastern North America 
    (photo by Howard Eskin)


    CRUSTACEANS


  119. Striped Hermit Crab  ______  NC 627
    Clibanarius vittatus

  120. Acadian Hermit Crab  ______  629
    Pagurus acadianus
    (range: Labrador to the Chesapeake Bay)

  121. Long-clawed Hermit Crab  ______  NC 631
    Pagurus longicarpus

    The Long-clawed Hermit Crab is the most common hermit crab along the Atlantic Coast. It normally uses the shells of the periwinkle, mud snail, or oyster drill.  

  122. Flat-clawed Hermit Crab  ______  NC 631
    Pagurus pollicaris

    The Flat-clawed Hermit Crab is often found in the shells of Moon Snails and the larger whelks.  

  123. Sargassum Crab  (*)  _____  638  NC (p)  (normally a creature of the high seas & a member of the Sargasso Weed community)
    Portunus sayi  

  124. Blue Crab  ______  NC 639
    Callinectes sapidus

  125. Ghost Crab  ______  NC 653
    Ocypode quadrata

  126. Sand Fiddler  ______  NC 654
    Uca pugilator

  127. Brackish-water Fiddler  ______  NC 655
    Uca minax


    ECHINODERMS


    ASTEROIDS  (Class Stelleroidea): including the sea stars and brittle stars

    "Sea Star" is preferred to "Star Fish" as that term is a misnomer as "fish" are finny vertebrates.

  128. Banded Luidia  ______  (ASC:564)
    Luidia alternata

  129. Striped Luidia  ______
    Luidia clathrata

  130. Plate-margined Sea Star  ______
    Astropecten articulatus

  131. Mud Star  ______  (ASC:535)
    Ctenodiscus crispatus

  132. Cushion Star  ______  (ASC:541)
    Oreaster reticulatus



    Cushion Star

  133. Horse Star  ______  (ASC:540)
    Hippasteria phrygiana

  134. Smooth Sun Star  ______  (ASC:542,543)
    Solaster endeca

  135. Spiny Sun Star  ______  (ASC:545)
    Crossaster papposus

  136. Winged Sea Star  ______  (ASC:539)
    Pteraster militaris

  137. Badge Sea Star  ______  (ASC:538)
    Porania insignis

  138. Blood Star  ______  (ASC:552)
    Henricia sanguinolenta

  139. Thorny Sea Star  ______  (ASC:549)
    Echinaster sentus

  140. Common Comet Star  ______   
    Linckia columbiae

  141. Forbes' Common Sea Star  ______   NC  (ASC:557,558)
    Asterias forbesi

  142. Northern Sea Star  ______  (ASC:547,559)
    Asterias vulgaris

  143. Green Slender Sea Star  ______ 
    Leptasterias littoralis

  144. Slender Sea Star  ______  (ASC:560)
    Leptasterias tenera

  145. Northern Basket Star  ______  (ASC:572)
    Gorgonocephalus articus

  146. Caribbean Basket Star  ______  FL
    Astrophyton muricatum

  147. Short-spinned Brittle Star  ______
    Ophioderma brevispina

  148. Daisy Brittle Star  ______  (ASC:570)
    Ophiopholis aculeata

  149. Dwarf Brittle Star  ______  (ASC:568)
    Axiognathus squamatus

  150. Long-spined Brittle Star  ______
    Ophiothrix angulata

  151. Reticulate Brittle Star  ______  FL  (ASC:565)
    Ophionereis reticulata

  152. Spiny Brittle Star  ______  FL  (ASC:569)
    Ophiocoma echinata
     

    (Class Echinoidea): including sea urchins and sand dollars
     
  153. Atlantic Purple Sea Urchin  ______  NC 689
    Arbacia punctulata

  154. Variegated Urchin  ______  NC 690
    Lytechinus variegatus 

  155. Common Sand Dollar  ______  (ASC:530)
    Echinarachnius parma




    Common Sand Dollar

  156. Michelin's Sand Dollar  _______  (ASC:533)
    Encope michelini

  157. Keyhole Urchin (or Keyhole Sand Dollar______  NC  (ASC:534)
    Mellita quinquiesperforata

    Mellita quinquiesperforata is more closely related to other sand dollars than to sea urchins.

  158. Six-hole Urchin  ______  (ASC:532)
    Mellita sexieperforata

  159. Mud Heart Urchin  ______  
    Moira atropos 

References include:

"Sea Life - A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment", edited by Geoffrey Waller, with principal contributors Marc Dando & Michael Burchett, 1996.  


To Top of Page