Birds of EUROPE

Sandgrouse to Buntings


Noting those found during
Focus On Nature Tours
with an (*)

1992 thru 2015

including 
the Canary Islands off Africa, 
and Turkey, in Asia Minor   

Part 2 of a Europe Bird List compiled by Armas Hill,
with some photos

Upper right photo: EUROPEAN ROBIN


451 birds have cumulatively been seen during FONT European tours. A few of the birds in the following list are distinctive subspecies.

There have been 58 FONT birding tours in Europe, with 25 in Spain, and 20 in Iceland.  

Link:   Part #1 of this list of Birds in Europe: Grouse to Puffin


Codes (in following list):

In the list that follows, relating to sightings during FONT tours, the country and the months are noted.
BU:   Bulgaria
CI:    Canary Islands (Spain)
HU:   Hungary
IC:    Iceland
PO:   Poland
RM:   Romania (inc. "Transylvania")
SL:   Slovakia
SP:   Spain, 
including nearby Andorra: AN, France: FR, Gibraltar: GR, Morocco: MR, & Portugal: PG 
SW:  Sweden
TU:   Turkey

The following 2 sets of designations by Birdlife International:

(t): a globally threatened or rare species
 (t1): critical 
 (t2): endangered
 (t3): vulnerable
(nt): a near-threatened species globally

(Ee): endangered in Europe
(Ev): vulnerable in Europe
(Er): rare in Europe
(Ed): has recently declined in Europe
(El): localized in Europe

(i): an introduced species

(Vme): vagrant from the Middle East
(Vna): vagrant from North America
(Vsib): vagrant from Siberia

(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT website

Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in Europe     FONT Past Tour Highlights

A List of European Mammals (with some photos)

Directory of Photos in this Website

Links to Bird-Lists for particular European countries:

Bulgaria     Iceland     the Canary Islands     Spain     Sweden

  


Bird-List:

221. Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Ee) (*) ______  SP:jun
     Pterocles a. alchata
     
     
222. Black-bellied Sandgrouse (Ev) (*) ______  CI:jul  SP:jan,jun
     Pterocles o. orientalis  (except CI)
     Pterocles orientalis aragonica  (CI) 
     
     
223. Rock Pigeon / Feral Pigeon (i) (*)(*) ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  GR:jun  HU:may  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Columba livia  (except CI)
     Columba l. canariensis  (CI) 
     
     
224. Stock Dove (or Stock Pigeon) (*) ______  BU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jun  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Columba o. oenas
     
     
225. Common Wood Pigeon  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may   RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Columba p. palumbus
     
     
226. Bolle's Pigeon  (t3) (Ev) (*) ______ CI:jun,jul 
     Columba bolli  (monotypic)
     
     Another name for Columba bolli has been Dark-tailed Laurel Pigeon. 
     
     
227. Laurel Pigeon  (t3) (Ev) (*) ______ CI:jun,jul   
     Columba junoniae  (monotypic)
     
     Another name for Columba junoniae has been White-tailed Laurel Pigeon.
     
     
228. Eurasian Collared Dove  (*) ______  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  HU:may  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Streptopelia d. decaocto
     
     
229. African Collared Dove  (i) (*) ______  CI:jun
     Streptopelia roseeogrosea
     
     
230. European Turtle Dove  (Ed) (*) ______  AN:jun  BU  CI:jun,jul  HU:may  PO:may  SP:jun,jul  TU:aug
     Streptopelia t. turtur
     
     
231. Laughing Dove  (*) ______  TU:aug
     Streptopelia senegalensis ermanni 
     
     Another name for Streptopelia senegalensis is Palm Dove.
     
     
232. Monk Parakeet (i) (*) ______  CI:jul  SP:jun
     Myiopsitta monachus cotorra
     
     
233. Rose-ringed Parakeet (i) (*) ______  TU:aug
     Psittacula krameri
     
     
234. Great Spotted Cuckoo  (*)  ______ BU:may  SP:jun,sep
     Clamator glandarius  (monotypic)
     
     
235. Common Cuckoo  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,jul
     Cuculus c. canorus  (except most of SP) 
     Cuculus canorus bangsi  (most of SP) 
     
     
236. Barn Owl  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______   CI:jun,jul  HU:may  PO:apr  SP:jan
     Tyto a. alba  (1 of 2 subspecies in CI)
     
     The Barn Owl of the Old World has been said to be distinct from the American Barn Owl, Tyto furcata, which is a heavier bird, with a larger and stouter head and body, and with much more powerful talons.
     
     
237. Eurasian Eagle-Owl  (Ev) (*) ______  BU:may  HU:may  SP:apr,jun,sep
     Bubo b. bubo (except SP) 
     Bubo bubo hispanus  (SP)
     
     
238. Northern Long-eared Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:may
     Asio o. otus
     
     
239. Short-eared Owl  (Ev) (*) (ph)  ______  HU:may  IC:jun  SW
     Asio f. flammeus
     
     
     
     Above & below: Short-eared Owls
     (upper photo by Howard Eskin; lower photo by Kim Steininger) 
     
     
     
     
     
240. Eurasian Scops Owl  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun
     Otus s. scops
     
     
241. Little Owl  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep  TU:aug
     Athene noctua indigena  (BU,TU) 
     Athene n. noctua  (HU,PO) 
     Athene noctua vidalii  (SP)  
     
     
     
     A painting of a Little Owl & a Dupont's Lark on a wall in Spain
        
     
242. Tawny Owl  (*)  ______  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:jan
     Strix a. aluco  (except SP) 
     Strix aluco sylvatica  (SP) 
     
     
243. Ural Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  HU:may  PO:apr,may
     Strix uralensis liturata
     
     
     
     It's there, in the crevice - a roosting Ural Owl
      
     
244. Tengmalm's Owl  (*) (ph)  ______  PO:apr  SL:may 
     Aegolius f. funereus 
     
     Aegolius funereus is called Boreal Owl in North America.
     
     
245. Eurasian Pygmy Owl  (*)  ______  PO:may
     Glaucidium p. passerinum
     
     
246. European Nightjar  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:may  SP:oct
     Caprimulgus europaeus
     
     
     
     European Nightjar
     
     
247. Red-necked Nightjar  (*)  ______  SP:jun
     Caprimulgus ruficollis
     
     
248. Common Swift  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,jul  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Apus a. apus
     
     
249. Alpine Swift  (*)  ______  BU:may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  TU:aug
     Tachymarptis m. melba  (formerly Apus m. melba)
     
     
250. Pallid Swift  (*)  ______  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  SP:jun  TU:aug
     Apus pallidus illyricus  (BU,TU) 
     Apus pallidus brehmorum  (CI,SP) 
     
     
251. White-rumped Swift  (*)  ______  SP:jun
     Apus caffer  (monotypic)
     
     
252. Little Swift  (*)  ______  MR
     Apus affinis galilejensis
     
     
253. Plain Swift  (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul
     Apus unicolor  (monotypic)
     
     
254. Common Kingfisher  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______  HU:may  SP:jun,oct,dec  SW  TU:aug
     Alcedo atthis ispida  (except TU) 
     Alcedo a. atthis  (TU) 
     
     
     
     Common Kingfisher
     
     
255. European Bee-eater  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:may  SP:apr,jun  TU:aug
     Merops apiaster  (monotypic)
     
     
     
     European Bee-eater
     (photo by Przemyslaw Kunysz)
     
     
256. European Roller  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:may  SP:jun  TU:aug
     Coracias g. garrulus
     
     
257. Eurasian Hoopoe  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun,jul,sep,dec  TU:aug
     Upupa e. epops
     
     
258. Eurasian Wryneck  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM  SL:may  SP
     Jynx t. torquilla
     
     
259. Black Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP  SW:sep
     Dryocopus martius
     
     
     
     This Black Woodpecker, oddly in flight over the golf course 
     at Falsterbo, the southernmost point in Sweden, where 
     other species fly south during the fall in migration. 
     This bird did not continue across the Baltic, but turned back.
     (photo during the Sept 2007 FONT Sweden tour by James Scheib)      
     
     
260. Grey-headed Woodpecker  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may
     Picus c. canus 
     
     
261. European Green Woodpecker  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun  SW:sep
     Picus viridis    
     
     
262. Iberian Green Woodpecker  ______  SP:janapr,jun
     Picus sharpei
     
     The Iberian Green Woodpecker has been split from the European Green Woodpecker.
     
     
263. Syrian Woodpecker  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  TU:aug
     Dendrocopos s. syriacus
     
     
264. Great Spotted Woodpecker  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Dendrocopos m. major  (PO,SW) 
     Dendrocopos major pinetorum  (BU,HU,RM,SK,TU)
     Dendrocopos major hispanus  (SP) 
     Dendrocopos major canariensis  (CI)  subspecies endemic to Tenerife Island in the Canaries
     
     
265. Middle Spotted Woodpecker  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  TU:aug
     Dendrocopos m. medius
     
     
266. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Dryobates m. minor  (formerly Dendrocopos m. minor)  (SW) 
     Dryobates minor hortorum  (formerly Dendrocopos minor hortorum)  (BU,HU,PO) 
     Dryobates minor danfordi  (formerly Dendrocopos minor danfordi)  (TU)  
     
     
267. White-backed Woodpecker  (*)  ______  HU:may  PO:apr,may
     Dendrocopos l. leucotos
     
     
268. Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may 
     Picoides tridactylus  
     
     The Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker was conspecific with the American Three-toed Woodpecker, Picoides dorsalis. 
     
     
     
     Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker
     
     
269. Northern Grey Shrike  (*) (ph)  ______  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SW:sep 
     Lanius e. excubitor  (SW)
     Lanius excubitor homeyeri  (PO, RM)  
     
     Another name for Lanius excubitor has been Great Grey Shrike. In North America, it is called Northern Shrike.  
     
      
270. Southern Grey Shrike  (Ed) (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul  PG:sep  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec 
     Lanius m. meridionalis  (except CI)
     Lanius meridionalis koenigi  subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands 
     
     The Southern Grey Shrike was conspecific with the Northern Grey Shrike (above). In the Asian part of its range. Lanius meridionalis is called the "Steppe Shrike".
     
     
271. Lesser Grey Shrike  (Ed) (*) ______  BU:may  HU:may  RM:may  TU:aug
     Lanius minor
     
     
272. Masked Shrike  (Ev) (*) ______  BU:may
     Lanius nubicus
     
     
273. Woodchat Shrike  (Ev) (*) ______  BU:may  SP:apr,jun  TU:aug
     Lanius s. senator  (except SP)
     Lanius senator rutilans  (SP)
     
     
274. Red-backed Shrike  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP  TU:aug
     Lanius c. collurio
     
     
     
     Two photographs of Red-backed Shrikes
     (photo below by Przemyslaw Kunysz)
     
     
     
     
     
275. Eurasian Golden Oriole (*) ______  BU  HU:may  PO:may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jun  TU:aug
     Oriolus o. oriolus
     
     
276. Eurasian Jay  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Garrulus g. glandarius  (except TU and most of SP)
     Garrulus glandarius fasciatus  (most of SP)
     Garrulus glandarius ferdinandi  (European TU)
     Garrulus glandarius anatoliae  (Asian TU)
     
     
277. Spotted Nutcracker  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SW:sep
     Nucifraga c. caryocatactes
     
     
278. Iberian Magpie  (i?) (*)  ______  SP:apr,jun,sep,dec 
     Cyanopica cooki  
     
     The Iberian Magpie has been considered conspecific with the Azure-winged Magpie of eastern Asia. 
     
     
279. Eurasian Magpie  (*) (ph)  ______   AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU 
     Pica p. pica  (except most of SP)
     Pica pica melanotos  (most of SP)
     
     The Eurasian Magpie was conspecific with the Black-billed Magpie of North America, Pica hudsonia. 
     Also split from Pica pica have been the Oriental Magpie, Pica sericea and the Kamchatka Magpie, Pica camtschatica, both in far-eastern Asia. 
     
     
280. Red-billed Chough  (Ev) (*)  ______  FR  SP:jan,apr,oct
     Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax erythrorhamphus
     
     
281. Alpine Chough  (*)  ______  AN:jun  SP  TU:aug
     Pyrrhocorax g. graculus
     
     
282. Northern Raven  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Corvus c. corax  (except CI, IC, TU, and most of SP)
     Corvus corax canariensis  a rare subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands
     Corvus corax varius  (IC)
     Corvus corax laurenci  (TU)
     Corvus corax hispanus  (most of SP)
     
     
283. Rook  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Corvus f. frugilegus
     
     
     
     A Rook photographed during the September 2007 FONT Sweden tour
     (photo by James Scheib)
     
     
284. Hooded Crow  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Corvus cornix
     
     
     
     2 Corvids at once during the September 2007 FONT Sweden tour:
     the Eurasian Magpie (left); the Hooded Crow (right)
     (photo by James Scheib)
     
      
285. Carrion Crow  (*)  ______  AN:jun  FR:jun  SP:apr,jun,sep,oct,dec
     Corvus corone
     
     
286. Western Jackdaw  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Coloeus m. monedula  (formerly Corvus) m. monedula)  (except SP and TU)
     Coloeus monedula spermologus  (formerly Corvus monedula spermologus)  (SP)
     Coloeus monedula soemmerringii  (formerly Corvus monedula soemmerringii)  (TU)
     
     
     
     Western Jackdaw
     (photograph by Andy Ednie)
     
     
287. Bohemian Waxwing  (*)  ______ PO:apr
     Bombycilla g. garrulus 
     
     
288. Northern Great Tit  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Parus m. major  (except south SP)
     Parus major corsus  (south SP)
     
     
     
     Northern Great Tit
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
289. Blue Tit  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Cyanistes c. caeruleus  (formerly Parus c. caeruleus)  (except central and south SP)
     Cyanistes caeruleus ogliastrae  (formerly Parus caeruleus ogliastrae)  (central and south SP) 
     
     
     
     A Blue Tit photographed during a FONT tour in Sweden  
     (photo by James Scheib)
     
     
290. African Blue Tit  (*)  _____  CI:jun,jul
     Cyanistes untramarinus teneriffae  (formerly Parus ultramarinus teneriffae)  (endemic subspecies in CI, one of 4 endemic subspecies there)  
     
     
291. Coal Tit  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,sep,oct  SW  TU:aug
     Periparus a. ater  (formerly Parus a. ater)  (except SP)
     Periparus ater vieirae  (formerly Parus ater vieirae)  (SP)  
     
     
292. Marsh Tit  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Poecile p. palustris  (formerly Parus p. palustris)  (except TU)
     Poecile palustris stagnatilis  (formerly Parus palustris stagnatilis)  (TU)
     
     
293. Willow Tit  (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may
     Poecile m. montanus  (formerly Parus m. montanus)
     
     
294. Sombre Tit  (*)  ______ BU:may  TU:aug
     Poecile lugubris anatoliae  (formerly Parus lugubris anatoliae)
     
     
295. European Crested Tit  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  PO:apr  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep  SW  TU:aug
     Lophophanes c. cristatus  (formerly Parus c. cristatus)  (except SP)
     Lophophanes cristatus mitratus  (formerly Parus cristatus mitratus)  (north SP)
     Lophophanes cristatus weigoldi  (formerly Parus cristatus weigoldi)  (central and south SP) 
     
     
296. Eurasian Penduline-Tit  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:jan
     Remiz p. pendulinus
     
     
297. Barn Swallow  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:jun(rare)  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Hirundo r. rustica 
     
     Generally, in Europe, Hirundo rustica is referred to as simply the Swallow.
     
     
298. Red-rumped Swallow  (*)  ______  BU:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  TU:aug
     Cecropis daurica rufula  (formerly Hirundo daurica rufula)
     
     
299. Eurasian Crag Martin  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  PG:sep  RM  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct  TU:aug
     Ptyonoprogne rupestris
     
     
300. Sand Martin (Ed)  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:apr,jun,jul,oct  TU:aug   
     Riparia r. riparia
     
     Riparia riparia is called Bank Swallow in North America.
     
     
301. Northern House Martin  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jul  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:jun(rare)  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,jul,sep,oct  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Delichon u. urbicum 
     
     
302. Long-tailed Bushtit  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug  Aegithalos c. caudatus  (except BU,HU,SK,SP,TU)
     Aegithalos caudatus europaeus  (BU,HU,SK)
     Aegithalos caudatus tephronotus  (TU) 
     Aegithalos caudatus taiti  (north SP)
     Aegithalos caudatus irbii  (central and south SP) 
     
     Aegithalos caudatus has been called Long-tailed Tit.
     
     
303. Dupont's Lark  (Ev) (*)  ______ SP
     Chersophilus d. duponti
     
     
304. Greater Short-toed Lark  (Ev) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,oct  TU:aug
     Calandrella b. brachydactyla  (except HU) 
     Calandrella brachydactyla hungarica  (HU) 
     
     
305. Lesser Short-toed Lark  (Ev) (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul  SP:jun
     Calandrella rufescens apetzii  (SP) 
     Calandrella rufescens polatzeki  (1 of 2 subspecies in CI)  
     
     
306. Calandra Lark  (Ed) (*) (ph)  ______ BU:may  PG:sep  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct  TU:aug
     Melanocorypha c. calandra
     
     
     
     Calandra Lark
     
     
307. Woodlark  (Ev) (*)  ______  BU:may  FR:jun  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun  SW;sep  TU:aug
     Lullula a. arborea  (except SP and TU) 
     Lullula arborea pallida  (SP,TU) 
     
     
308. Eurasian Skylark  (Ev) (*)  ______ BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Alauda a. arvensis  (except TU and central SP)
     Alauda arvensis cantarella  (TU) 
     Alauda arvensis sierrae  (central SP) 
     
     
309. Crested Lark  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  FR  HU:may  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep,oct,dec  TU:aug
     Galerida c. cristata  (except SP and TU) 
     Galerida cristata pallida  (SP)
     Galerida cristata caucasica  (TU) 
     
     
310. Thekla Lark  (Ev) (*)  ______  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep
     Galerida t. theklae
     
     
311. Shore Lark  (*) (ph)  ______  PO:may  TU:aug   
     Eremophila alpestris flava  (PO) 
     Eremophila alpestris penicillata  (TU) 
     
     Eremophila alpestris is called Horned Lark in North America. 
     
     
312. Zitting Cisticola  (*)  ______  BU:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,oct,dec  TU:aug   
     Cisticola j. juncidis  (except SP)
     Cisticola juncidis cisticola  (SP) 
     
     Cisticola juncidis has also been called Fan-tailed Warbler, but a non-related species is so-named in Mexico.
     Additionally, the cisticolas are now in a family apart from the Old World Warblers. 
     
     
313. Common Grasshopper Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may
     Locustella n. naevia
     
     
314. Cetti's Warbler  (*)  ______  SP:jan,apr,jun  TU:aug
     Cettia c. cetti  (except TU)
     Cettia cetti sericea  (TU)
     
     
315. Savi's Warbler  (*)  ______  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:apr,jun
     Locustella l. luscinioides
     
     
316. River Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may
     Locustella fluviatilis
     
     
317. Marsh Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may
     Acrocephalus palustris
     
     
318. Eurasian Reed Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PG:sep  PO:may  SP:apr,jun,sep,oct  TU:aug   Acrocephalus scirpaceus
     
     The former European Reed Warbler is now considered conspecific with the also former Caspian Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus fuscus.  
     
     
319. Great Reed Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:apr,jun,jul  TU:aug
     Acrocephalus a. arundinaceus
     
     
320. Aquatic Warbler  (t3) (Ee) (*)  ______   HU:may  PO:may
     Acrocephalus paludicola
     
     
321. Sedge Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  TU:aug
     Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
     
     
322. Moustached Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU  SP:jun  TU:aug
     Acrocephalus m. melanopogon
     
     
323. Paddyfield Warbler  (*)  ______ BU:may
     Acrocephalus agricola septimus
     
     
324. Western Olivaceous Warbler  (Ev) (*)  ______ SP:apr,jun
     Iduna opaca  (formerly Hippolais opaca) 
     
     Another name for Iduna opaca is Isabelline Warbler.
     
     The Western Olivaceous Warbler and the Eastern Olivaceous Warbler (below) have been considered conspecific.
     
     
325. Eastern Olivaceous Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  TU:aug
     Iduna pallida elaeica  (formerly Hippolais pallida elaeica)
     
     
326. Olive-tree Warbler  (Er) (*)  ______  BU:may
     Hippolais olivetorum
     
     
327. Melodious Warbler  (*)  ______  PG:sep  SP:jun,sep
     Hippolais polyglotta
     
     
328. Icterine Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:may
     Hippolais icterina
     
     
329. Common Whitethroat  (*)  ______  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PG;sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun  TU:aug
     Sylvia c. communis
     
     
330. Lesser Whitethroat  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  TU:aug
     Sylvia c. curruca
     
     
331. Garden Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:may  SP:jun
     Sylvia b. borin
     
     
332. Barred Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:may
     Sylvia n. nisoria
     
     
333. Eurasian Blackcap  (*)  ______  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:oct  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SW;sep  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  TU:aug
     Sylvia a. atricapilla  (except CI and SP) 
     Sylvia atricapilla obscura   subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands 
     Sylvia atricapilla pauluccii  (SP) 
     
     
334. Orphean Warbler  (Ev) (*)  ______  BU:may  SP:jun 
     Sylvia hortensis crassirostris  (BU)  ("Eastern Orphean Warbler")
     Sylvia h. hortensis  (SP)  ("Western Orphean Warbler") 
     
     
335. Sardinian Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,dec  TU:aug
     Sylvia m. melanocephala  (except CI)
     Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra   subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands, one of 2 subspecies there
     
     
336. Subalpine Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  TU:aug
     Sylvia cantillans
     
     
337. Spectacled Warbler  (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul  SP
     Sylvia conspicillata
     
     
338. Dartford Warbler  (Ev) (*)  ______  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep
     Sylvia undata
     
     
339. Willow Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:apr,may  SL  SP  SW  TU:aug
     Phylloscopus t. trochilus  (in western Europe)
     Phylloscopus trochilus acredula  (in north, central, eastern Europe)
     
     
340. Western Bonelli's Warbler  (*)  ______  SP;apr,jun 
     Phylloscopus bonelli
     
     
341. Eastern Bonelli's Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may
     Phylloscopus orientalis
     
     
342. Wood Warbler  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SW
     Phylloscopus sibilatrix
     
     
343. Common Chiffchaff  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Phylloscopus c. collybita
     Phylloscopus collybita abietinus 
     (these 2 subspecies overlap in migration)
     
     
344. Iberian Chiffchaff  (*)  ______  AN:jun  FR:jun  SP:jun   
     Phylloscopus brehmii
     
     The Iberian Chiffchaff was conspecific with the Common Chiffchaff (above). 
     
     
345. Canary Islands Chiffchaff  (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul 
     Phylloscopus c. canariensis  (the other Canarian subspecies extinct since the beginning of the 20th Century) 
     
     The Canary Islands Chiffchaff was conspecific with the Common Chiffchaff (above). 
     
     
346. Yellow-browed Warbler (Vsib) (*) (ph)  ______  SW:sep   
     Phylloscopus inornatus
     
     
     
     Yellow-browed Warbler
     (photo by Tommy Holmgren)
     This bird, from Siberia & rare in western Europe, was seen
     during FONT tours in Sweden in Oct 1999 & Sep 2006.   
     
     
347. Green Warbler  (*)  ______ TU:aug 
     Phylloscopus nitidus
     
     Phylloscopus nitidus was conspecific with the Greenish Warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides.
     
     
348. Bearded Reedling  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  SP:jun 
     Panurus b. biarmicus
     
     Panurus biarmicus has been called Bearded Tit.
     
     
349. Firecrest  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr
     Regulus i. ignicapillus
     
     
350. Goldcrest  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  IC:jun,oct  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  SW;sep  TU:aug
     Regulus r. regulus  (except TU) 
     Regulus regulus buturlini  (TU) 
     
     
     
     A Goldcrest photographed during a FONT tour in Sweden.
     This species, along with the Firecrest, shares the distinction of being Europe's smallest bird. 
     (photo by James Scheib)
     
     
351. "Canary Islands Goldcrest"  (*)  ______ CI:jun,jul   
     Regulus regulus teneriffae  
     
     Other names for the subspecies of the Goldcrest, Regulus regulus teneriffae, endemic to the Canary Islands, are Tenerife Kinglet, or Canarian Kinglet.
     
     
352. Eurasian Wren  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  IC:jun,sep,oct  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Troglodytes (or Nannus) t. troglodytes  (except IC,TU and south SP)
     Troglodytes troglodytes islandicus   subspecies endemic in Iceland, the "Icelandic Wren"
     Troglodytes troglodytes cypriotes  (TU) 
     Troglodytes troglodytes kabylorum  (south SP) 
     
     
353. Eurasian Nuthatch  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  SW  TU:aug
     Sitta e. europaea  (PO)
     Sitta europaea caesia  (BU,HU,RM,SW, north SP)
     Sitta europaea hispaniensis  (central SP) 
     Sitta europaea levantina  (west TU)
     Sitta europaea caucasica  (north and east TU)
     
     
     
     Eurasian Nuthatch
     Sitta europaea caesia
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
354. Kruper's Nuthatch  (*)  ______  TU:aug  a species nearly endemic to Turkey
     Sitta krueperi
     
     
355. Western Rock Nuthatch  (*)  ______  BU:may  TU:aug
     Sitta n. neumayer
     
     
356. Wallcreeper  (*) (ph)  ______  RM:may  SP
     Tichodroma m. muraria
     
     
     
     The Wallcreeper
     
     
357. Eurasian Treecreeper  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP  SW
     Certhia f. familiaris  (except SP)
     Certhia familiaris macrodactyla  (SP) 
     
     
358. Short-toed Treecreeper  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr  SP:jan,apr,sep  TU:aug
     Certhia b. brachydactyla  (except SP and TU)
     Certhia brachydactyla megarhyncha  (SP)
     Certhia brachydactyla harteri  (TU) 
      
     
359. Common Starling  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  CI:jun  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan  SW;sep  TU:aug
     Sturnus vulgaris
     
     
     
     Common Starling
     (photo by Doris Potter)
     
     
360. Spotless Starling  (*)  ______  FR:jun  GR:jun  PG:sep  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep,oct,dec
     Sturnus unicolor
     
     
361. Rosy Starling  (*)  ______  BU:may  IC:oct  SW:sep 
     Pastor roseus  (formerly Sturnus roseus)  
     
     Another name for Pastor roseus has been Rose-colored Starling.
     
     
362. Common Myna (i) (*)  ______  CI:jul(rare)  SP   
     Acridotheres tristis
     
     Another name for Acridotheres tristis is Indian Myna.
     
     
363. Spotted Flycatcher  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:jun,sep  TU:aug
     Muscicapa s. striata
     
     
364. European Pied Flycatcher  (*) (ph)  ______  HU  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  SL:may  SP:apr,jun,sep,oct  SW:sep
     Ficedula h. hypoleuca  (except SP) 
     Ficedula hypoleuca iberiae  (SP) 
     
     
     
     A female European Pied Flycatcher, a migrant photographed during the Sept 07 FONT Sweden tour
     (photo by James Scheib)   
     
     
365. Collared Flycatcher  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may
     Ficedula albicollis
     
     
366. Semicollared Flycatcher  (Ee) (*)  ______ BU:may
     Ficedula semitorquata
     
     
367. Red-breasted Flycatcher  (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:apr,may  SW:sep   
     Ficedula parva
     
     The Red-breasted Flycatcher was conspecific with what is now the Taiga Flycatcher of eastern Asia, Ficedula albicilla.
     
     
368. Whinchat  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM  SP:sep  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Saxicola rubetra
     
     
369. Eurasian Stonechat  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PG;sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  TU:aug
     Saxicola torquatus rubicola
     
     
370. Canary Islands Bush Chat  (nt) (Ev) (*)  ______ CI:jun,jul 
     Saxicola d. dacotiae  (the other Canarian subspecies, S.d.murielae, is now extinct)  
     
     Other names for Saxicola dacotiae are Fuerteventura Chat or Canarian Chat. 
     
     
371. Northern Wheatear  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  SW;sep  TU:aug
     Oenanthe o. oenanthe  (except IC & TU) 
     Oenanthe oenanthe leucorrha  (IC) 
     Oenanthe oenanthe libanotica  (TU) 
     
     
     
     Above & below: the Northern Wheatear, in flight & on the ground
     (photos by Howard Eskin)
     
     
     
     
     Below: A male Northern Wheatear during its breeding season in Iceland,
     photographed there during the FONT tour in June 2015
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     
     
     
372. Pied Wheatear (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may
     Oenanthe pleschanka
     
     
     
     A Pied Wheatear in Bulgaria
      
     
373. "Western" Black-eared Wheatear  (Ev) (*)  ______  PG:sep  SP:apr,sep,oct
     Oenanthe h. hispanica
     
     
374. "Eastern" Black-eared Wheatear  (*)  ______  BU:may  TU:aug
     Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca
     
     
375. Isabelline Wheatear  (*)  ______  BU:may  TU:aug
     Oenanthe isabellina
     
     
376. Finch's Wheatear  (*)  ______  TU:aug
     Oenanthe f. finschii
     
     
377. Black Wheatear (Ee) (*)  ______  SP:jan,jun
     Oenanthe l. leucura
     
     
378. Black Redstart  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis  (except TU and most of SP)
     Phoenicurus o. ochruros  (TU)
     Phoenicurus ochruros aterrimus  (central and south SP)
     
     
     
     Black Redstarts. Above a male, below a female.
     (upper photo by Przemyslaw Kunysz in Poland; 
      lower photo by James Scheib during a FONT tour in Sweden) 
     
     
     
     
     
379. Common Redstart  (Ev) (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP  SW  TU:aug
     Phoenicurus p. phoenicurus  (except TU) 
     Phoenicurus phoenicurus samamisicus  (TU) 
     
     
380. European Robin  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct.dec  SW:sep  TU:aug  
     Erithacus r. rubecula  (except CI and south SP)
     Erithacus rubecula superbus   subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands
     Erithacus rubecula sardus  (south SP)
     
     
     
     A European Robin photographed during a FONT tour 
     in Sweden in September 2007
     (photo by James Scheib; 
      the other photo of the European Robin at the top of this list by Jens Bruun)
       
     
381. Common Nightingale  (*)  ______  BU:may  FR  HU:may  PO:may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun  TU:aug
     Luscinia megarhynchos bachrmanni  (except SP)
     Luscinia m. megarhynchos  (SP) 
     
     
382. Thrush Nightingale (or "Sprosser") (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:apr,may
     Luscinia luscinia
     
     
383. Bluethroat  (*) (ph)  ______  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:apr,jun,dec
     Luscinia svecica cyanecula  (except SP) 
     Luscinia svecica nametum  (SP) 
     
     
     
     A Bluethroat photographed during a FONT tour
     
     
384. Rufous-tailed Scrub-Robin  (*)  ______ SP
     Cercotrichas g. galactotes
     
     
385. Blue Rock Thrush  (Ev) (*)  ______  BU:may  GR:jun  SP:apr,jun,sep,oct  TU:aug
     Monticola s. solitarius
     
     
386. Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush  (Ed) (*)  ______  BU:may  RM:may  SP:jun
     Monticola saxatilis
     
     
387. Common Blackbird  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR  HU:may  IC:jun,sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Turdus m. merula  (except CI and TU)
     Turdus merula cabrerae   subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands
     Turdus merula aterrimus  (TU) 
     
     
388. Ring Ouzel  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  PO  RM:may
     Turdus torquatus alpestris
     
     
     
     Ring Ouzel
     (photo by Przemyslaw Kunysz)
     
     
389. Fieldfare  (*)  ______  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SW:sep
     Turdus pilaris
     
     
390. Redwing  (*) (ph)  ______  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  PO:apr  SP:dec  SW
     Turdus i. iliacus  (except IC)
     Turdus iliacus coburni  (IC) 
     
     
     
     The Redwing is one of the most common landbirds in Iceland,
     during FONT tours in May & June and in September and October.   
     
     
391. Song Thrush  (*)  ______  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,dec  SW;sep  TU:aug
     Turdus p. philomelos  (in eastern Europe)
     Turdus philomelos clarkei  (in western Europe) 
     
     
392. Mistle Thrush  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jun,sep  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Turdus v. viscivorus  
     
     
393. White-throated Dipper  (*)  ______  BU:may  RM:may  PO:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  TU:aug
     Cinclus cinclus aquaticus  (except TU and north SP)
     Cinclus c. cinclus  (north SP) 
     Cinclus cinclus caucasicus  (TU) 
     
     
394. House Sparrow  (i) (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:may  PG:sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Passer d. domesticus
     
     
395. Spanish Sparrow  (*)  ______  BU:may CI:jun,jul  SP:apr,jun  TU:aug
     Passer h. hispaniolensis
     
     
396. Eurasian Tree Sparrow  (*) (ph)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jun,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Passer m. montanus
     
     
397. Rock Sparrow  (*)   ______ CI:jul  SP:apr,jun  TU:aug 
     Petronia petronia  (the single member of its genus)
     Petronia p. petronia  (except CI)
     Petronia petronia madeirensis   subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands
     
     The Rock Sparrow is also called Rock Petronia. 
     
     
398. Dunnock  (*)  ______  BU:may  FR:jun  PO:apr,may  RM  SL  SP:apr,jun,sep  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Prunella m. modularis  (except SPf and TU)
     Prunella modularis mabbotti  (SPf)
     Prunella modularis euxima  (TU)  
     
     
399. Alpine Accentor  (*)  ______  SP:jan  TU:aug
     Prunella c. collaris  (SP) 
     Prunella collaris subalpina  (TU)   
     
     
400. Tree Pipit  (*)  ______  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:apr  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Anthus t. trivialis
     
     
401. Meadow Pipit  (*)  ______  BU:may  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  PO:apr,may  SP:jan,apr,dec  SW:sep
     Anthus p. pratensis 
     
     
     
     A Meadow Pipit photographed during 
     the FONT tour in Iceland in June 2012
     (photo by Gabi Hauser) 
     
     
402. Berthelot's Pipit  (*)  ______ CI:jun,jul   a Macaronesian endemic
     Anthus b. berthelotii
     
     
403. Water Pipit  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  PO:may  SP:jan,jun,sep  TU:aug
     Anthus s. spinoletta  (except TU) 
     Anthus spinoletta coutellii  (TU) 
     
     
404. Eurasian Rock Pipit  (*)   ______  SW:sep 
     Anthus petrosus littoralis
     
     The Eurasian Rock Pipit was conspecific with the Water Pipit (above).
     
     
405. Buff-bellied Pipit  (Vna) (*)   ______  IC:sep(rare) 
     Anthus rubescens
     
     The 3 subspecies of Anthus rubescens in North America are called the American Pipit. 
     By current taxonomy, another subspecies in eastern Asia, Anthus rubescens japonicus, is called by its Old World name, Buff-bellied Pipit.
     It can assumed that this species, seen during a FONT tour in Iceland, was a bird of American origin.     
     
     
406. Red-throated Pipit  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  TU:aug
     Anthus cervinus rufogularis
     
     
407. Tawny Pipit  (Ev) (*)  ______  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr  RM:may  SP:apr,jun,sep  TU:aug
     Anthus c. campestris
     
     
408. Richard's Pipit  (*)   ______  SW:sep
     Anthus richardi
     
     
409. White Wagtail  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug 
     Motacilla a. alba
     
     
     
     White Wagtails photographed during FONT tour in Europe
     Above in Sweden, below in Iceland
     (upper photo by James Scheib; lower photo by Gabi Hauser)
     
     
     
     
     
410. Grey Wagtail  (*)  ______   AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,jul,sep  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Motacilla c. cinerea  (except CI) 
     Motacilla cinerea canaraiensis   subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands 
     
     
411. Western Yellow Wagtail  (*)  ______  SP
     Motacilla flava flavissima
     
     The Western Yellow Wagtail has been split from the Eastern Yellow Wagtail in eastern Asia and Alaska, Motacilla tschutschensis. 
     The following 4 birds are forms, or subspecies, of the Western Yellow Wagail.
     
     
412. ""Blue-headed" Western Yellow Wagtail  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may 
     Motacilla flava flava  
     
     
413. "Grey-headed" Western Yellow Wagtail  (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:may  SW:sep
     Motacilla flava thunbergi
     
     
414. "Black-headed"  Western Yellow Wagtail  (*)  ______  BU:may  RM:may  TU:aug
     Motacilla flava feldegg
     
     
415. "Iberian" Western Yellow Wagtail  (*)  ______  PG:sep  SP:apr,jun,jul,sep,oct
     Motacilla flava iberiae
     
     
416. Citrine Wagtail  (*)  ______  PO:may 
     Motacilla citreola werae
     
     Another name for Motacilla citreola has been Yellow-hooded Wagtail
     
     
417. Common Chaffinch  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Fringilla c. coelebs  (except CI and SP)
     Fringilla coelebs canariensis  (formerly F. c. tintillon)   subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands
     Fringilla coelebs balearica  (SP)
     
     
     
     
     
     
     Two photos of the Common Chaffinch
     (photos by Howard Eskin)
     
     
418. Blue Chaffinch  (nt) (Ev) (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul   an endemic species in the Canary Islands   
     Fringilla t. teydea  1 of the 2 subspecies in the Canaries
     
     Another name for Fringilla teydea is "Teydefinch".
     
     
419. Brambling  (*) (ph)  ______  IC:jun(rare)  PO:apr  SW;sep
     Fringilla montifringilla  (monotypic)
     
     
420. European Goldfinch  (*)  ______  BU:may  CI:jul  FR:jun  HU:may  PG;sep  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Spinus c. carduelis  (formerly Carduelis c. carduelis)  (except CI,TU, and some in SP in the winter)
     Spinus carduelis parva  (CI)
     Spinus carduelis niediecki  (TU)
     Spinus carduelis britannica  (some in SP in the winter) 
     
     
421. Eurasian Siskin  (*) (ph)  ______  CI:jun  IC:jun,sep,oct  PO:apr,may  RM  SP:jan,apr  SW:sep
     Spinus spinus  (formerly Carduelis spinus)
     
     
     
     A female Eurasian Siskin photographed during a FONT tour 
     (photo by Paul West)
     
     
422. Common Redpoll  (*) (ph)  ______ SW:sep  
     Acanthis flammea cabaret  (formerly Carduelis flammea cabaret)  ("Lesser Redpoll")
     
     
423. "Icelandic" Common Redpoll  (*)  ______  IC:may,jun,sep,oct   
     Acanthis flammea islandica  (formerly Carduelis flammea islandica)   a subspecies of the Common Redpoll
     
     
424. Arctic Redpoll  (*)  ______  IC:sep(rare)
     Acanthis hornemanni  (formerly Carduelis hornemanni)
     Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni  (*)  ______  Hornemann's Arctic Redpoll  IC:sep(rare)
     
     Another name for the Hornemann's Arctic Redpoll is Greenland Arctic Redpoll. 
     There is another subspecies called the Coues' Arctic Redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni exilipes. It breeds on the tundra of Eurasia and North America. 
     Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni is paler than Acanthis hornemanni exilipes.
     
     The Arctic Redpoll is called the Hoary Redpoll in North America.   
     
     
425. European Greenfinch  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Carduelis c. chloris  (except CI,SP,TU)
     Carduelis chloris aurantilventris  (CI,SP)
     Carduelis chloris muehlei  (TU)
     
     
426. Common Linnet  (*)  ______  BU:may  CI:jun,jul  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Carduelis c. cannabina  (except CI,SP,TU)
     Carduelis cannabina meadewaldoi    1 of 2 subspecies endemic in the Canary Islands
     Carduelis cannabina mediterranea  (SP,TU)
     
     
427. Eurasian Bullfinch  (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP  SW
     Pyrrhula p. pyrrhula  (except SP)
     Pyrrhula pyrrhula iberiae  (SP)
     
     
428. Hawfinch  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,jun  SW  TU:aug
     Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes
     
     
429. Citril Finch  (*)  ______  FR  SP:jun    
     Carduelis citrinella  (monotypic)
     
     The Citril Finch was conspecific with what is now the Corsican Finch, Carduelis corsicana, endemic to that island in the Mediterranean.
     
     
430. European Serin  (*)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Serinus serinus  (monotypic)
     
     
431. Atlantic Canary  (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul   endemic species in the Canary Islands  
     Serinus canaria  (monotypic)
     
     Another name for Serinus canaria is Island Canary.
     
     
432. Trumpeter Finch  (Er) (*)  ______  CI:jun,jul
     Bucanetes githagineus amantum  endemic subspecies in CI
     
     
433. Common Rosefinch  (*) (ph)  ______  PO:may 
     Carpodacus e. erythrinus
     
     Another name for Carpodacus erythrinus is Scarlet Rosefinch.
     
     
     
     Common Rosefinch
     (photo by Przemyslaw Kunysz)
     
     
434. Red Crossbill  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  FR:jun  IC:oct(rare)  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,sep  SW 
     Loxia c. curvirostra
     
     Another name for Loxia curvirostra is Common Crossbill.
     
     
435. Parrot Crossbill  (*)  ______ SW
     Loxia pytyopsittacus
     
     
436. Two-barred Crossbill  (*) (ph)  ______ SW 
     Loxia leucoptera bifasciata
     
     Loxia leucoptera is called White-winged Crossbill in North America.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     Two-barred, or White-winged Crossbills 
     Male, above; female, below.
     (photos by Howard Eskin
     
     
437. Corn Bunting  (*)  ______  BU:may  CI:jul  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SL:may  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,dec  SW:sep  TU:aug
     Emberiza c. calandria  (formerly Miliaria c. calandria)  (except CI)
     Emberiza calandria thanneri  (formerly Miliaria calandria thanneri)  (CI)
     
     
438. "Western" Rock Bunting  (Ev) (*)  ______  BU:may  FR  RM  SP:jan,apr,jun,sep,oct  TU:aug
     Emberiza c. cia
     
     
439. Cirl Bunting  (*)  ______  BU:may  SP:jan,apr,jun  TU:aug
     Emberiza cirlus  (monotypic)
     
     
440. Yellowhammer  (*) (ph)  ______  AN:jun  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:sep  SW:sep
     Emberiza c. citrinella
     
     
     
     A Yellowhammer & an Eurasian Tree Sparrow on Oland Island 
     during the September 2007 FONT Sweden Tour 
     (photo by James Scheib)
     
     
441. Ortolan Bunting  (Ev) (*)  ______  BU:may  PO:apr,may  RM:may  SP:apr,jun,sep
     Emberiza hortulana  (monotypic)
     
     
442. Black-headed Bunting  (Ev) (*)  ______ BU:may
     Emberiza melanocephala  (monotypic)
     
     
443. Common Reed Bunting  (*)  ______  BU:may  HU:may  PO:apr,may  SP:jun,dec  SW:sep
     Emberiza s. schoeniclus  (except HU and SP)
     Emberiza schoeniclus stresmanni  (HU)
     Emberiza schoeniclus witherbyi  (SP)
     
     
444. Snow Bunting  (*) (ph)  ______  IC:may,jun,sep,oct  SW:sep
     Calcarius n. nivalis  (formerly Plectrophenax n. nivalis)  (SW)
     Calcarius nivalis insulae  (formerly Plectrophenax nivalis insulae)  (IC) 
     
     
     
     
     
     
     Snow Buntings are seen in Iceland during FONT tours 
     in both the late spring and the fall.  
     (upper photo by Marie Gardner, during the FONT Iceland Tour in June 2015, 
      lower photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
     

Excellent reference and guide books for the birds of Europe include:
 
"Complete Guide to the Birds of Europe", with text by Lars Svensson and Peter Grant, illustrated by Killian Mullarney and Dan Zetterstrom, 1999. Harper Collins & Princeton Univ Press

"Birds of Europe with North Africa & the Middle East", by Lars Jonsson, 1993, Princeton Univ Press

Other related books:

"Raptors of the World", by James Ferguson-Lee & David Christie, 2001, Houghton Mifflin

"Icelandic Bird Guide", by Oli Johann, 2000, Prentsmidjan Oddi hf.

"Owls - A Guide to the Owls of the World", by C. Konig, Friedhelm Weick, & Jan-Hendrik Becking, 1999, Yale University Press

"Owls of Europe", by Heimo Mikkola, 1983, T & A D Poyser

"Guia de las Aves de las Islas Canarias", by Jose manuel Moreno, 1988, Editorial Interinsular Canaria, S.A.

"La Guia de Incafo de las Aves de la Peninsula Iberica", by Ramon Saez-Royuela, 1980, Incafo.

"Woodpeckers - An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World", by Hans Winkler, David Christie, & David Nurney, 1995, Houghton Mifflin

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