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Iceland Wildflowers 
and other plants

 with those during 
Focus On Nature Tours
noted with an (*) 

1996 thru 2015

during the months of May, June, 
September, and October



A List of Iceland Wildflowers and some Other Plants
compiled by Armas Hill 



Photo at upper right:  EUROPEAN CARDAMINE, Cardamine pratensis angustifolia
formerly LADY SMOCK, Cardamine nymanii   (photograph by Gerin Hood) 

Many of the photos in the list that follows were taken during the June 2009 FONT Iceland Tour by participant, Gerin Hood.
And she also took the time to do many of the identifications. Thanks Gerin! 

 A fine book about the plant life of Iceland is "A Guide to the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Iceland" by Hordur Kristinsson, first published in 1986 and more recently, revised in 2010 and 2013. There is a version in English.
That book is the source of much of the information in this list.


 There have been 19 FONT tours in Iceland. 



 In this List:

Wildflowers by colors:   BLUE to VIOLET    VIOLET    REDDISH / PINK    WHITE   YELLOW    GREEN

Other plant groupings:   TREES    FERNS    CLUBMOSSES    RUSHES     SEDGES     GRASSES    

MOSSES and LICHENS    SEAWEED and other ALGAE

MOONWORTS and SPLEENWORTS are among the FERNS.  
COTTONGRASS is included in the SEDGES. 
 

The months noted in the list below indicate when the plants flower in Iceland. 

AT THE END OF THE LIST HERE, THERE IS ANOTHER:
A List of Common Names of Icelandic Flowering Plants alphabetically in English

FOLLOWING THAT LIST:  Groupings of Plants by Habitats  
Additional Links:
Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in Iceland     Upcoming FONT Tours Elsewhere  

Highlights from Some Previous FONT Iceland Tours

Photo Galleries of Icelandic Nature, Scenery, and Culture
from FONT tours in:    June 2006    June 2009    June 2012    Sep/Oct 2013    June 2015  

Birds during FONT Iceland Tours    Iceland Birds - a Complete List    Marine Life of Iceland

Northern Wildflowers & some Other Plants, by Family, in Iceland, Alaska, & Hokkaido, Japan
(including Medicinal Plants)

Other Photo Galleries of Plants     Directory of Photos in this Website

(ph): species with a photo in the FONT website



A List of Icelandic Wildflowers and Other Plants:
       
      Those with a BLUE to VIOLET coloration:

  1. Harebell ______  in the Bellflower family   July-August   common in eastern Iceland, rare elsewhere  
         Campanula rotundifolia          
  2. Arctic Harebell ______  in the Bellflower family  July   very rare in Iceland
    Campanula uniflora 
  3. Tufted Vetch ______  in the Legume, or Pea family, Fabaceae   July 
    Vicia cracca 
  4. Bush Vetch  ______  in the Legume, or Pea family, Fabaceae
    Vicia sepium
  5. Marsh Pea  ______   in the Legume, or Pea family, Fabaceae  very rare in Iceland and rarely flowers there
    Lathyrus palustris
  6. Nootka Lupin  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Legume, or Pea family, Fabaceae   June
     Lupinus nootkatensis 
    Lupinus nootkatensis     is introduced in Iceland. Another name for the flower has been Alaska Lupin.

     

         Above & below: Nootka Lupin, photographed during FONT Iceland Tours
    Above, in June 2009; below, in June 2015 
     (upper photo by Gerin Hood, lower photo by Marie Gardner)




  7. Rock Speedwell ______  in the Figwort family   June 
         Veronica fruticans
  8. Alpine Speedwell  ______  in the Figwort family    June-July
    Veronica alpina
  9. Thyme-leaved Speedwell  ______  in the Figwort family  June
    Veronica serpyllifolia
     
  10. Germander Speedwell  _____  in the Figwort family   June-July 
    Veronica chamaedrys  
  11. Common Field-speedwell  ______  introduced in Iceland, in south and southwest
     Veronica persica 

  12. Alpine Gentian  ______   in the Gentian family   June-July
         Gentiana nivalis
  13. Slender Gentian  ______  in the Gentian family   June-July
         Gentianella tenella      
  14. Marsh Felwort  ______  in the Gentian family   July
         Lomatogonium rotatum

         Another name for Lomatogonium rotatum is Arctic Felwort.

    Lomatogonium rotatum     is one of the American species of plants that grows naturally in Iceland, not known to occur anywhere else in Europe.
    It has an attractive overall bluish tint and is occasionally found on riverbanks in most of the country. 

  15. Field Forget-me-not  ______   in the Borage family   June-July
    Myosotis arvensis 
  16. Water Forget-me-not  ______   in the Borage family   July  
    Myosotis scorpioides 
  17. Strict Forget-me-not  ______  in the Borage family   June -July
    Myosotis stricta

  18. Changing Forget-me-not  ______  in the Borage family  
    Myosotis discolor

  19. Oysterplant  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Borage family, Boraginaceae   June
    Mertensia maritima 



    Oysterplant
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 

  20. Perennial Cornflower  ______  in the Daisy family
    Centaurea montana

  21. Devil's-bit Scabious  ______   in the Teasel family   July-August  
    Succisa pratensis       
  22. Field Scabious  ______  a rare alien in Iceland, only at a few places
     Knautia arvensis
     
     
  23. Arctic Bartsia  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Figwort family, Scrophulareaceae  June-July
         Bartsia alpina 



    Alpine Bartsia
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June '09 Iceland Tour)
  24. Pyramidal Bugle  ______   in the Mint family   June-July
    Ajuga pyramidalis 

         The Pyramidal Bugle is a protected plant in Iceland.
  25. Heath Dog-violet  ______   in the Violet family   June
    Viola canina 

  26. Common Dog-violet  ______  rare in Iceland
     Viola riviniana

     In Iceland, where the Common Dog-violet is not common, it is a protected plant.

  27. Wild Pansy  (*)   ______   in the Violet Family   June
         Viola tricolor 
  28. Alpine Marsh Violet  ______   in the Violet family   May
     Viola palustris 
  29. Northern Marsh Violet  ______  in the Violet family
    Viola epipsila
  30. Common Butterwort  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Bladderwort family, Lentibulariaceae  June
         Pinguicula vulgaris

     

     Common Butterwort
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)

    Those with a VIOLET coloration: 
  31. Common Speedwell  ______   in the Figwort family   July
    Veronica officinalis       

    Veronica officinalis     was called Heath Speedwell.
  32. Blue Water-speedwell  ______   in the Figwort family   July-August 
    Veronica anagalis-aquatica      
  33. Marsh Speedwell  ______   in the Figwort family   July
         Veronica scutellata       
  34. Selfheal  ______    in the Mint family   June-July
     Prunella vulgaris 
  35. Alpine Meadow-rue  ______   in the Buttercup family   May-June
         Thalictrum alpinum       
  36. Wood Crane's-bill  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Geranium family, Geraniaceae   June
    Geranium sylvaticum 



    Wood Crane's-bill
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  37. Field Gentian   ______   in the Gentian family   July-August
    Gentianella campestris 
     
  38. Golden Dwarfgentian   ______    in the Gentian family   June-July 
         Gentianella aurea   

    Gentianella aurea was called Northern Gentian.
      
  39. Blue Heath  ______   in the Heath family   June-July 
    Phyllodoce coerulea    

     Rare in Iceland, the Blue Heath is one of the more striking plants in the country. its distribution is restricted to the outer districts on both sides of Eyjafjordur in northern Iceland, where snow covers the ground throughout the winter, and also in the area near Lodmundarfjorur in eastern Iceland.   

  40. Beach Pea  (*)  ______   in the Legume, or Pea family   June
    Lathyrus japonicus maritimus 

    Lathyrus japonicus maritimus     was called Sea Pea.


    Those with a REDDISH or PINK coloration:

  41. Blue Mountain Heath  ______   in the Heath family   June-July
    Phyllodoce coerulea

    Rare in Iceland, the Blue Mountain Heath is one of the more striking plants in the country. Its distribution is restricted to the outer districts on both sides of Eyjafjordur in northern Iceland, where snow covers the ground throughout the winter, and also in the area near Lodmundarfjordur in eastern Iceland. 
  42. Purple Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   April-May (sometimes starts to bloom in late March) 
    Saxifraga oppositifolia 
      
  43. Heath Spotted Orchid  ______    in the Orchid family   June-July 
    Dactylorhiza maculata 
    Dactylorhiza maculata islandica  ______      Icelandic Spotted Orchid      the subspecies in Iceland
  44. Creeping Thistle  (*)  ______     in the Daisy, or Aster family   August-September 
    Cirsium arvense   

    Cirsium arvense     is a rather rare, but naturalized alien in Iceland. It grows in dense, long-lasting stands.

  45. Melancholy Thistle  ______   in the Daisy family
    Cirsium heterophyllum

  46. Water Mint  ______   in the Mint family   introduced in Iceland
    Mentha aquatica

  47. Red Dead-nettle  ______   in the Mint family   June-July
    Lamium purpureum      
     
  48. Henbit Dead-nettle  ______   in the Mint family
    Lamium amplexicaule

  49. Wild Thyme  (*)  ______  in the Mint family   June-July   very common in Iceland
    Thymus praecox arcticus

  50. Alpine Catchfly  ______    in the Pink family   July 
         Lychnis alpina 

  51. Ragged Robin  ______  occurs locally in southern Iceland, in Myrdalur and Eyjafjoli, rare elsewhere.
     Lychnis flos-cuculi 

  52. Great Burnet  ______    in the Rose family   July
    Sanguisorba officinalis       
  53. Alpine Burnet  ______   in the Rose family
    Sanguisorba alpina

  54. Red Campion  ______   in the Pink family
    Silene dioica

  55. Rosebay Willowherb  ______    in the Willowherb family   July-August 
    Epilobium angustifolium       
  56. Arctic Riverbeauty   ______    in the Willowherb family   July
    Epilobium latifolium      

         The Arctic Riverbeauty is one of the American plants that grows naturally in Iceland, not known to occur anywhere else in Europe.
    It is a purple willowherb that grows densely on gravelly river banks, in river gorges, or in gravelly dried-out riverbeds in many parts of Iceland.  

  57. Chickweed Willowherb  ______   in the Willowherb family   June-July
    Epilobium alsinifolium 
  58. Hornemann's Willowherb  ______   in the Willowherb family   June-July
    Epilobium hornemanni  
  59. American Willowherb  ______   in the Willowherb family    July
    Epilobium watsonii 

         The American Willowherb is an alien in Iceland, occurring mainly in and around Reykjavik.
  60. Cliff Willowherb  ______   in the Willowherb family   July
         Epilobium collinum 

  61. Marsh Willowherb  ______   in the Willowherb family   July-August
         Epilobium palustre 
  62. Alpine Willowherb  ______   in the Willowherb family   June-July
         Epilobium anagallidifolium  
  63. Marsh Cinquefoil  (*)  ______   in the Rose family   June   common in Iceland, in moist pastures, meadows, and bogs
         Potentilla palustris 
  64. Common Hemp-nettle  ______   in the Mint family   July
         Galeopsis tetrahit 

  65. Strict Primrose  ______  in the Primrose family   May-June   very rare in Iceland
    Primula stricta

  66. Small Cranberry  ______    in the Heath family   June-July   in northern and northeastern Iceland  
    Vaccinium microcarpum 
  67. Trailing Azalea  (*)  ______   in the Heath family   June
    Loiseleuria procumbens 
  68. Water Avens  ______  in the Rose family   June-July   common on grassy heathland and hillsides, with moderate moisture 
    Geum rivale islandicum  ______      subspecies in Iceland

  69. Red Clover  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Legume, or Pea family   June-August
    Trifolium pratense  
    In Iceland, Trifolium pratense is introduced and partly naturalized. It occurs in grassy pastures and cultivated homefields. It is rather rare in Iceland.



    Red Clover
     (photo courtesy of Doris Potter)
  70. Zigzag Clover  ______   in the Legume, or Pea family
    Trifolium medium

  71. Hairy Stonecrop  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Stonecrop family, Crassulaceae   June
         Sedum villosum 

     

     Hairy Stonecrop
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  72. Heather  (*)  ______  in the Heath family   August-September   common in Iceland, on heathland and slopes
         Calluna vulgaris
  73. Cross-leaved Heath  ______   in the Heath family
    Erica tetralix

  74. Moss Campion  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Pink family, Caryophyllaceae   May-June
    Silene acaulis 



    Above & below: Moss Campion photographed during FONT Iceland Tours
         (upper photo by Gerin Hood, during the June 2009 tour,
     lower photo by Rise Hill, during the June 2015 tour)  
  75. Thrift  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Sea Lavender family   June
    Almeria maritima 

     

     Thrift
         (photographed during the June 2006 FONT Iceland Tour by Cheryl Pearce)
  76. European Cardamine  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Mustard family, Brassicadeae, formerly Cruciferae   May-June
    Cardamine pratensis angustifolia

         The European Cardamine is also called the Cuckoo Flower. 

    Cardimine pratensis angustifolia in Iceland has been said to be Cardamine nymanii, the Lady Smock.
    If the are separated, they are very closely related.

    In Iceland, European Cardamine (or formerly Lady Smock) is a common plant of pastures and grasslands.
    It can also be found in marshy areas.
    It occurs in almost all regions of Iceland, except for some dry desert areas north of Vatnajokull.   



    European Cardamine
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June '09 Iceland Tour)
     
  77. Common Valerian ______   in the Valerian family   July-August
         Valeriana officinalis   
  78. Hill Valerian  ______   in the Valerian family
    Valeriana sambucifolia
  79. Water Mudwort  ______   in the Figwort family   July-August 
    Limosella aquatica   
  80. Sea-milkwort  ______   in the Primrose Family   July-August   
    Glaux maritima 
  81. Amphibious Bistort  ______   in the Dock family   July
         Persicaria amphibia

         The Amphibious Bistort (also known as Amphibious Knotweed) is a protected plant in Iceland.
  82. Redshank  ______  related to the Amphibious Bistort, it is a non-aquatic alien in Iceland
     Persicaria maculata  (or Polygonum persicaria)

         The plant known as the Redshank (not the bird) occurs at several locations in Iceland in thermal soil, near hot springs and warm streams, and also as a weed around greenhouses.

    Other names for the plant known as the Redshank are Redleg and Lady's Thumb.
  83. Glaucous Dog-rose  ______  in the Rose family   
     Rosa dumalis

     The Glaucous Dog-rose is very rare in Iceland. It has not been found flowering in natural habitats in the country, but it blooms in gardens.     
    In Iceland, it is a protected plant.
  84. Bilberry  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Heath family, Ericaceae    June
    Vaccinium myrtillus 



    Bilberry
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  85. Bog Bilberry  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Heath family, Ericaceae   May-June
    Vaccinium uliginosum 

     

     Bog Bilberry
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  86. Water Pygmyweed  ______   in the Stonecrop family 
    Tillaea aquatica
  87. Alpine Fleabane  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June
    Erigeron borealis      
  88. Arctic Alpine Fleabane  ______  in the Daisy, or Aster family   June-July
    Erigeron humilis

    Erigeron humilis was called Snow Fleabane.      
       
  89. One-flower Fleabane _______  in the Daisy, or Aster family   June-July
     Erigeron uniflorus       

    Erigeron uniflorus was called Dwarf Fleabane. 

    Those with mostly or all WHITE coloration:  
  90. Glacier Buttercup  ______   in the Buttercup family   June
    Ranunculus glacialis  
  91. Common Daisy  ______
    Bellis perennis
     
  92. Sea Mayweed  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Daisy, or Aster family   June-July
         Tripleurospermum maritimum phaeocephalum

     

     Sea Maywood
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
  93. Oxeye Daisy  (*)  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June-July
    Leucanthemum vulgare   
  94. Mountain Avens  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Rose family, Rosaceae   May-June
    Dryas octopetala 

    Dryas octopetala     has some other names. "Holtasoley", meaning "Heath Buttercup" is used at flowering time.
    "Harbruda", meaning "hairy doll", is used after the fruit has matured.
    The leafy shoots, found in all seasons, are called "Rjupnalauf" meaning "ptarmigan leaves".   



    Mountain Avens
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour) 

  95. Burnet Rose  ______   in the Rose family   July
    Rosa pimpinellifolia 
  96. Northern Grass of Parnassus  ______    in the Parnassus Grass family, related to the Saxifrages   June-July
    Parnassia palustris 
  97. Wild Strawberry  (ph)  ______   in the Rose family   July  
    Fragaria vesca 



    Not the flower, but what follows.
    Fragaria vesca, the Wild Strawberry

  98. Dwarf Cornel  ______   in the Dogwood family   July   rare in Iceland
         Cornus suecica      
      
  99. Sea Campion  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Pink family, Caryophyllaceae   June
    Silene uniflora 






    Two photos of Sea Campion
    (both taken during FONT Iceland Tours 
    upper photo in June 2006 by Cheryl Pearce; lower photo in June 2009 by Gerin Hood)
      
  100. Alpine Mouse-ear  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Pink family, Caryophyliaceae   May-June
     Cerastium alpinum  

           

     Alpine Mouse-ear
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland Tour - June 2009)
  101. Arctic Mouse-ear  ______    in the Pink family   June-July
    Cerastium arcticum   
      
  102. Starwort Mouse-ear  ______   in the Pink family   June
    Cerastium cerastoides   

  103. Chickweed Wintergreen  ______   in the Primrose family   July
    Trientalis europaea   
  104. Wood-sorrel  ______  in the Wood-sorrel family
     Oxalis acetosella

    The Wood-sorrel is a protected plant in Iceland.
  105. Bogbean  ______   in the Bogbean family   June   
    Menyanthes trifoliata   
  106. Mossy Saxifrage  ______  in the Saxifrage family   June
    Saxifraga hypnoides 
  107. Drooping Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   June-July
    Saxifraga cernua  
  108. Irish Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   
    Saxifraga rosalea
  109. Meadow Saxifrage  ______  a rare alien in Iceland
     Saxifraga granulata  

  110. Tufted Saxifrage   ______   in the Saxifrage family   May-June
    Saxifraga caespitosa 
  111. Starry Saxifrage  ______    in the Saxifrage family   June-July
    Saxifraga stellaris 
  112. Leafsystem Saxifrage  ______  in Iceland only found at high altitudes, closely related to the Starry Saxifrage 
     Saxifraga foliolosa 

    Saifraga foliolosa has been called Foliolose Saxifrage.      It is a protected species in Iceland.
  113. Lesser Stitchwort  ______   in the Pink family   June-July 
    Stellaria graminea 

  114. Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot  ______   in the Buttercup family   July-August
    Ranunculus trichophyllus 
  115. Diapensia  ______   in the Diapensia family   June
         Diapensia lapponica 
  116. Pyramidal Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   July
    Saxifraga cotyledon 
  117. Silver Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   July
    Saxifraga paniculata  
  118. Alpine Brook Saxifrage ______   in the Saxifrage family   June-July
    Saxifraga rivularis 
  119. Alpine Snow Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   June-July  
    Saxifraga nivalis  

  120. Slender Snow Saxifrage  ______   closely related to the Alpine Snow Saxifrage, but smaller
    Saxifraga tenuis
           
  121. Common Mouse-ear  ______  in the Pink family   May-June
    Cerastium fontanum 
  122. Sticky Mouse-ear  ______  rather rare in Iceland
     Cerastium glomeratum
  123. Corn Spurrey  ______   in the Pink family   July  
    Spergula arvensis 
  124. Lesser Sea-spurrey   ______   in the Pink family   very rare in Iceland
     Spergularia salina

    Spergularia salina is a protected plant in Iceland.
  125. Arctic Sandwort  ______  in the Pink family   June 
    Arenaria norvegica   
  126. Sea Sandwort  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Pink family, Caryophyllaceae  June
    Honckenya peploides 



    Sea Sandwort
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  127. Mountain Sandwort  ______   in the Pink family   June-July
    Minuartia rubella 
  128. Teesdale Sandwort  ______   in the Pink family   June-July
         Minuartia stricta  
  129. Northern Sandwort  ______   in the Pink family   June
    Minuartia biflora 

    Minuartia biflora was called Two-flowered Sandwort,
  130. Alpine Pearlwort  ______    in the Pink family   June
    Sagina saginoides   
  131. Heath Pearlwort  ______   found sparingly on gravel slopes and cliffsides along the seashore 
     Sagina subulata
  132. Knotted Pearlwort  ______   in the Pink family   June-July
    Sagina nodosa 
  133. Tufted Pearlwort  ______  rare in Iceland
     Sagina caespitosa

  134. Common Chickweed  (*)  ______   in the Pink family   May-November
    Stellaria media   
  135. Fairy Flax  ______   in the Flax family   July
    Linum catharticum
  136. Fleshy Stitchwort  ______   in the Pink family   July
    Stellaria crassifolia
  137. Northern Stitchwort  ______   rare in Iceland
         Stellaria calycantha  

         The Northern Stitchwort is a protected plant in Iceland.

  138. Saltmarsh Stitchwort  ______   in the Pink family   July 
         Stellaria humifusa

    Stellaria humifusa was called Low Stichwort.
  139. Trailing Stichwort  ______   in the Pink family
    Stellaria alsine
  140. Iceland-purslane  ______   in the Dock family   June-July
         Koenigia islandica
  141. Alpine Bistort  (*)  ______   in the Dock family   June-July   very common in Iceland 
    Bistoria vivipara
  142. Knotgrass  ______   in the Dock family   June
         Polygonum aviculare
  143. Round-leaved Sundew  (ph)  ______   in the Sundew family, DROSERACEAE   July
         Drosera rotundifolia



    Round-leaved Sundew 
  144. Marsh Pennywort  ______   in the Parsley family   July-August 
         Hydrocotyle vulgaris
  145. Stone Bramble  ______   in the Rose family   July
         Rubus saxatilis
  146. Meadowsweet  ______   in the Rose family   July
         Filipendula ulmaria
  147. Rowan  ______   in the Rose family   June
         Sorbus aucuparia
  148. Garden Angelica  ______   in the Parsley family   July-August
         Angelica archangelica
  149. Wild Angelica  (*)  ______   in the Parsley family   June-July   in Iceland, widespread in the lowlands
         Angelica sylvestris
  150. Scots Lovage  ______   in the Parsley family   June-July
    Ligusticum  scoticum
  151. Caraway  ______   in the Parsley family   May-June   naturalized in southern Iceland
         Carum carvi

         The fruit of the Caraway splits into two, curved, grayish-brown merocarps, 0.1 inches long.
    The Caraway merocarps have a strong taste, and are used in Iceland as a condiment in bread and cheese.
  152. Sweet Cicely  ______  in the Parsley family   June   an alien in Iceland around farms, gardens, and in villages  
         Myrrhis odorata
  153. Cow Parsley  ______   in the Parsley family   June   a widespread alien in Iceland, in gardens, near houses and farms, or in waste places
         Anthriscus sylvestris
  154. Ground Elder  ______
    Aegopodium podagraria
  155. Yarrow  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June   common in much of Iceland, but not so in the south 
         Achillea millefolium
  156. Sneezewort  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   in Iceland a rather rare, localized alien 
     Achillea ptarmica
  157. Alpine Rock-cress  ______   in the Mustard family   May-June   widespread in Iceland
         Arabis alpina
  158. Northern Rock-cress  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Mustard family, Brassicaceae, formerly Cruciferae   May-June
         Cardaminopsis petraea
    Cardaminopsis petraea is one of the most common wildflowers in Iceland in both the lowlands and highlands. It occurs in areas of gravel hills, screes, sand and lava fields. 



    Northern Rock-cress
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  159. Sea Rocket  ______   in the Mustard family   June-July
         Cakile arctica

         Sea Rocket is one of the American species of plants that grows naturally in Iceland, not known to occur anywhere else in Europe. In Iceland, it is common in the south, southwest, and northwest. 
  160. Hoary Whitlowgrass  ______   in the Mustard family   May-June
    Draba incana
  161. Rock Whitlowgrass  ______   in the Mustard family   May-June
    Draba norvegica
  162. Snow Whitlowgrass  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Mustard family, Brassicaceae, formerly Cruciferae   June-July
         Draba nivalis 
    Draba nivalis is rather rare in Iceland, found at rock outcrops and cairns in the northern and eastern parts of the island.



    Snow Whitlowgrass
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  163. Shepherd's Purse  ______   in the Mustard family   May-September
    Capsella bursa-pastoris
  164. Hairy Bitter-cress  ______   in the Mustard family   widespread in southern and southwestern Iceland
         Cardamine hirsuta
  165. Alpine Bitter-cress  ______   in the Mustard family   widespread in Iceland, at high altitudes
         Cardamine bellidifolia
  166. Common Scurvygrass  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Mustard family, Brassicaceae, formerly Cruciferae   May-June
         Cochlearia officinalis
    Cochlearia officinalis is widespread in Iceland, found at bird-cliffs and rocky shores. 



    Common Scurvygrass
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  167. Awlwort  ______   in the Mustard family   July
    Subularia aquatica
  168. Common Whitlowgrass  ______   in the Mustard family   April-May
    Erophila verna 
  169. Milky Willowherb  ______   in the Willowherb family   June-July 
    Epilobium lactiflorum
  170. Snow Pearlwort  ______   in the Pink family   June-July
    Sagina nivalis
  171. Blinks  ______   in the Purslane family   June
    Montia fontana
  172. Scottish Asphodel  ______   in the Bunchflower family   June
    Tofieldia pusilla
  173. Northern Bedstraw  ______   in the Madder family   July
    Galium boreale
  174. Slender Bedstraw  ______   in the Madder family   June
    Galium normanii
    Galium normanii islandicum  ______      Icelandic Bedstraw
  175. Fen Bedstraw  ______   in the Madder family   July
    Galium uliginosum
  176. Small Bedstraw  ______   in the Madder family   July
    Galium trifidum
  177. Marsh Bedstraw  ______  very rare in Iceland, only at a few localities in the southwest
         Galium palustre

         The Marsh Bedstraw is a protected plant in Iceland.
  178. Mossy Mountain-heather  ______  in the Heath family   May-June
    Harrimanella hypnoides

    Harrimanella hypnoides was Cassiope hypnoides, called Cassiope.
  179. Bearberry  (*) (ph)  ______ in the Heath family, Ericaceae   May-June
    Arctostaphylos uva-ursi



    Bearberry
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  180. Cowberry  ______  very rare in Iceland, only at a few localities in the east and northeast 
    Vaccinium vitas-idaea
  181. Bog Rosemary  ______  very rare in Iceland, recently discovered in the northern area of the eastern fjords
    Andromeda polifolia
  182. Common Wintergreen  ______  in the Wintergreen family   July
    Pyrola minor
  183. Arctic Wintergreen  ______   in the Wintergreen family   July-August
         Pyrola grandiflora

         Arctic Wintergreen is one of the American species of plants that grows naturally in Iceland, not known to occur anywhere else in Europe. In Iceland, it is found at a few sites in the north. 
  184. Serrated Wintergreen  ______   in the Wintergreen family   July-August   widespread in Iceland, more common in the north and northwest  
         Orthilia secunda
  185. Autumn Gentian  ______   in the Gentian family   August
    Gentianella amarella
  186. Cold Eyebright  ______   in the Figwort family   July-August
    Euphrasia frigida
  187. Drug Eyebright  ______   in the Figwort family    July
         Euphrasia stricta
  188. White Dead-nettle  ______  in the Mint family   June
    Lamium album
  189. White Clover  ______   in the Legume, or Pea family   June-July
    Trifolium repens
  190. Alsike Clover  (ph)  ______  in the Legume, or Pea family   June-July  
         Trifolium hybridum

         The Alsike Clover is an alien in Iceland, found around farms and in cultivated areas.


    Alsike Clover, with, if one looks closely, a bee here on the middle flower
    As a matter of interest, there are about 250 species of bees and wasps in Iceland.
    (photo by Marie Gardner, during the FONT June 2015 Iceland tour) 

    Those with a YELLOW coloration:
  191. Marsh-marigold  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Buttercup family, Ranunculaceae   May-June
         Caltha palustris



    Above & below: the Marsh-marigold in Iceland
    In the upper photo, on little islands in a rushing stream 
    during the FONT Iceland Tour in June 2015    
         (upper photo by Rise Hill, 
     lower photo by Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland Tour in June 2009)



  192. Monkey Flower  ______
    Mimulus guttatus
  193. Alpine Cinquefoil  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Rose family, Rosaceae   May-June
         Potentilla crantzii



    Alpine Cinquefoil
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
  194. Tormentil  ______  in the Rose family
    Potentilla erecta

         The Tormentil is a protected plant in Iceland.
  195. Silverweed  (*)  ______   in the Rose family   June
    Potentilla anserina
    Potentilla anserina egedii  ______      Seaside Silverweed       restricted to salt marshes along the seashore
  196. Meadow Buttercup  ______   in the Buttercup family    May-June 
    Ranunculus acris
  197. Creeping Buttercup  ______   in the Buttercup family   June
    Ranunculus repens
  198. Goldilocks Buttercup  ______  rare in Iceland
         Ranunculus auricomus
  199. Marsh Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   June-July
    Saxifraga hirculus
  200. Yellow Saxifrage  ______   in the Saxifrage family   July   widespread in eastern Iceland
         Saxifraga aizoides
  201. Arctic Poppy  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Poppy family, Papaveraceae   June
         Papaver radicatum
    Papaver radicatum stefanssonii  ______      Steffansson's Icelandic Poppy

    The variety of the Arctic Poppy, Papaver radicatum stefanssonii, with white and pink flowers, is a protected plant in Iceland. 



    Arctic Poppy
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)

  202. Iceland Poppy  ______   in the Poppy family
    Papaver croceum

    Despite its name, the Iceland Poppy is not native to Iceland. It has been cultivated in gardens from where it escaped.
    Papaver croceum 
     is a boreal flowering plant, native to the subpolar regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, and the mountains of central Asia. 
    Synonyms for     Papaver croceum are: Papaver nudicaule, Papaver miyabeanum, Papaver amurense, Papaver macounii. 
  203. Biting Stonecrop  ______   in the Stonecrop family   July-August
    Sedum acre
  204. Annual Stonecrop  ______   in the Stonecrop family   June
    Sedum annuum
  205. Creeping Spearwort  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Buttercup family, Ranunculaceae   June-July
         Ranunculus reptans
    Ranunculus reptans is found in moist soil.



    Creeping Spearwort
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  206. Pygmy Buttercup  ______   in the Buttercup family   July-August
    Ranunculus pygmaeus
  207. Arctic Buttercup  ______   in the Buttercup family   June 
    Ranunculus hyperboreus
  208. Creeping Sibbaldia  ______   in the Rose family   June 
    Sibbaldia procumbens
  209. Northern Yellowcress  ______   in the Mustard family   July
    Rorippa islandica

    Another name for Rorippa islandica has been Marsh Yellowcress. 
  210. European Wallflower  ______   in the Mustard family   July
    Erysimum strictum
  211. Small-flowered Winter-cress  ______   in the Mustard family   July    
         Barbarea stricta

  212. Alpine Whitlowgrass  ______   in the Mustard family   July   one of the rarer plants in the high country in Iceland
         Draba alpina 
  213. Roseroot  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Stonecrop family, Crassulaceae   June
         Rhodiola rosea



    Roseroot
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)

  214. Lady's Bedstraw  ______  in the Madder family   June-July
    Galium verum
  215. Meadow Vetchling  ______   in the Legume, or Pea family   July-August
    Lathyrus pratensis
  216. Small Cow-wheat  ______   in the Figwort family   July   rare in Iceland, found under birches
         Melampyrum sylvaticum
  217. Common Toadflax  ______
    Linaria vulgaris
  218. Red-tipped Lousewort  ______   in the Figwort family   June
    Pedicularis flammea

    Pedicularis flammea was called Upright Lousewort.
  219. Yellow-rattle  ______   in the Figwort family   June-July
         Rhinanthus minor
  220. Kidney Vetch  ______   in the Legume, or Pea family   June-July
    Anthyllis vulneraria
  221. Dandelion  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Daisy, or Aster family, Asteraceae, formerly Composite   April-Jun
         Taraxacum spp.



    Above & below:  Dandelions
    As can be seen in the above photograph, Dandelions grow well in Iceland.
    (upper photo by Rise Hill during the FONT June 2015 Iceland Tour,
          lower photo by Gerin Hood during the FONT June 2009 Iceland Tour)




  222. Hillside Hawkweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family    
    Hieracium thaectolepium
  223. Alpine Hawkweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June-July
         Hieracium alpinum
  224. Hearth Hawkweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   
    Hieracium aquiliforme

  225. Stain-leaved Hawkweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family
    Hieracium stictophyllum

  226. Bush Hawkweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family
    Hieracium holopleurum

  227. Grand Hawkweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family
    Hieracium elegantiforme  
  228. Icelandic Hawkweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June-July
    Pilosella islandica
  229. Autumn Hawkbit  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   July-August
    Leontodon autumnalis
  230. Marsh Hawk's-beard  ______   very rare in Iceland
         Crepis paludosa
  231. Colt's-foot  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   April-May
    Tussilago farfara
  232. Groundsel  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June-September
         Senecio vulgaris

  233. Pineapple Weed  ______  in the Daisy, or Aster family   July-September
         Chamomilla suaveolens 

    Mostly GREEN:
  234. Alpine Lady's-mantle  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Rose family, Rosaceae   June
         Alchemilla alpina
    Alchemilla alpina is found in depressions in slopes, snowbeds, screes, and erosive soil.



    Alpine Lady's-mantle
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)

  235. Lady's-mantle  ______   in the Rose family   June
    Alchemia mollis
  236. Faeroeic Lady's-mantle  ______   in the Rose family   June-July
    Alchemilia faeroensis
  237. Hairy Lady's-mantle  ______   in the Rose family    
    Alchemia filicaulis

  238. Clustered Lady's-mantle  ______   in the Rose family
    Alchemia glomerulans

  239. Rock Lady's-mantle  ______   in the Rose family
    Alchemia wichurae

  240. Smooth Lady's-mantle  ______   in the Rose family
    Alchemia glabra 

  241. Procumbent Pearlwort  ______   in the Pink family   June-July
    Sagina procumbens     
  242. Northern Green Orchid ______   in the Orchid family   June
    Platantherea hyperborea

         The Northern Green Orchid is one of the American species of plants that grows naturally in Iceland, not known to occur anywhere else in Europe.
    It has sweetly-scented flowers and lives on grassy slopes in lowlands throughout the country.
  243. Small-white Orchid  (or White Orchid)  ______   in the Orchid family   June
     Pseudorchis albida  

  244. White Currant  ______
    Ribes x pallidum

  245. Herb-Paris  ______  in the Birch Root family   July   rare in Iceland
         Paris quadrifolia

         Herb-Paris is a protected plant in Iceland.
  246. Various-leaved Pondweed  ______   in the Pondweed family   July-August
     Potamogeton gramineus
  247. Red Pondweed  (or Reddish Pondweed)  ______  in the Pondweed family   July
     Potamogeton alpinus
  248. Broad-leaved Pondweed  ______   in the Pondweed family   July-August
     Potamogeton natans
  249. Perfoliate Pondweed  ______   in the Pondweed family   July-August
     Potamogeton perfoliatus

    Another name for Potamogeton perfoliatus is Clasping-leaved Pondweed.
  250. Long-stalked Pondweed  ______   in the Pondweed family   July-August
     Potamogeton praelongus
  251. Slender-leaved Pondweed  ______   in the Pondweed family   June-July
         Potamogeton filiformis
  252. Small Pondweed  ______   in the Pondweed family   June-July
         Potamogeton berchtoldii
  253. Horned Pondweed  ______   in the Pondweed family   July  
         Zannichellia palustris   
  254. Beaked Tasselweed  ______  (also called Wigeon Grass or Ditch Grass)  in the RUPPIACEAE family
         Ruppia maritima

    Ruppia maritima     occurs in lagoons with brackish water. Very rare in Iceland.

  255. Shoreweed  ______  in the Plantain family, PLANTAGINACEAE   July   widespread in southwest Iceland
         Littorella uniflora

     Littorella uniflora has been treated as conspecific with Littorella americana, the American Shoreweed of northern North America, but molecular data has shown otherwise.
    Littorella uniflora ranges from Iceland east in Europe to the Black Sea.
  256. Vernal Water-starwort  ______   in the Plantain family, PLANTAGINACEAE   June-July
    Callitriche palustris     (or Callitriche verna)

    Callitriche palustris has been called Spiny Water-starwort.
  257. Intermediate Water-starwort  ______  in the Plantain family   June-July
         Callitriche hamulata

    Callitriche hamulata was called Hook-tipped Water-starwort. 
  258. Pedunculate Water-starwort  ______   in the Plantain family   very rare in Iceland
         Callitriche brutia

         The Pedunculate Water-starwort is a protected plant in Iceland.
  259. Common Water-starwort  ______   in the Plantain family   July
         Callitriche stagnalis
  260. Autumnal Water-starwort  ______   in the Plantain family   rather rare in Iceland
         Callitriche hermaphroditica

    Callitriche hermaphroditica     differs distinctly from other starworts. It is totally submerged in water at the bottom of ponds or streams.

  261. Alternate Water-milfoil  ______  in the Water-milfoil family, HALORAGACEAE)
         Myriophyllum alterniflorum


    Another name for Myriophyllum alterniflorum is Loose-flowered Water-milfoil.
  262. Common Water-milfoil  ______  in the Water-milfoil family, HALORAGACEAE
     Myriophyllum sibiricum
  263. Lesser Bladderwort  ______  in the Bladderwort family, LENTIBULARIACEAE   August
     Utricularia minor
  264. Mare's-tail _____   in the Plantain family   July
    Hippuris vulgaris
  265. Four-leaved Mare's-tail  ______   in the Plantain family   
     Hippuris tetraphylla 

  266. Water Horsetail _____   in the Horsetail family, EQUISETACEAE
    Equisetum fluviatile
  267. Marsh Horsetail _____   in the Horsetail family, EQUISETACEAE
    Equisetum palustre 
  268. Field Horsetail _____   in the Horsetail family   very common in Iceland
    Equisetum arvense
    Equisetum arvense borealis  ______      Northern Horsetail

  269. Shady Horsetail  (*) (ph)  _____   in the Horsetail family   (during a FONT in June)
    Equisetum pratense



    Shady Horsetail
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  270. Wood Horsetail  ______   in the Horsetail family   very rare in Iceland
    Equisetum sylvaticum
  271. Variegated Horsetail ______   in the Horsetail family
    Equisetum variegatum
  272. Rough Horsetail ______   in the Horsetail family 
    Equisetum hymale
  273. Common Nettle (or Stinging Nettle)  ______  in the Nettle family, URTICACEAE
    Urtica dioeca

  274. Small Nettle (or Burning Nettle)   ______   in the Nettle family, URTICACEAE
     Urtica urens

  275. Greater Plantain  ______   in the Plantain family   June-July
    Plantago major
  276. Ribwort Plantain  ______   in the Plantain family   July
     Plantago lanceolata

  277. Sea Plantain  ______   in the Plantain family   June
     Plantago maritima
  278. Babington's Orache  ______   in the Goosefoot family   June-July
     Atriplex glabriusscula

    Another name for Atriplex glabriusscula has been Smoothish Orache.

  279. Common Sorrel  ______   in the Dock family   May-June   very common in Iceland
     Rumex acetosa

  280. Sheep's Sorrel  ______   in the Dock family   June
     Rumex acetosella

  281. Northern Dock  ______   in the Dock family   June-July
     Rumex longifolius

  282. Mountain Sorrel  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Dock family   May-June
     Oxyria digyna

         Oxyria digyna occurs commonly in Iceland, at ravines, cliffs, gravelly slopes, and rocky ground. 



    Mountain Sorrel
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)

  283. Frog Orchid ______   in the Orchid family   June-July
     Coeloglossum viride
    Coeloglossum virride islandicum  ______      Icelandic Frog Orchid

  284. Coralroot Orchid  (or Coralroot) ______   in the Orchid family   June-July
     Corallorhiza trifida

  285. Lesser Twayblade ______   in the Orchid family   July
     Listeria cordata

  286. Common Twayblade ______   in the Orchid family   June-July
     Listera ovata

         The Twayblade, Listera ovata, is a protected plant in Iceland.
  287. Highland Cudweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   July
     Omalotheca novergica

  288. Heath Cudweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   July
     Omalotheca sylvatica

  289. Dwarf Cudweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June
     Omalotheca supina

  290. Marsh Cudweed  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   July-August
     Filaginella uliginosa

  291. Alpine Everlasting  ______   in the Daisy, or Aster family   June
     Antennaria alpina 

    Antennaria alpina was called Alpine Cat's-foot.

  292. Crowberry  ______   in the Crowberry family   April-May   very common in Iceland
     Empetrum nigrum 


    Other Plants

     Trees

  293. Dwarf Birch  (*)  ______  in the Birch family, Betulaceae
    Betula nana

  294. Downy Birch  (*) (ph)  ______  in the Birch family, Betulaceae
    Betula pubescens  

    The Downy Birch is the only forest-forming tree species in Iceland to have returned to the present interglacial period.

    Another name for Betula pubescens is European White Birch. 



    Above & below: Downy Birch
    Above, the bark; below, the catkin and leaves
    Photographed during the FONT Iceland Tour in June 2015
    (photos by Marie Gardner)




  295. Dwarf Willow  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Willow family, Salicaceae   June
         Salix herbeacea



    Dwarf Willow
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  296. Woolly Willow  (*) (ph)  ______   in the Willow family, Salicaceae   June
         Salix lanata 



    Woolly Willow
         (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT Iceland June '09 Tour)
  297. Goat Willow  ______   in the Willow family, Salicaceae
    Salix caprea

  298. Feltleaf Willow   ______   
    Salix alaxensis

  299. Boreal Willow  ______
    Salix myrsinifolia borealis

  300. Tea-leaved Willow  (*)  ______   in the Willow family, Salicaceae
    Salix phylicifolia

    The Tea-leaved Willow is abundant in Iceland. Compared to the Woolly Willow and the Bluish Willow, the Tea-leaved Willow grows where it is wetter. 

  301. Arctic Willow  ______  in the Willow family, Salicaceae
    Salix arctica 

    The Arctic Willow is the northernmost woody plant in the world. It has a circumpolar distribution around the Arctic Ocean. It occurs far above the tree line to the northern limit of land on the north coast of Greenland. 

    The following, what was Salix callicarpea, has been merged into the Arctic Willow:

    Bluish Willow  (or Broad-leaved) Willow   ______    
    Salix callicarpaea

    Salix callicarpaea was said to be one of the American plants growing naturally in Iceland, not known to occur anywhere else in Europe.   

  302. European Aspen  ______   in the Willow family, SAlicaceae
    Populus tremula

    The European Aspen is very rare in Iceland, said to occur naturally at only a very few locations.

  303. Black Cottonwood  ______
    Populus trichocarpa

  304. Juniper  ______   in the Cypress family, Cupressaceae   common in Iceland
    Juniperus communis

  305. Sitka Spruce  ______
    Picea sitchensis

  306. Lodgepole Pine  ______
    Pinus contorta

  307. Siberian Larch  ______
    Larix sibirica


     Ferns
  308. Hard Fern  ______   in the Hardfern family   rather rare in Iceland
    Blechnum spicant
    Blechnum spicant var. fallax,     a variety of Hard Fern restricted to hot springs, is a protected plant in Iceland. 
  309. Holly Fern  ______   in the Fern family
    Polystichum lonchitis
    Like the Hard Fern (above), the Holly Fern grows in snowbeds, but it is less dependent upon the snow cover, and therefore in Iceland it is more widespread.  
  310. Green Spleenwort  ______   in the family ASPLENIACEAE, a family of ferns
    Asplenium viride
    The Green Spleenwort is a protected plant in Iceland.
  311. Maidenhair Spleenwort  ______  in the family ASPLENIACEAE, a family of ferns
    Asplenium trichomanes
    The Maidenhair Spleenwort is a protected plant in Iceland.
  312. Forked Spleenwort  ______  in the family ASPLENIACEAE, a family of ferns
    Asplenium septentrionale
  313. Common Moonwort  ______  in the Adder's-tongue family, OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, a family of ferns
    Botrychium lunaria
  314. Glossy Moonwort  ______   a small, rare species in Iceland
    Botrychium simplex 
    The Glossy Moonwort is a protected plant in Iceland.
  315. Northern Moonwort  ______   in the Adder's-tongue family
    Botrychium boreale
  316. Lance-leaved Moonwort  ______  in the Adder's-tongue family
    Botrychium lanceolatum
  317. Mingan Moonwort  ______   in the Adder's-tongue family
    Botrychium minganense 

  318. Small Adder's Tongue  ______   in the Adder's-tongue family   Very rare in Iceland
    Ophioglossum azoricum
  319. Common Polypody  ______   in POLYPODIACEAE, a family of polypod ferns
    Polypodium vulgare  
  320. Oblong Woodsia  (or Fragrant Woodsia)  ______  in the Filmy-fern family
    Woodsia ilvensis
  321. Alpine Woodsia  ______   rare in Iceland, only found in lava fields
     Woodsia alpina
  322. Wilson's Filmy-fern  ______   only known at one locality in Iceland, in the south, a small and delicate fern
         Hymenophyllum wilsoni

     Other than in Iceland, the Wilson's Filmy-fern is in western Europe and the Macaronesian islands. 
    In Iceland, the Wilson's Filmy-fern is a protected plant.  

  323. Alpine Lady-fern  ______  in the Lady-fern family
    Athyrium distentifolium 
  324. Lady-fern  ______  in the Lady-fern family
    Athyrium filix-femina
  325. Brittle Bladder-fern  ______  in the Lady-fern family
    Cystopteris fragilis

    Cystopteris fragilis is now said to include the Dickie's Bladder-fern, Cystopteris dickieana.
  326. Northern Buckler-fern  ______  in the Lady-fern family
    Dryopteris expansa      (was Dryopteris assimilis)

  327. Male-fern  ______  in the Lady-fern family
    Dryopteris filix-mas
  328. Oak Fern  ______  in the Lady-fern family
    Gymnocarpium dryopteris
  329. Beech Fern  ______  in the Beech-fern family
    TPhegopteris connectilis      (was Thelypteris phegopteris)

  330. Parsley Fern  ______  in the Parsley Fern family
    Cryptogamma crispa

    The Parsley Fern is a protected plant in Iceland.


         Clubmosses

  331. Alpine Clubmoss  ______  in the Clubmoss family, Lycopodiophyta
    Lycopodium     (or Diphazium) alpinium

  332. Stag's-horn Clubmoss  ______  in the Clubmoss family, Lycopodiophyta
    Lycopodium clavatum 
    The Stag's-horn Clubmoss is a protected plant in Iceland.
  333. Fir Clubmoss  ______  in the Clubmoss family, Lycopodiophyta
    Lycopodium     (or Huperzia) selago

  334. Interrrupted Clubmoss  ______  in the Clubmoss family, Lycopodiophyta
    Lycopodium annotinum

  335. Lesser Clubmoss  ______  in the Spikemoss family, Selaginellaceae
    Selaginella selaginoides

    Selaginella is the only genus in the Spikemoss family, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses.


         Rushes
  336. Alpine Rush  ______   in the Rush family   June-July
    Juncus alpinoarticulatus alpestris
  337. Iceland Rush  ______   in the Rush family   common in Iceland
    Juncus arcticus intermedius
  338. Jointed Rush  ______   in the Rush family   July
    Juncus articulatus
  339. Baltic Rush  ______   in the Rush family
    Juncus balticus
  340. Two-flowered Rush  ______   in the Rush family   June
    Juncus biglumis
  341. Toad Rush  ______   in the Rush family   July-August
    Juncus bufonius
  342. Bulbous Rush  ______  in the Rush family   July
    Juncus bulbosus
  343. Chestnut Rush  ______   in the Rush family   June-July   rather rare in Iceland
    Juncus castaneus
  344. Thread Rush  ______   in the Rush family   June-July   common in Iceland, except in much of the south where it does not occur
    Juncus filiformis
  345. Saltmarsh Rush  ______   in the Rush family   very rare in Iceland, found only at one locality in the southwest
    Juncus gerardi
    The Saltmarsh Rush is a protected plant in Iceland.

  346. Frog Rush  ______   in the Rush family   July-August
    Juncus ranarius
  347. Heath Rush  ______   in the Rush family
    Juncus squarrosus 

  348. Three-leaved Rush  (*)  ______   in the Rush family   June-July   very common in Iceland, tussocks in dry grassland
    Juncus trifidus   

         Another name for Juncus trifidus is Highland Rush.

  349. Three-flowered Rush  ______   in the Rush family   June
    Juncus triglumis
  350. Curved Wood-rush  ______   in the Rush family   June-July
    Luzula arcuata
  351. Northern Wood-rush  ______  
    Luzula confusa

  352. Heath Wood-rush  ______   in the Rush family   very common in Iceland
    Luzula multiflora
    Luzula multiflora frigida  ______      Northern Heath Wood-rush

  353. Spiked Wood-rush  ______   in the Rush family
    Luzula spicata
  354. Sudetan Wood-rush  ______   in the Rush family
    Luzula sudetica

    Sedges

  355. Circumpolar Sedge  ______
    Carex adelostoma

  356. Black Alpine-sedge  ______
    Carex atrata

  357. Bicolored Sedge  ______
    Carex bicolor

  358. Stiff Sedge  ______
    Carex bigelowii
  359. Brownish Sedge  ______   rare in Iceland
     Carex brunnescens

  360. Club Sedge  ______   rare in Iceland
     Carex buxbaumi 

  361. Silvery Sedge  ______
    Carex canescens

  362. Hair Sedge  ______
    Carex capillaris

  363. Capitate Sedge  ______
    Carex capitata
  364. Spring Sedge  ______   in Iceland found only on the southern Reykjanes Peninsula
     Carex caryophyllea 

  365. String Sedge  ______
    Carex chordorrhiza

  366. White Sedge  ______
    Carex curta
  367. Green Yellow-sedge  ______   In Iceland, its distribution is not well known
     Carex demissa   

  368. Lesser Tussock-sedge  ______   rare in Iceland
     Carex diandra

  369. Dioecious Sedge  ______
    Carex dioeca

  370. Star Sedge  ______
    Carex echinata

  371. Glaucous Sedge  ______
    Carex flacca
  372. Large Yellow-sedge  ______  very rare in northern Iceland
     Carex flava

    Large Yellow-sedge is a protected plant in Iceland.

  373. Glacier Sedge  ______
    Carex glacialis
  374. Lesser Saltmarsh Sedge  ______
    Carex glareosa
  375. Hudson Bay Sedge  ______   grows in wet bogs in the interior of northern Iceland
     Carex helenastes 

         Hudson Bay Sedge is a protected plant in Iceland.
  376. Krause's Sedge  ______   rather common in the interior of northern and northeastern Iceland
     Carex krausei

    Carex krausei was called Porsild's Sedge.

  377. Hare's-foot Sedge  ______
    Carex lachenalii

  378. Common Bog-sedge  ______
    Carex limosa

  379. Livid Sedge  ______
    Carex livida

  380. Lyngbye's Sedge  ______
    Carex lyngbyei

     The Lyngbye's Sedge is one of the American species of plants that grows naturally in Iceland, not known to occur anywhere else in Europe.
    In Iceland, it dominates large areas in marshland along rivers and estuaries. It was, in the past, much harvested for hay.   
    It is a tall and beautiful plant.
  381. Norway Sedge  ______
    Carex mackenziei

  382. Thick-head Sedge  ______
    Carex macloviana

  383. Tall Bog-sedge  ______
    Carex magellanica

  384. Curved Sedge  ______
    Carex maritima

  385. Bristle Sedge  ______
    Carex microglochin

  386. Nard Sedge  ______
    Carex nardina

  387. Common Sedge  ______
    Carex nigra 
    Carex nigra juncella  ______      Common Tufty Sedge

  388. Close-headed (or Club-headed) Alpine-sedge  ______
    Carex norvegica
  389. Pale Sedge  ______  only found at two localities in Iceland
     Carex pallescens

  390. Carnation Sedge  ______
    Carex panicea
  391. Tall Bog-sedge  ______
    Carex paupercula

  392. Pill Sedge  ______
    Carex pilulifera 

  393. Flea Sedge  ______
    Carex pulicaris

  394. Mountain Bog-sedge  ______
    Carex rariflora
  395. Ramensk's Sedge  ______
    Carex remenskii

  396. Bottle Sedge  ______
    Carex rostrata

  397. Red Sedge  ______
    Carex rufina

  398. Rock Sedge  ______
    Carex rupestris

  399. Saltmarsh Sedge  ______
    Carex salina

  400. Russet Sedge  ______
    Carex saxatilis

  401. Small-fruited Yellow-sedge  ______
    Carex serotina

  402. Hoppner's Sedge  ______
    Carex subspathacea

  403. Sheathed Sedge  ______
    Carex vaginata
  404. Small-fruited Yellow-sedge  ______
    Carex viridula

  405. Needle Spike-rush  ______
    Eleocharis acicularis

  406. Common Spike-rush  ______
    Eleocharis palustris

  407. Few-flowered Spike-rush  ______
    Eleocharis quinqueflora
  408. Slender Spike-rush  ______   generally found in bogs, especially near the sea
     Eleocharis uniglumis

  409. Common Cottongrass  ______
    Eriophorum angustifolium

  410. Scheuchzer's Cottongrass  (ph)  ______  June   (elsewhere in its large range called Alaska Cotton)
    Eriophorum scheuchzeri



    Scheuchzer's Cottongrass, or as its called in Iceland: Hrafnafifa
    photographed during the FONT birding and nature tour
    in Iceland in June 2012        (photo by Gabi Hauser) 

  411. Bellard's Kobresia  ______  
    Kobresia myosuroides

  412. Deergrass  ______
    Trichophorum caespitosum


         Grasses

  413. Common Eelgrass  ______  (also called Seawrack)   in the family ZOSTERACEAE
    Zostera marina
    Zostera marina is the most widespread marine flowering plant in the Northern Hemisphere. It grows as far north as the Arctic region, and endures several months of ice cover per year.
  414. Northern Bur-reed  ______   in the family TYPHCEAE in the order POALES, which includes sedges and grasses  
    Sparganium hyperboreum
  415. Least Bur-reed  ______
    Sparganium minimum
  416. Floating Bur-reed  ______
    Sparganium angustifolium 
  417. Spring Quillwort  ______  in the family ISOETACEAE in the order ISOETALES
    Isoetes echinospora
  418. Lake Quillwort  ______
    Isoetes lacustris 
  419. Marsh Arrowgrass  ______   in the Arrowgrass family
    Triglochin palustris
  420. Sea Arrowgrass  ______   in the Arrowgrass family
    Triglochin maritinus   
  421. Wood Millet  ______   in the Grass family
    Milium effusum
  422. Tufted Hair-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Deschampsia cespitosa
  423. Bering's Tufted Hair-grass  ______
    Deschampsia beringensis

  424. Alpine Hair-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Deschampsia alpina
  425. Wavy Hair-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Deschampsia flexuosa
  426. Common Bent  ______   in the Grass family
    Agrostis capillaris
  427. Brown Bent  ______   in the Grass family
    Agrostis vinealis

    Agrostis vinealis has been called Velvet Bent.
  428. Creeping Bent  ______   in the Grass family
    Agrostis stolonifera  
  429. Narrow Small-reed  ______   in the Grass family
    Calamagrostis stricta
  430. Northern Saltmarsh-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Puccinellia coarctata
  431. Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Puccinellia capillaris      (was Puccinellia distans)

  432. Water Whorl-grass  (or simply Whorl-grass)  ______   in the Grass family 
    Catabrosa aquatica
  433. Floating Sweet-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Glyceria fluitans
  434. Downy Alpine Oat-grass  ______
    Avenula pubescens

  435. Yorkshire-fog  ______   in the Grass family
    Holcus lanatus
  436. Holy-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Hierochloe odorata
  437. Smooth Meadow-grass  (or Common Meadow-grass)  ______   in the Grass family
    Poa pratensis
  438. Rough Meadow-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Poa trivialis
  439. Alpine Meadow-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Poa alpina
  440. Wavy Meadow-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Poa flexuosa
  441. Glaucous Meadow-grass  (or Blue Meadow-grass)  ______   in the Grass family
    Poa glauca
  442. Wood Meadow-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Poa nemoralis
  443. Annual Meadow-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Poa annua
  444. Jemtland Meadow-grass  ______   
    Poa x jemlandica

  445. Cock's-foot  ______   in the Grass family
    Dactylis glomerata
  446. Quaking Grass  ______
    Briza media

  447. Arctic Fescue  (or Richardson's Fescue)  ______   in the Grass family
    Festuca richardsonii
  448. Meadow Fescue  ______   in the Grass family   a very rare alien in Iceland
    Festuca pratensis
  449. Red Fescue  ______
    Festuca rubra

    The Red Fescue is closely related to Arctic Fescue (above), and is often considered the same species.   

  450. Viviparous Sheep's Fescue  ______   in the Grass family
    Festuca vivipara

    Festuca vivpara has been called Proliferous Fescue.
  451. Icegrass  ______   in the Grass family   rather rare in Iceland, only at high altitudes or in the Central Highlands
    Phippsia algida  

    Phippsia algida has been called Snow Goosegrass.     It is a colonizer of revegetating river beds.

  452. Hungarian Brome  ______   in the Grass family   rather rare in Iceland
    Bromus inermis
  453. Sweet Vernal-grass  ______   in the Grass family   common in Iceland
    Anthoxanthum odoratum
  454. Narrow False-oat  ______   in the Grass family
    Trisetum spicatum

    Trisetum spicatum was called Spiked Oatgrass.
  455. Three-flowered False-oat  ______   in the Grass family
    Trisetum triflorum 

  456. Blue Moor-grass  ______   in the Grass family   rare in Iceland
    Sesieria albicans
  457. Meadow Foxtail  ______   in the Grass family   common in cultivated homefields
    Alopecurus pratensis
  458. Marsh Foxtail  ______   in the Grass family
    Alopecurus geniculatus
  459. Orange Foxtail  ______   in the Grass family   widespread in Iceland
    Alopecurus aequalis
  460. Timothy Cat's-tail  (or just Timothy)  ______   in the Grass family   common in Iceland
    Phleum pratense
  461. Alpine Cat's-tail  ______   in the Grass family
    Phleum alpinum
  462. Bearded Couch  (or Bearded Wheatgrass)  ______   in the Grass family
    Elymus alopex  (formerly Elymus caninus)
  463. Northern Couch  ______   in the Grass family
    Elymus kropokensis borealis
  464. Common Couch  (or Couchgrass)  ______   in the Grass family
    Elymus     (was Agropyorn) repens

         Couch, or Couchgrass is also known as Wheat-grass. 

  465. European Lyme-grass  ______   in the Grass family
    Leymus arenarius
  466. Perennial Rye-grass  ______   in the Grass family   very rare in Iceland
    Lolium perenne
  467. Mat-grass  ______  in the Grass family
    Nardus stricta


         Mosses and Lichens 

         Among non-flowering plants in Iceland, there are about 550 different species of BRYOPHYTES, the MOSSES and LIVERWORTS.
     They are more abundant in Iceland than anywhere in northern Scandinavia or Greenland, and particularly common on older lava flows, forming an almost continuous carpet in the absence of vascular plants   
    Not all of the MOSSES in Iceland are Arctic species. To the contrary, there are even more temperate BRYOPHYTES in Iceland than there are temperate species in the vascular groups.

    Iceland also has about 450 different species of LICHENS, generally Scandinavian in character, that are with the MOSSES on some of their lava carpets, and on parts of otherwise bare mountains.

    Here, in this list, there are a few species, but no where near the 550 species of BRYOPHYTES or 450 species of LICHENS..    



    Above: Lava in Iceland covered with Moss 
         (photograph by Alan Mitchnick during the FONT tour in September 2013)

    Below: a bright green Moss in a remote area in northern Iceland
    (photograph by Rise Hill during the FONT tour in June 2015) 

  468. Clay Earth-moss  ______  a geothermal species in Iceland, in the family ARCHIDIACEAE
    Archidium alternifolium
  469. Lesser Smoothcap  ______  a geothermal species in Iceland, in the family ARCHIDIACEAE
    Atrichum angustatum
  470. Sword Moss  ______  in the family BRYOXIPHIACEAE
    Bryoxiphium norvegicum
  471. Rusty Swan-neck Moss  ______  a geothermal species in Iceland, in the family DICRANACEAE
    Campylopus flexuosus
  472. Campylopus introflexus  ______  a geothermal species in Iceland, in the family DICRANACEAE

    Campylopus introflexus         is not native to Iceland (or Europe). It is from the Southern Hemisphere.   
  473. Iceland Moss  ______  in the family PARMELIACEAE
    Cetraria islandica
    Although called Iceland Moss, Cetraria islandica is actually a LICHEN giving the appearance of a moss. 
  474. "Dog-Lichen"  ______  in the family PELTIGERACEAE 
    Pectigera canina
    Dog-Lichens     are often terricolous, that is growing on soil, but they also can occur on moss, trees, rocks, and other substrates.
    Pectigera canina was described by Linnaeus in 1753, when all known lichens were grouped into a genus LICHEN.
    The species was so named "canina" due to its resemblance to a dog. 
  475. Northern Haircap  ______  in the family POLYTRICHACEAE
    Polytrichum sexangulare
    Mosses     in POLYTRICHACEAE tend to be larger than other mosses, with a thickened central stem.
  476. Hoary Fringe-moss  ______  in the family GRIMMIACEAE
    Racomitrium canescens
    There are some beautifully developed "moss carpets", in southern Iceland and also in the area of Lake Myvatn, mostly of Racomitrium lanuginosum (below), with some Racomitrium canescens (above). 
    Along with luxuriant growths of ferns, herbs, and grasses, they make up a spectacle to be found in sheltered crevices and depressions.    

  477. Woolly Fringe-moss  (or "Rock-moss")  ______  in the family GRIMMIACEAE
    Racomitrium lanuginosum
  478. Purple Crystalwort  ______  a geothermal species in Iceland, in the family RICCIACEAE
    Riccia beyrichiana
  479. Aquatic mosses are at Lake Myvatn.



    Seaweed and other Algae


    SEAWEED     is macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae. In Iceland, there are about 200 species of SEAWEED with a luxuriant growth of them around most of the island's coastline.



    One of the 200 or so species of seaweed in Iceland,
    Photographed during the FONT Iceland Tour in June 2015
    (photo by Marie Gardner) 
  480. Alaria esculenta  ______  in the family ALARIACEAE

     Alaria esculenta is said to be the second best known edible seaweed in Iceland, after "Sol" (below).

    Names for Alaria esculenta include Dabberlocks and Badderlocks. 
  481. Alaria pylaiei  ______  in the family ALARIACEAE
  482. Chrondrus crispus  ______  a red algae, in the family GARTINACEAE

     A name for Chrondrus crispus is "Carrageen Moss". 
  483. Fucus distichus  ______  in the family FUCACEAE, a family of black algae
  484. Bladderwrack  ______  in the family FUCACEAE, a family of black algae 
    Fucus vesiculosus   
    Other names for Fucus vesiculosus include: Black Tang and Rockweed. 
  485. Gigartina mamillosa  ______  in the family GARTINACEAE

    Gigartina mamillosa     grows mainly in southern and southwestern Iceland. It is picked with "Sol" (below), but generally eaten only during hard seasons. 
  486. Laminaria digitata  ______  a brown algae, in the family LAMINARIACEAE

     Names for Laminaria digitata are Fingered Tangle and Oarweed. 
  487. Laminaria saccharina  ______  in the family LAMINARIACEAE

     Names for Laminaria saccharina are Sugar Sea Belt, or Devil's Apron.  
  488. Porphyra umbilicalis  ______  in the family BANGIACEAE
  489. Palmaria palmata (formerly Rhodymenia palmata)  ______  in the family PALMARIACEAE

     Names for Palmaria palmata include Red Dulse and Sea Lettuce Flakes.
    But it is called "Sol" in Iceland, where it has been (and still is) a well known snack food.

    According to Icelandic saga, Palmaria palmata or as it was Rhodymenia palmaa, or "Sol", has been known to be edible since at least the year 961.
    Over the years, "Sol" has been highly valued in Iceland as a palatable, healthy, and nourishing food, and as a cure for many ailments such as nausea, indigestion, and seasickness.
    Nowadays, "Sol" is still collected and dried, but not as much as in the past.     

  490. Green algae are in Lake Myvatn.



    COMMON NAMES OF ICELANDIC PLANTS ALPHABETICALLY IN ENGLISH

    With those IN THE LIST ABOVE a number is given noting where it is in the list.
    For those NOT IN THE LIST ABOVE, there is a sequential number here in red with a symbol #.

    PH: with a photo in the FONT website

  491. Adder's Tongue, Small  ______  Ophioglossum azoricum   Adder's-tongue family
  492. Angelica Garden  ______  137  Angelica archangelica   Parsley family
  493. Angelica, Wild  ______  138  Angelica sylvestris    Parsley family
  494. Arrowgrass, Marsh  ______  385  Triglochin palustris   Arrowgrass family
  495. Arrowgrass, Sea  ______  386  Trigglochin maritinus   Arrowgrass family
  496. Aspen, European  ______  278  Populus tremula   Willow family
  497. Asphodel  (or Asphodel, Scottish)  ______  162  Tofieldia pusilla   Bunchflower family
  498. Avens, Mountain  ______  83  PH  Dryas octopetala   Rose family
  499. Avens, Water  ______  62  Geum rivale islandicum   Rose family
  500. Awlwort  ______  156  Subularia aquatica   Mustard family
  501. Azalea, Mountain (or Trailing)  ______  61  Loiseleuria procumbens   Heath family
  502. Bartsia, Alpine  ______  23  PH  Bartsia alpina   Heath family
  503. Bearberry, Common  ______  169  PH  Arctostaphylos uva-ursi   Heath family
  504. Bedstraw, Icelandic  ______  164  Galium normanii islandicum   Madder family
    (a subspecies of Slender Bedstraw)
  505. Bedstraw, Fen  ______  165  Galium uliginosum   Madder family
  506. Bedstraw, Lady's  ______  203  Galium verum   Madder family
  507. Bedstraw, Marsh  ______  167  Galium palustre   Madder family
  508. Bedstraw, Northern  ______  163  Galium borealis   Madder family
  509. Bedstraw, Small  ______  166  Galium trifidum   Madder family
  510. Beech Fern  ______  303  Thelypteris phegopteris   Beech-fern family
  511. #452  Bentgrass, Brown  (or Brown Bent)  ______  Agrostis canina   Grass family  
  512. Bentgrass, Common  (or Common Bent)  ______  391  Agrostis capillaris   Grass family
  513. Bentgrass, Fiorin  (or Creeping Bent)  ______  393  Agrostis stolonifera   Grass family
  514. #453  Bentgrass, Large  (or Large Bent)  ______  Agrostis gigantea   Grass family
  515. Bentgrass, Velvet  ______  392  Agrostis vinealis   Grass family
  516. Bilberry  ______  75  PH  Vaccinium myrtillus   Heath family
  517. Birch, Downy  ______  276  Betula pubescens   Birch family
  518. Birch, Dwarf  ______  275  Betula nana   Birch family
  519. Bistort, Alpine  ______  130  Bistoria vivipara   Dock family
  520. Bistort, Amphibious  (or Amphibious Knotweed)  ______  72  Persicaria amphibia (was Polygonum amphibium)

  521. Bittercress, Alpine  ______  154  Cardamine bellidifolia   Mustard family
  522. Bittercress, Arctic  (or Lady Smock)  ______  68  PH  Cardamine nymanii   Mustard family
  523. Bittercress, Hairy  ______  153  Cardamine hirsuta   Mustard family


    Bitterwort, Alpine  ______  Draba alpina       in this list as Whitlowgrass, Alpine   Mustard family

  524. #454  Bitterwort, Arctic  ______  Draba fladnizensis   Mustard family
  525. Bitterwort, Norwegian  (or Rock Whitlowgrass)  ______  149  Draba norvegica   Mustard family
  526. Bitterwort, Snow  (or Snow Whitlowgrass)  ______  150  PH  Draba nivalis   Mustard family
  527. Bitterwort, Twisted  (or Hoary Whitlowgrass)  ______  148  Draba incana   Mustard family
  528. Bladder-fern, Brittle  ______  299  Cystopteris fragilis   Lady-fern family
  529. #455  Bladder-fern, Dickie's  ______  Cystopteris dickieana   Lady-fern family
  530. Bladderwort, Lesser  ______  242  Utricularia minor   Bladderwort family
  531. Blinks  ______  161  Montia fontana   Purslane family
  532. Bogbean  ______  95  Menyanthes trifoliata   Bogbean family
  533. Bramble, Rock  (or Bramble, Stone)  ______  134  Rubus saxatilis   Rose family
  534. Brome, Hungarian  ______  414  Bromus inermis   Grass family

  535. #456  Buckler-fern  ______  Dryopteris dilatata   Lady-fern family
  536. #457  Buckler-fern, Broad  ______  Dryopteris austriaca   Lady-fern family
  537. Buckler-fern, Northern  ______  300  Dryopteris assimilis   Lady-fern family
  538. Bugle, Pyramidal  ______  24  Ajuga pyramidalis   Mint family
  539. Burnet, Great (or Salad)  ______  46  Sanguisorba officinalis   Rose family
  540. Bur-reed, Floating  ______  382  Sparganium angustifolium   in family TYPHCEAE
  541. Bur-reed, Northern  ______  380  Sparganium hyperboreum   in family TYPHCEAE 
  542. Bur-reed, Small (or Least)  ______  381  Sparganium minimum   in family TYPHCEAE 
  543. Buttercup, Arctic  ______  195  Ranunculus hyperboreus   Buttercup family
  544. Buttercup, Creeping  ______  186  Ranunculus repens   Buttercup family
  545. Buttercup, Glacier  ______  80  Ranunculus glacialis   Buttercup family
  546. Buttercup, Meadow  ______  185  Ranunculus acris   Buttercup family
  547. Buttercup, Pygmy  ______  194  Ranunculus pygmaeus   Buttercup family
  548. #458  Butterwort, Alpine  ______  Pinguicula alpina   Bladderwort family
  549. Butterwort, Common  ______  30  PH  Pinguicula vulgaris   Bladderwort family
  550. Campion, Moss  ______  66  PH  Silene acaulis   Pink family
  551. Campion, Sea  ______  88  PH  Silene uniflora   Pink family
  552. Caraway  ______  140  Carum carvi   Parsley family
  553. Cassiope  (or Moss Bell Heather)  ______  169  Harrimanella (or Cassiope) hypnoides   Heath family
  554. Catchfly, Alpine  (or Red Alpine Cat's-foot)  ______  43  Lychnis alpina (was Viscaria alpina)   Pink family
  555. Cats-foot, Alpine  (or Mountain Alpine Everlasting)  ______  273  Antennaria alpina   Daisy, or Aster family
  556. Cats-tail, Alpine  ______  422  Phleum alpinum   Grass family
  557. Cats-tail, Timothy  ______  421  Phleum pratense   Grass family
  558. Chickweed, Common  ______  124  Stellaria media   Pink family
  559. Cicely, Sweet  ______  141  Myrrhis odorata   Parsley family
  560. Cinquefoil, Alpine  ______  182  PH  Potentilla crantzii   Rose family
  561. Cinquefoil, Marsh  ______  56  Potentilla palustris  Rose family
  562. Clover, Alsike  ______  181  Trifolium hybridum   Legume, or Pea family
  563. Clover, Red  ______  63  PH  Trifolium pratense   Legume, or Pea family
  564. Clover, White  ______  179  Trifolium repens   Legume, or Pea family
  565. Clubmoss, Alpine  ______  305  Lycopodium alpinium   Clubmoss family
  566. Clubmoss, Fir  (or Clawmoss)  ______  307  Lycopodium selago (or Huperzia selago)   Clubmoss family
  567. Clubmoss, Interrupted  ______  308  Lycopodium annotinum   Clubmoss family
  568. Clubmoss, Lesser  ______  309  Seleginella selaginoides   Spikemoss family 
  569. Clubmoss, Stag's-horn  ______  306  Lycopodium clavatum   Clubmoss family
  570. Cock's-foot  ______  408  Dactylis glomerata   Grass family
  571. Colt's-foot  ______  215  Tussilago farfara   Daisy, or Aster family
  572. Coralroot  (or Coralroot Orchid)  ______  266  Corallorrhiza trifida   Orchid family
  573. Cornel, Dwarf  ______  87  Cornus suecica   Dogwood family
  574. Cornflower, Perennial  _____  20   Daisy, or Aster family
  575. Cotton-grass, Common  ______  375  Eriophorum angustifolium   Sedge family
  576. Cotton-grass, Schewchzer's  ______  376  PH  Eriophorum scheuchzeri   Sedge family
  577. Couch, Bearded  ______  423  Elymus caninus   Grass family
  578. Couchgrass  (or Common Couch)  ______  425  Elymus (was Agropyron) repens   Grass family

    Couch,     or Couchgrass is also known as Wheat-grass.
  579. Cowberry  ______  170  Vaccinium vitas-idaea   Heath family
  580. Cow-wheat, Wood  (or Cow-wheat, Small)   ______  205  Melampyrum sylvaticum   Figwort family
  581. Cranberry, Small  ______  60  Vaccinium microcarpum   Heath family
  582. Crane's-bill, Wood  ______  33  PH  Geranium sylvaticum   Geranium family   
  583. Crowberry  ______  274  Empetrum nigrum   Crowberry family
  584. Crowfoot, Thread-leaved Water  ______  103  Ranunculus trichophyllus   Buttercup family
  585. Cudweed, Dwarf  ______  271  Omalotheca supina   Daisy, or Aster family
  586. Cudweed, Heath  ______  270  Omalotheca sylvatica   Daisy, or Aster family
  587. Cudweed, Highland  ______  269  Omalotheca novergica   Daisy, or Aster family
  588. Cudweed, Marsh  ______  272  Filaginella uliginosa   Daisy, or Aster family
  589. #459  Cudweed, Wood  ______  Omalotheca silvatica   Daisy, or Aster family
  590. #460  Currant, Red  ______  Ribes rubrum   Currant family
  591. Daisy, Oxeye  ______  82  Leucanthemum vulgare   Daisy, or Aster family
  592. Dandelion, Common  ______  209  PH  Taraxacum sp.   Daisy, or Aster family
  593. Deadnettle, Red  ______  42  Lamium purpureum   Mint family
  594. #461  Deadnettle, Intermediate  ______  Lamium molucellifolium   Mint family
  595. Deadnettle, White  ______  178  Lamium album   Mint family
  596. Deergrass  ______  378  Trichophorum caespitosum   Sedge family
  597. #462  Dewcup, Cluster  ______  Alchemilla glomerulans   Rose family

    Alchemilla glomerulans     is now considered a subspecies of the Common Lady's-mantle, Alchemilla vulgaris glomerulans.
  598. #463  Dewcup, Kidney-shaped  ______  Alchemilla murbeckiana   Rose family
  599. #464  Dewcup, Scalloped  ______  Alchemilla subcrenata   Rose family 
  600. #465  Dewcup, Silvery  ______  Alchemilla wichurae   Rose family

    Alchemilla wichurae     is now considered a subspecies of the Common Lady's-mantle, Alchemilla vulgaris wichurae. 
  601. #466  Dewcup, Slope  ______  Alchemilla glabra   Rose family 
  602. #467  Dewcup, Thread-stemmed  ______  Alchemilla filicaulis   Rose family

    Others in the genus Alchemilla is listed here as Lady's Mantles. 
  603. Diapensia  ______  104  Diapensia lapponica   Diapensia family
  604. #468  Ditchgrass  ______  Ruppia cirrhosa

  605. #469  Dock, Broad-leaved  ______  Rumex obtusifolius   Dock family
  606. Dock, Curled  ______  263  Rumex crispus   Dock family
  607. Dock, Garden (or Northern)  ______  263  Rumex longifolius   Dock family
  608. #470  Dog-rose, Glaucous   ______  Rosa dumalis   Rose family

    The Glaucous Dog-rose is a protected species in Iceland.  
  609. Eelgrass, Common  ______  379  Zostera marina   in family ZOSTERACEAE
  610. Eyebright, Cold  ______  176  Euphrasia frigida   Figwort family
  611. #471  Eyebright, Davidson's  ______  Euphrasia davidsonii   Figwort family
  612. #472  Eyebright, Round-leaved  ______  Euphrasia rotundifolia   Figwort family
  613. #473-476  Eyebright  sp.  ______  an additional 4 species in Iceland in Euphrasia: calida, curta, nemorosa, stricta  

    The Eyebright species Euphrasia calida is a protected plant in Iceland. It is a hot-spring variety. 
     
  614. Felwort, Marsh (or Arctic)  ______  14  Lomatogonium rotatum   Gentian family
  615. Fern, Parsley  ______  304  Cryptogamma crispa   Parsley Fern family
  616. Fescue, Creeping (or Red)  ______  410  Festuca rubra   Grass family
  617. Fescue, Meadow  ______  411  Festuca pratensis   Grass family
  618. Fescue, Proliferous (or Vivparous)  ______  412  Festuca vivipara   Grass family
  619. Fescue, Richardson's (or Arctic)  ______  409  Festuca richardsonii   Grass family
  620. #477  Fescue Sheep's  ______  Festuca ovina   Grass family
  621. Filmy-fern, Wilson's  ______  296  Hymenophyllum wilsonii

  622. #478  Fireweed, Arctic  ______  Linium angustifolium intermedium   Flax family
    Fireweed, Common  ______  Linium angustifolium angustifolium
  623. Flax, Purging  (or Fairy Flax)  ______  125  Linum catharticum   Flax family
  624. Fleabane, Boreal (or Alpine)  ______  77  Erigeron borealis   Daisy, or Aster family
  625. Fleabane, Dwarf  ______  79  Erigeron uniflorus   Daisy or Aster family
  626. Fleabane, Lowly (or Snow)  ______  78  Erigeron humilis   Daisy, or Aster family
  627. #479  Fleabane, Woolly-headed  ______  Erigeron uniflorus   Daisy, or Aster family
  628. Flixweed  ______  198  Descurainia sophia   Mustard family
  629. Flotegrass  (or Floating Sweet-grass)  ______  398  Glyceria fluitans   Grass family
  630. Fog, Yorkshire  ______  399  Holcus lanatus   Grass family
  631. Forget-me-not, Changing  ______  18  Myosotis discolor   Borage family
  632. Forget-me-not, Field  ______  15  Myosotis arvensis  Borage family
  633. #480  Forget-me-not, Early  ______  Myosotis ramosissima   Borage family
  634. Forget-me-not, Strict  ______  17  Myosotis stricta   Borage family
  635. Forget-me-not, Water  ______  16  Myosotis scorpioides   Borage family
  636. #481  Forget-me-not, Yellow and Blue  ______  Myosotis discolor   Borage family
  637. Foxtail, Marsh  ______  419  Alopecurus geniculatus   Grass family
  638. Foxtail, Meadow  ______  417  Alopecurus pratensis   Grass family
  639. Foxtail, Orange  ______  420  Alopecurus aequalis   Grass family
  640. #482  Garlic, Field  ______   Allium oleraceum

    Field Garlic     is a protected species in Iceland.
  641. Gentian, Alpine  ______  12  Gentiana nivalis   Gentian family
  642. Gentian, Autumn  ______  175  Gentianella amarella   Gentian family
  643. Gentian, Field  ______  35  Gentianella campestris   Gentian family
  644. Gentian, Northern (or Golden)  ______  36  Gentianella aurea   Gentian family
  645. Gentian, Serrate  ______  34  Gentianella detonsa   Gentian family
  646. Gentian, Slender  ______  13  Gentianella tenella   Gentian family
  647. #483  Gentian, Small  ______  Gentianella nivalis   Gentian family
  648. #484  Gold-of-pleasure, Common  ______   Camelina sativa   Mustard family
  649. #485  Gold-of-pleasure, Hairy  ______   Camelina microcarpa   Mustard family
  650. Goldilocks  ______  187   Ranunculus auricomus islandicus   Buttercup family
  651. #486  Goosegrass, Northern  ______  Phippsia distans borealis   Grass family
  652. Goosegrass, Snow  ______  413  Phippsia algida   Grass family
  653. Grape-fern, Glossy  (or Glossy Moonwort)  ______  290  Botrychium simplex   Adder's-tongue family
  654. Grape-fern, Lance-leaved  (or Lance-leaved Moonwort)  ______  292  Botrychium lanceolatum   Adder's-tongue family
  655. Grass, Alpine Hair  ______  389  Deschampsia alpina   Grass family
  656. #487  Grass, Heath  ______   Sieglingia decumbens   

  657. Grass, Tufted Hair  ______  388  Deschampsia caespitosa   Grass family
  658. Grass, Wavy Hair  ______  390  Deschampsia flexuosa   Grass family
  659. Grass-of-Parnassus  ______  85  Parnassia palustris   Parnassus-grass family
  660. Groundsel  ______  216  Senecio vulgaris   Daisy, or Aster family
  661. Hard Fern  ______  284  Blechnum spicant   Hardfern family
  662. Harebell, Arctic  ______  2  Campanula uniflora   Bellflower family
  663. Harebell  ______  1  Campanula rotundifolia   Bellflower family
  664. Hawkbit, Autumn  ______  213  Leontodon autumnalis   Daisy, or Aster family
  665. Hawk's-beard, Marsh  ______  214  Crepis paludosa   Daisy, or Aster family
  666. #488  Hawk's-beard, Mire  ______  Taraxacum paludosum   Daisy, or Aster family
  667. Hawkweed, Alpine  ______  211  Hieracium alpinum   Daisy, or Aster family
  668. #489  Hawkweed, Blackening  ______   Hieracium nigrescens   Daisy, or Aster family
  669. Hawkweed, Orange  ______  212  Pilosella aurantiaca   Daisy, or Aster family
  670. #490  Hawkweed, Mouse-ear  ______  Hieracium pilosella    Daisy, or Aster family
  671. Heath, Blue  ______  37  Phyllodoce coerulea   Heath family

    Other names for Phyllodoce coerulea are Purple Mountain Heather in America, and Mountain Heath. 
  672. Heather  ______  65  Calluna vulgaris   Heath family

     Another name for Calluna vulgaris is Ling. 
  673. #491  Heath-grass  ______  Danthonia decumbens)

    Heath-grass     is a protected plant in Iceland.
  674. Hempnettle, Common  ______  57  Galeopsis tetrahit   Mint family
  675. #492  Henbit  ______  Lamium amplexicaule   Mint family 
  676. Holly Fern  ______  285  Polystichum lonchitis   Fern family
  677. Holy-grass  ______  400  Hierochloe odorata   Grass family
  678. Horsetail, Common (or Field)  ______  247  Equisetum arvense   Horsetail family
    Horsetail, Northern  ______  Equisetum arvense borealis 
  679. Horsetail, Marsh  ______  246  Equisetum palustre   Horsetail family
  680. Horsetail, Rough  ______  251  Equisetum hyemale   Horsetail family
  681. Horsetail, Shady  ______  248  PH  Equisetum pratense   Horsetail family
  682. Horsetail, Variegated  ______  250  Equisetum variegatum   Horsetail family
  683. Horsetail, Water  ______  245  Equisetum fluviatile   Horsetail family
  684. Horsetail, Wood  ______  249  Equisetum sylvaticum   Horsetail family
  685. #493  Icecup  ______   Beckwithia glacialis 

  686. Juniper, Common  ______  277  Juniperus communis   Cypress family
  687. Knautia, Field  (or Scabious, Field)  ______  20  Knautia arvensis   Teasel family
  688. Knotgrass, Common  ______  131  Polygonum aviculare   Dock family
  689. Kobresia, Bellard's  ______  377  Kobresia myosuroides   Grass family 
  690. Koenigia, Iceland  (or Iceland-purslane)  ______  129  Koenigia islandica   Dock family
  691. #494  Ladder, Jacob's  ______  Polemonium caeruleum

  692. Lady-fern  ______  298  Athyrium filix-femina   Lady-fern family
  693. Lady-fern, Alpine  ______  297  Athyrium distentifolium   Lady-fern family
  694. Lopgrass  (or Hungarian Brome)  ______  413  Bromus hordeaceus

  695. Lousewort, Upright  ______  206  Pedicularis flammea   Figwort family
  696. Lovage, Northern (or Scots)  ______  139  Ligusticum scoticum   Parsley family
  697. Lupin, Nootka  ______  6  PH  Lupinus nootkatensis   Legume, or Pea Family 
  698. Lymegrass, American  ______  427  Leymus mollis   Grass family 
  699. Lymegrass, European  ______  426  Leymus arenarius   Grass family
  700. Male-fern  ______  301  Dryopteris filix-mas   Lady-fern family
  701. #495  Male-fern  ______  Dryopteris abbreviata   Lady-fern family
  702. Mantle, Alpine Lady's  ______  218  PH  Alchemia alpina   Rose family
  703. Mantle, Common Lady's  ______  219  Alchemilla vulgaris   Rose family
  704. Mantle, Faeroeic Lady's  ______  220  Alchemilla faeroensis   Rose family
  705. Mares-tail, Common  ______  243  Hippuris vulgaris   Plantain family
  706. Mares-tail, Four-leaved  ______  244  Hippuris tetraphylla  Plantain family
  707. #496  Marigold, Arctic  ______  Caltha minor   Buttercup family
  708. Marigold, Marsh  ______  181  PH  Caltha palustris   Buttercup family
  709. Mat-grass  ______  428  Nardus stricta   Grass family
  710. #497  Mayweed, Pineapple  ______  Matricaria matricarioides   Daisy, or Aster family
  711. #498  Mayweed, Scentless  ______  Matricaria maritima   Daisy, or Aster family
  712. Mayweed, Sea  ______  81  PH  Matricaria maritima  (was Tripleurospermum maritimum)  Daisy, or Aster family
  713. Meadow-grass, Alpine  ______  403  Poa alpina   Grass family
  714. Meadow-grass, Annual  ______  407  Poa annua   Grass family
  715. #499  Meadow-grass, Arctic  ______  Poa arctica   Grass family
  716. #500  Meadow-grass, Black  ______  Poa balfourii   Grass family
  717. Meadow-grass, Blue (or Glaucous)  ______  405  Poa glauca   Grass family
  718. Meadow-grass, Common (or Smooth)  ______  401  Poa pretensis   Grass family
  719. #501  Meadow-grass, Narrow-leaved  ______  Poa angustifolia   Grass family
  720. Meadow-grass, Rough  ______  402  Poa trivialis   Grass family
  721. #502  Meadow-grass, Spreading  ______  Poa subcoerulea   Grass family
  722. Meadow-grass, Wavy  ______  404  Poa flexuosa   Grass family
  723. Meadow-grass, Wood  ______  406  Poa nemoralis   Grass family
  724. Meadow-rue, Alpine  ______  32  Thalictrum alpinum   Buttercup family   
  725. Meadowsweet  ______  135  Filipendula ulmaria   Rose family
  726. Milkwort, Sea  ______  71  Glaux maritima   Primrose family
  727. Millet, Wood  ______  387  Milium effusum  Grass family
  728. Moonwort, Common  ______  288  Botrychium lunaria   Adder's-tongue family 
  729. Moonwort, Glossy  ______  289  Botrychium simplex   Adder's-tongue family
  730. Moonwort, Lance-leaved  ______  291  Botrychium lanceolatum   Adder's-tongue family

  731. Moonwort, Northern  ______  290  Botrychium boreale   Adder's-tongue family 
  732. Moorgrass, Blue  ______  417  Sesieria caerulea   Grass family
  733. #503  Moorgrass, White  ______  Sesleria albicans   Grass family
  734. Moss, Stag's horn  ______  306  Lycopodium clavatum   Clubmoss family
  735. Mouse-ear, Alpine  ______  89  PH  Cerastium alpinum   Pink family
  736. Mouse-ear, Arctic  ______  91  Cerastium arcticum   Pink family
  737. Mouse-ear, Common  ______  111  Cerastium fontanum   Pink family
    Mouse-ear, Nordic  ______  Cerastium fontanum scandicum
  738. Mouse-ear, Smooth  ______  90  Cerastium glabratum   Pink family
  739. Mouse-ear, Starwort  (or Mountain Chickweed)   ______  92  Cerastium cerastoides   Pink family
  740. Mouse-ear, Sticky  ______  112  Cerastium glomeratum   Pink family
  741. Mudwort  ______  70  Limosella aquatica   Figwort family
  742. Nettle, Burning (or Small)  ______  253  Urtica urens   Nettle family
  743. Nettle, Stinging  (or Common)  ______  252  Urtica dioeca   Nettle family
  744. Oak-fern  ______  302  Gymnocarpium dryopteris   Lady-fern family
  745. #504  Oat  ______  Avena sativa

  746. #505  Oatgrass, False  ______  Arrhenatherum elatius

  747. #506  Oatgrass, Hairy  ______  Helictotrichon pubescens

  748. Oatgrass, Spiked  ______  Trisetum spicatum   Grass family 

  749. #507  Orache, Common  ______  Atriplex patula   Goosefoot family
  750. Orache, Longfoot (or Long-stalked)  ______  257  Atriplex longipes   Goosefoot family
  751. Orache, Smoothish (or Babington's)  ______  258  Atriplex glabriuscula   Goosefoot family
  752. #508  Orchid, Broad-leaved Marsh  ______  Dactylorhiza majalis   Orchid family
  753. #509  Orchid, Common Spotted  ______  Dactylorhiza fuchsii   Orchid family
  754. Orchid, Frog  ______  265  Coeloglossum viride   Orchid family
    Orchid, Icelandic Frog  ______  Coeloglossum viride islandicum
  755. Orchid, Icelandic Spotted  ______  40  Dactylorbiza maculata islandica   Orchid family 
    a subspecies of the Heath Spotted Orchid
  756. Orchid, Northern Green  ______  222  Platantherea hyperborea   Orchid family
  757. Orchid, White  (or Small-white Orchid)  ______  223  Pseudorchis albida   Orchid family
  758. Oysterplant  ______  19  PH  Mertensia maritima   Borage family

     An old name for the Oysterplant was Northern Shorewort. 
  759. Pansy, Wild  ______  27  Viola tricolor   Violet family
  760. Paris, Herb  ______  224  Potamogeton gramineus   Birchroot family
  761. Parsley, Cow  ______  142  Anthriscus sylvestris   Parsley family
  762. Pea, Marsh  ______  5  Lathyrus palustris   Legume or Pea family
  763. Pea, Sea  ______  38  Lathyrus japonicus maritimus   Legume or Pea family
  764. Pearlplant (or Pearlwort), Knotted  ______  122  Sagina nodosa   Pink family
  765. Pearlplant (or Pearlwort), Snow  ______  160  Sagina nivalis   Pink family
  766. Pearlplant (or Pearlwort), Tufted  ______  123  Sagina caespitosa   Pink family
  767. Pearlwort, Alpine  ______  120   Sagina saginoides   Pink family
  768. Pearlwort, Procumbent  ______  221  Sagina procumbens   Pink family
  769. Pearlwort, Sharp-leaved (or Heath)  ______  121  Sagina subulata   Pink family
  770. Pennycress, Field  (or Field Bittercress)  ______  152  Thiaspi arvense

  771. Pennywort, Marsh  ______  132  Hydrocotyle vulgaris   Parsley family
  772. #510  Pepperwort  ______  Lepidium campestre

  773. Plantain, Great (or Greater)  ______  254  Plantago major   Plantain family
  774. Plantain, Ribwort  (or simply Ribwort)   ______  255  Plantago lanceolata   Plantain family
  775. Plantain, Sea  ______  256  Plantago maritima   Plantain family
  776. Polypody. Common  ______  293  Polypodium vulgare   in POLYPODIACEAE, a family of polypod ferns
  777. Pondweed, Broad-leaved  ______  227  Potamogeton natans   Pondweed family
  778. Pondweed, Clasping-leaved (or Perfoliate)  ______  228  Potamogeton perfoliatus   Pondweed family
  779. Pondweed, Horned  ______  232  Zannichellia palustris   Horned Pondweed family
  780. Pondweed, Lesser  ______  231  Potamogeton pusillus   Pondweed family
  781. Pondweed, Long-stalked  ______  229  Potamogeton praelongus   Pondweed family
  782. Pondweed, Reddish  (or Red)  ______  226  Potamogeton alpinus   Pondweed family
  783. Pondweed, Slender-leaved  ______  230  Potamogeton filiformis   Pondweed family
  784. #511  Pondweed, Small  ______  Potamogeton berchtoldii   Pondweed family
  785. #512  Pondweed, Tassel  ______  Ruppia spiralis

  786. Pondweed, Various-leaved  ______  225  Potamogeton gramineus   Pondweed family
  787. Poppy, Arctic  ______  190  PH  Papaver radicatum   Poppy family
    Poppy, Stefansson's Icelandic  ______  Papaver radicatum stefanssonii  
  788. Primrose, Greenland  ______  59  Primula egaliksensis   Primrose family
  789. Primrose, Strict  ______  58  Primula stricta   Primrose family
  790. Purse, Shepard's  ______  151  Capsella bursa-pastoris   Mustard family
  791. Pygmyweed  ______  157  Crassula aquatica   Stonecrop family
  792. #513  Quackgrass  ______  Elytrigia repens

  793. #514  Quillwort  ______  Isoetes setacea

  794. Quillwort, Lake  ______  384  Isoetes lacustris

  795. Quillwort, Spring-spored  ______  383  Isoetes echinospora

  796. Redshank  (or Redleg)  ______  73  Persicaria maculosa  (or Polygonum persicaria)

  797. #515  Reedgrass  ______  Phalaroides arundinacea

  798. Riverbeauty, Arctic  ______  48  Epilobium latifolium   Willowherb family 
  799. Robin, Ragged  ______  44  Lychnis flos-cuculi   Pink family
  800. Rockcress, Alpine  ______  145  Arabis alpina   Mustard Family
  801. Rockcress, Northern  (or Gravelcress)  ______  146  PH  Cardaminopsis petraea   Mustard family
  802. #516   Rockcress, Purple  ______  Braya glabella purpurescens   Mustard family
  803. Rocket, Sea  ______  147  Cakile arctica   Mustard family
  804. #517  Rocket, Tall  ______  Sisymbrium altissimum

  805. Rocketcress, Yellow  ______   202  Barbarea vulgaris   Mustard family

    Also called simply Rocketcress, or Bittercress, or Wintercress 

  806. Rose, Burnet  ______  84  Rosa pimpinellifolia   Rose family
  807. #518  Rose, Taeckholm's  ______  Rosa taeckholmii   Rose family
  808. #519  Rose, Prickly  ______  Rosa vosagiaca   Rose family
  809. Rosemary, Bog  ______  172  Andromeda polifolia   Heath family
  810. Roseroot  ______  202  PH  Rhodiola rosea   Stonecrop family
  811. Rowan  ______  136  Sorbus aucuparia   Rose family
  812. Rush, Alpine  ______  310  Juncus alpinus   Rush family
  813. Rush, Arctic  ______  Juncus arcticus   Rush family
    Rush, Iceland  ______  311  Juncus arcticus intermedius
  814. Rush, Bulbous  ______  315  Juncus bulbosus   Rush family
  815. Rush, Chestnut  ______  316  Juncus castaneus   Rush family
  816. Rush, Highland (or Three-leaved)  ______  320  Juncus trifidus   Rush family
  817. Rush, Jointed  ______  312  Juncus articulatus   Rush family
  818. Rush, Saltmarsh (or Mud)  ______  318  Juncus gerardi   Rush family
  819. Rush, Thread  ______  317  Juncus filiformis   Rush family
  820. Rush, Three-flowered  ______  321  Juncus trigumis   Rush family
  821. Rush, Toad  ______  314  Juncus bufonius   Rush family
  822. Rush, Two-flowered  ______  313  Juncus biglumis   Rush family
  823. Salt Marsh Grass, Common  ______  395  Puccinellia maritima   Grass family
  824. Salt Marsh Grass, Reflexed  ______  396  Puccinellia distans   Grass family
  825. Sandwort, Mountain  ______  117  Minuartia rubella   Pink family
  826. Sandwort, Norwegian (or Arctic)  ______  115  Arenaria norvegica   Pink family
  827. Sandwort, Sea  ______  116  PH  Honckenya peploides   Pink family
  828. Sandwort, Two-flowered  ______  119  Minuartia biflora   Pink family
  829. Sandwort, Teesdale  ______  118  Minuartia stricta   Pink family
  830. Saxifrage, Alpine Snow  ______  109  Saxifraga nivalis   Saxifrage family
  831. Saxifrage, Alpine Brook  ______  106  Saxifraga rivularis   Saxifrage family
  832. Saxifrage, Arctic Brook  ______  107  Saxifraga hyperborea   Saxifrage family
  833. Saxifrage, Drooping  ______  97  Saxifraga cernua   Saxifrage family
  834. Saxifrage, Leafsystem  ______  101  Saxifrage foliolosa   Saxifrage family
  835. #520  Saxifrage, Lifelong  ______  Saxifraga aizoon   Saxifrage family
  836. Saxifrage, Meadow  ______  98  Saxifraga granulata   Saxifrage family
  837. Saxifrage, Mossy  ______  96  Saxifraga hypnoides   Saxifrage family

     Another name for Saxifraga hypnoides is Dovedale Moss.
  838. Saxifrage, Purple  ______  39  Saxifraga oppositifolia   Saxifrage family
  839. Saxifrage, Pyramidal  ______  105  Saxifraga cotyledon   Saxifrage family
  840. #521  Saxifrage, Rosy  ______  Saxifraga rosacea   Saxifrage family
  841. Saxifrage, Silver  ______  106  Saxifraga paniculata   Saxifrage family
  842. Saxifrage, Slender Snow  ______  110  Saxifraga tenuis   Saxifrage family
  843. Saxifrage, Starry  ______  100  Saxifraga stellaris   Saxifrage family
  844. Saxifrage, Tufted  ______  99  Saxifraga caspitosa   Saxifrage family
  845. Saxifrage, Yellow Marsh (or Marsh)  ______  188  Saxifraga hirculus   Saxifrage family
  846. Saxifrage, Yellow Mountain (or Yellow)  ______  189  Saxifraga aizoides   Saxifrage family
  847. Scabious, Devil's-bit  ______  21  Succisa pratensis   Teasel family
  848. Scabious, Field  ______  22  Knautia arvensis     

  849. Scurvygrass, Common  ______  155  PH  Cochlearia officinalis   Mustard family
  850. #522  Scurvywort  ______  Cochleariopsis groenlandica

  851. #523  Seapink  ______  Armeria maritima planifolia

  852. Sedge, Bicolored  ______  328  Carex bicolor   Sedge family
  853. Sedge, Black Alpine  ______  327  Carex atrata   Sedge family
  854. Sedge, Bottle  ______  363  Carex rostrata   Sedge family

  855. Sedge, Bristle  ______  354  Carex microglochin   Sedge family
  856. Sedge, Brownish  ______  330  Carex brunnescens   Sedge family
  857. Sedge, Capitate  ______  333  Carex capitata   Sedge family
  858. Sedge, Carnation  ______  359  Carex panicea   Sedge family
  859. Sedge, Club  ______  331  Carex buxbaumi   Sedge family
  860. Sedge, Club-headed (or Close-headed) Alpine  ______357  Carex norvegica   Sedge family
  861. Sedge, Common  ______  356  Carex nigra   Sedge family
    Sedge, Common Tufty  ______  Carex nigra juncella  

  862. Sedge, Common Bog  ______  347  Carex limosa   Sedge family
  863. Sedge, Curved  ______  353  Carex maritima   Sedge family

  864. Sedge, Dioecious  ______  338  Carex dioeca   Sedge family
  865. Sedge, Flea  ______  361  Carex pulicaris   Sedge family
  866. Sedge, Glacier  ______  343  Carex glacialis   Sedge family
  867. Sedge, Glaucous  ______  340  Carex flacca   Sedge family
  868. #524  Sedge, Goodenough's  ______  Carex goodenoughii   Sedge family
  869. #525  Sedge, Gravel  ______  Carex glareosa   Sedge family
  870. Sedge, Hair  ______  332  Carex capillaris   Sedge family
  871. Sedge, Hare's-foot  ______  346  Carex lachenalii  Sedge family
  872. Sedge, Hoppner  ______  369  Carex subspathacea   Sedge family
  873. Sedge, Hudson Bay  ______  344  Carex helenastes   Sedge family
  874. Sedge, Large Yellow  (or Common Yellow Sedge)  ______  341  Carex flava   Sedge family
  875. Sedge, Lesser Tussock  ______  337  Carex diamndra   Sedge family
  876. Sedge, Livid  ______  348  Carex livida   Sedge family
  877. #526  Sedge, Loose-flowered Alpine  ______  Carex rariflora
  878. Sedge, Lyngbye's  ______  349  Carex lyngbyei   Sedge family

  879. #527  Sedge, Mud  ______  Carex limosa   Sedge family
  880. Sedge, Mountain Bog  ______  362  Carex rariflora   Sedge family 
  881. Sedge, Nard  ______  355  Carex nardina   Sedge family
  882. Sedge, Norway  ______  350  Carex machenziei   Sedge family
  883. Sedge, Pale  ______  358  Carex pallescens   Sedge family
  884. Sedge, Pill  ______  360  Carex pilulifera   Sedge family
  885. Sedge, Porsild's  ______  345  Carex krausei   Sedge family
  886. Sedge, Red  ______  364  Carex rufina   Sedge family
  887. Sedge, Rock  ______  365  Carex rupestris   Sedge family
  888. Sedge, Russet  ______  367  Carex saxatilis   Sedge family
  889. Sedge, Saltmarsh  ______  366  Carex salina   Sedge family

  890. Sedge, Sheathed  ______  370  Carex vaginata   Sedge family
  891. Sedge, Small-fruited Yellow  ______  368  Carex serotina   Sedge family
  892. #528  Sedge, Somber  ______  Carex pallescens   Sedge family
  893. Sedge, Spring  ______  334  Carex caryophyllea   Sedge family
  894. Sedge, Star  ______  339  Carex echinata   Sedge family
  895. Sedge, Stiff  ______  329  Carex bigelowii   Sedge family 
  896. Sedge, String  ______  335  Carex chorodorrhiza   Sedge family
  897. Sedge, Tall Bog  ______  352  Carex magellanica   Sedge family 
  898. Sedge, Thick-headed  ______  351  Carex mackloviana   Sedge family
  899. #529  Sedge, Common Tufty  ______  Carex nigra juncella   Sedge family
  900. Sedge, White  ______  336  Carex curta   Sedge family
  901. Selfheal, Common  ______  31  Prunella vulgaris   Mint family
  902. Shoreweed  ______  234  Littorella uniflora   Plantain family
  903. Sibbaldia, Creeping  ______  196  Sibbaldia procumbens   Rose family
  904. Silverweed  ______  184  Potentilla anserina   Rose family
  905. Small-reed, Narrow  ______  394  Calamagrostis stricta   Grass family
  906. Sneezewort  ______  144  Achillea ptarmica   Daisy or Aster family
  907. Sorrel, Common  ______  260  Rumex acetosa   Dock family
  908. Sorrel, Mountain  ______  264  Oxyria digyna   Dock family
  909. Sorrel, Sheep's  ______  261  Rumex acetosella   Dock family
  910. Spearwort, Adder's-tongue  (or Small Adder's-tongue)  ______  293  Ophioglossum azoricum  Adder's-tongue family
  911. Spearwort, Creeping  ______  193  PH  Ranunculus reptans   Buttercup family 
  912. Speedwell, Alpine  ______  8  Veronica alpina  Figwort family
  913. Speedwell, Common  ______  31  Veronica officinalis   Figwort family

     An old name for Common Speedwell was Heath Speedwell.
     
  914. Speedwell, Common Field  ______  11  Veronica persica   Figwort family
  915. Speedwell, Germander  ______  10  Veronica (or Veronicella) chamaedrys   Figwort family

     An old name for Germander Speedwell was Birdseye.
  916. Speedwell, Marsh  ______  30  Veronica scutellata   Figwort family
  917. Speedwell, Rock  ______  7  Veronica fruticans   Figwort family
  918. Speedwell, Thyme-leaved  ______  9  Veronica serpyllifolia   Figwort family

     An old name for Thyme-leaved Speedwell was Thyme-leaved Brooklime.
  919. Speedwell, Blue Water  ______  29  Veronica anagalis-aquatica   Figwort family
  920. Spike-rush, Common  ______  372  Eleocharis palustris   Sedge family
  921. Spike-rush, Few-flowered  ______  373  Eleocharis quinqueflora   Sedge family
  922. Spike-rush, Needle  ______  371  Eleocharis acicularis   Sedge family
  923. Spike-rush, Slender, or Swamp  ______  374  Eleocharis uniglumis   Sedge family
  924. #530  Spleenwort, Forked  ______  Asplenium septentrionale

    Forked Spleenwort     is a protected species in Iceland.
  925. Spleenwort, Green  ______  286  Asplenium viride   a FERN
  926. Spleenwort, Maidenhair  ______  287  Asplenium trichomanes   a FERN
  927. #531  Spurrey, Cliff  ______  Spergula salina   Pink family
  928. Spurrey, Corn  ______  113  Spergula arvensis   Pink family
  929. Spurrey, Sea  (or Lesser)  ______  114  Spergularia marina   Pink family
  930. Starwort, Common Water  ______  238  Callitriche stagnalis   Plantain family
  931. Starwort, Hook-tipped Water  ______236  Callitriche hamulata   Plantain family

  932. #532  Starwort, Intermediate  ______  Callitriche intermedia   Plantain family
  933. Starwort, Northern  (or Autumn Water-starwort)  ______  240  Callitriche hermaphroditica   Plantain family
  934. Starwort, Pedunculate Water  ______  237   Callitriche brutia   Plantain family
  935. Starwort Water, Spiny  (or Vernal Starwort)  ______  235  Callitriche palustris (or Callitriche verna)   Plantain family
  936. Stitchwort, Fleshy  ______  126  Stellaria crassifolia   Pink family
  937. #533  Stitchwort, Lesser  ______  Stellaria graminea   Pink family
  938. Stitchwort, Low  ______  128  Stellaria humifusa   Pink family
  939. Stitchwort, Northern  ______  127 Stellaria calycantha   Pink family
  940. Stonecrop, Annual  ______  192  Sedum annuum   Stonecrop family
  941. Stonecrop, Biting  ______  191  Sedum acre   Stonecrop family
  942. Stonecrop, Hairy  ______  64  PH  Sedum villosum   Stonecrop family
  943. Strawberry, Wild  ______  86  PH  Fragaria vesca   Rose family
  944. Succisa, Devil's-bit  (or Devil's-bit Scabious)   ______  19  Succisa pretensis   Teasel family
  945. Sundew, Round-leaved  (or Common)  ______  132  PH  Drosera rotundifolia   Sundew family


    Sweet-grass, Floating  ______      in this list as Flotegrass
  946. Tasselweed, Beaked  ______  233  Ruppia maritima   in family RUPPIACEAE  (Ditch Grass)
  947. Thistle, Creeping  ______  41  Cirsium arvense   Daisy, or Aster family
  948. Thrift  ______  67  Armeria maritima   Sea Lavender family
  949. Thyme, Arctic  ______  45  Thymus praecox arcticus   Mint family
  950. #534  Thyme, Hairy  ______  Thymus praecox   Mint family
  951. #535  Tillaea, Water  ______  Crassula aquatica


    Timothy  ______   see Cat's-tail, Timothy

  952. Tormentil  ______  183  Potentilla erecta   Rose family
  953. Treaclemustard, Hawkweed-leaved  ______  199   Mustard family
  954. #536  Trefoil, Birdsfoot  ______  Lotus corniculatus

    Another name, in North America, is Birdfoot Deervetch.
  955. #537  Trisetum, Soft Hairy  ______  Trisetum triflorum

  956. #538  Trisetum, Spike  ______  Trisetum spicatum

  957. Twayblade, Common  ______  268   Listera ovata   Orchid family
  958. Twayblade, Lesser  ______  267  Listera cordata   Orchid family 
  959. #539  Twitch, Don's  ______  Agropyron donianum

  960. Valerian, Common  ______  69  Valeriana officinalis   Valerian family
  961. #540  Velvetgrass  ______  Holcus lantus

  962. Vernal-grass, Sweet  ______  415  Anthoxanthum odoratum   Grass family
  963. Vetch, Bush  ______  4  Vicia sepium   Legume, or Pea family
  964. Vetch, Common Kidney  ______  208  Anthyllis vulneraria   Legume, or Pea family
  965. Vetch, Tufted  ______  3  Vicia cracca   Legume, or Pea family
  966. Vetchling, Meadow  ______  204  Lathyrus pratensis   Legume, or Pea family
  967. Violet, Alpine Marsh  ______  28  Viola palustris   Violet family
  968. Violet, Common  ______  26  Viola riviniana   Violet family
  969. Violet, Heath Dog  ______  25  Viola canina   Violet family
  970. Violet, Northern Marsh  ______  29  Viola epipsila   Violet family
  971. Water-milfoil, Loose-flowered  (or Alternate Water-milfoil)  ______  240  Myriophyllum alterniflorum  Water-milfoil family
  972. Water-milfoil, Spiked  ______  241  Myriophyllum spicatum   Water-milfoil family
  973. Weed, Pineapple  ______  217  Chamomilia suaveolens   Daisy, or Aster family
  974. Wheatgrass, Bearded  ______  423  Elymus caninus

  975. Whitlow-grass, Alpine  ______  201  Draba alpina   Mustard family

    Other whitlow-grasses in this alphabetical list as bitterworts. 
  976. Whitlow-grass, Common  ______  158  Erophila verna   Mustard family
  977. Whorlgrass, Water  ______  397  Catabrosa aquatica

  978. Whortleberry, Bog  (or Bog Bilberry)  ______  76 PH  Vaccinium uliginosum   Heath family
  979. Willow, Arctic  ______  283  Salix arctica   Willow family
  980. Willow, Broad-leaved (or Bluish)  ______  281  Salix callicarpaea   Willow family
  981. Willow, Dwarf (or Least)  ______  279  Salix herbacea   Willow family
  982. Willow, Tea-leaved  ______  282  Salix phylicifolia   Willow family
  983. Willow, Woolly  ______  280  Salix lanata   Willow family
  984. #541  Willowherb, Alpine  ______  Epilobium anagallidifolium   Willowherb family
  985. #542  Willowherb, American  ______  Epilobium adenocaulon   Willowherb family
  986. Willowherb, Chickweed  ______  49   Epilobium alsinifolium   Willowherb family
  987. #543  Willowherb, Cliff  ______  Epilobium collinum   Willowherb family
  988. Willowherb, Hornemann's  ______  50  Epiloblum hornemanni   Willowherb family
  989. #544  Willowherb, Marsh  ______  Epilobium palustre   Willowherb family
  990. Willowherb, Milky-flowered (or Milky)  ______  159  Epilobium lactiflorum   Willowherb family
  991. Willowherb, Rosebay  ______  47  Epilobium angustifolium   Willowherb family
  992. Wintergreen, Arctic  ______  173  Pyrola grandiflora   Wintergreen family
  993. #545  Wintergreen, Chickweed  ______  Trientalis europaea

  994. Wintergreen, Common  ______  172  Pyrola minor   Wintergreen family
  995. Wintergreen, Serrated  ______  174  Orthilia secunda   Wintergreen family
  996. Wood-rush, Curved  ______  322  Luzula arcuata   Rush family
  997. Wood-rush, Many-headed  (or Heath Wood-rush)  ______  324
    Wood-rush, Northern Many-headed  ______   Luzula multiflora frigida       Rush family
  998. Wood-rush, Northern  ______  323  Luzula confusa   Rush family
  999. Wood-rush, Spiked  ______  325  Luzula spicata   Rush family
  1000. Wood-rush, Sudetan  ______  326  Luzula sudetica   Rush family
  1001. Woodsia, Alpine  ______  296  Woodsia alpina   a FILMY FERN
  1002. Woodsia, Fragrant (or Oblong)  ______  294  Woodsia ilvensis   a FILMY FERN
  1003. Wood-sorrel  ______  94  Oxalia acelosella   Wood-sorrel family
  1004. #546  Yarrow, Common  ______  Achillea millefolium

  1005. Yellowcress, Northern  (or Marsh Yellowcress)  ______  197  Rorippa islandica   Mustard family
  1006. Yellowrattle, Small  ______  207  Rhinanthus minor   Figwort family  




     GROUPINGS OF PLANTS IN ICELAND BY HABITAT    
     

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