Wildflowers 
and some other plants
in Northern Places
such as Alaska 
and Iceland
and including alpine plants 
of Hokkaido in Japan

with those during 
Focus On Nature Tours
noted with an (*) 

1996 thru 2015
during tours in the months of May, June, September, and October


In this list, there are notes relating to MEDICINAL PLANTS.

An excellent book, and a source of some of the information in this list, is "Medicinal Plants of Iceland" by Arnbjorg Linda Johannsdottir.


The compilation of the following list of plants of Alaska, Iceland, and Hokkaido, Japan by Armas Hill 


Photo at upper right:  In Iceland, EUROPEAN CARDAMINE, Cardamine pratensis angustifolia,
formerly LADY SMOCK, Cardamine nymanii    (photograph by Gerin Hood) 

Many of the photos below were taken during the June 2009 FONT Iceland Tour by participant, Gerin Hood. 
And she also took the time to do many  of the identifications. Thanks Gerin! 

A fine book about the plant life of Iceland is "A Guide to the Flowering Plants & Ferns of Iceland" by Hordur Kristinsson, published in 1986. There is a version in English.

A fine book about wildflowers and other plant life in Alaska is a "Field Guide to Alaskan Wildflowers", by Verna Pratt, published in 1989. 
Again, this book is a source of some of the information in this list, as are the other books noted here.  

Line drawings with this list are from another good book, "Wild Plants of America: A Select Guide for the Naturalist and Traveler", by Richard M. Smith, published in 1989.  

Another source for some information in this list is the book, "Medicinal Plants of Iceland", by Arnbjorg Linda Johannsdottir, published in 2012.

The book "Alpine Flowers of Hokkaido" has many wonderful photographs. But in it there is not a word in English. Nor, in English, is there a name of an author. There are scientific names of the plants in Latin.       


There have been 19, nearly 20 FONT tours in Iceland. And nearly 10 FONT tours in Alaska.    
Also, since 1990, there have been 37 FONT tours in Japan, with about half of them in Hokkaido.
     


Among the Plant Families in this list, links to these:

 Adder's-tongue (or Moonwort)    Algae    Arrow-grass    Arum (or Calla)    Barberry    Beech-fern    

Bellflower (or Bluebell)    Birch    Birchroot    Bladderwort (or Birthwort)    Bogbean    Borage    

Broomrape    Buckthorn    Bunchflower    Bur-reed    Buttercup (or Crowfoot)    Clubmoss    

Crowberry    Cypress    Daisy (or Aster)    Diapensia    Dock (or Buckwheat, Knotweed)    Dogbane    

Dogwood    Earthsmoke (or Fumitory)    Eel-grass    Fern & Hard-fern    Figwort (or Snapdragon)   

Flax    Gentian    Geranium    Ginseng    Gooseberry    Goosefoot    Grass    Heath    Holly    Honeysuckle

Horsetail    Hydrangea    Iris    Ivy    Lady-fern   Legume (or Pea)    Lily    Madder (or Bedstraw)

Mare's-tail    Mint    Mountain Parsley  (or Parsley Fern, Rockbrake)    Mustard    Nettle    Oleaster    

Orchid    Parnassus-grass    Parsley (or Celery)    Peony    Phlox (or Polemonium)    Pine    

Pink (or Carnation)    Plantain    Polypod Ferns    Polypody    Pondweed    Poppy    Primrose   

Purslane    Quillwort    Rose    Rush    Sandlewood    Saxifrage    Sea Lavender    Sedge   

In the SEDGES: Eriophorum scheuchzeri, Alaska Cotton, or in Iceland called Hrafnafifa.  

Snakeberry    Soapberry    Spikemoss   Spleenwort    Spurge    Staff-vine (or Bittersweet)    Starwort    

St Johns Wort    Stonecrop    Sundew    Teasel    Valerian    Violet    Water Lily   Water-milfoil    Willow    

Willow Herb (or Evening Primrose)    Wintergreen    Wood-sorrel 

AN ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY OF PLANT GENERA IN THIS WEBSITE NOTING FAMILIES

Additional Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in:    Alaska     Iceland     Japan    Elsewhere     

Birds during FONT Iceland Tours     Birds during FONT Alaska Tours     

Birds during FONT Japan Tours, in a list with photos in 2 parts

Other Lists and Photo Galleries in this website relating to Plants: 

Alaska Wildflowers (a list grouped by color)    Iceland Wildflowers (a list grouped by color) 

Texas Wildflowers (a list grouped by families)

Desert Plants of the Southwest US and Northern Mexico

Tropical Plants in the Americas  (in two parts, including the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America)  

Plants of the West Indies    Fruiting Plants and Others in Brazil    Wild Orchids in the Americas 

Wildflowers and Other Plants of the Mid-Atlantic Region of Eastern North America

Codes:

AK:  occurs in Alaska
HK:  occurs in Hokkaido, Japan  (as an alpine plant)  
IC:   occurs in Iceland

(ph):  species with a photo or drawing in the FONT website


Numbers noted as (NW:xx) refer to pages with photos in the "National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Wildflowers of North America" by David Brandenburg, 2010 

Numbers noted as (ST:xx) refer to pages with an illustration in "The Sibley Guide to Trees" by David Sibley, 2009. 




A List of Northern Wildflowers and some Other Plants:

       
        Adder's-tongue, or Moonwort Family , OPHIOGLOSSACEAE   

1. Northern Moonwort  ______  IC
   Botrychium boreale
   
   
2. Lance-leaved Moonwort  ______  IC
   Botrycjium lanceolatum
   
   
3. Common Moonwort  ______  HK  IC
   Botrychium lunaria
   
   
4. Glossy Moonwort  ______  IC
   Botrychium simplex
   
   
5. Small Adder's-tongue  ______  IC(very rare)
   Ophioglossum azoricum  
   
   
   Algae Family, FUCACEAE
   
   
6. Bladderwrack (or Black Tang)  ______  IC
   Fucus vesiculosus
   
   Bladderwrack grows on rocky beaches. In Iceland, it is common along such coastlines.
   
   MEDICINAL USE: the entire plant
   Kelp tablets are available in health food stores and some pharmacies.
   Active substances are mucrilage, mannitol, fucosterin, fucoxanthin, sisantin, volatile oils and many minerals such as iodine. 
   
   Bladderwrack is used to treat an underactive thyroid gland (goitre). It is also useful for chronic fatigue and tiredness.
   
   Bladderwrack poultices are good for swollen joints and muscles.
   
   
   Arrow-grass Family, JUNCAGINACEAE
   
   
7. Sea Arrow-grass  ______  IC
   Triglochin maritima
   
   
8. Marsh Arrow-grass  ______  IC
   Triglochin palustris
   
   
   
   Arum, or Calla Family, ARACEAE
   
   also called AROIDS
   
   
9. Wild Calla  ______  AK  (NW:73)
   Calla palustris
   
   Another name for Calla palustris is Water Arum. 
   
   The entire plant of the Wild Calla is poisonous, especially the berries.  
   
   
10. Lysichiton camtschatcense  ______  HK
    
    
11. Skunk-cabbage  (ph)  ______  HK  (NW:75)
    Symplocarpus foetidus  (var. latissima)
    
    
    
    Above & below: Skunk-cabbage
    (photo below by Rise Hill)
    
    
    
    
    
    Barberry Family, BERBERIDACEAE
    
    
12. Berberis amurensis  ______  HK
    
    
13. Diphylleia grayi  ______  HK
    
    
    Beech-fern, or Maiden Fern Family, THELYPTERIDACEAE
    
    
14. Beech Fern  ______  IC
    Thelypteris phegopteris
    
    
15. Thelypteris quelpaertensis  ______  HK   
      
    
    Bellflower, or Bluebell Family, CAMPANULACEAE
    
    
16. Adenophora nikoensis   (var. petrophila)  ______  HK
    
    
17. Adenophora pereskiifolia  ______  HK
    Adenophora pereskiifolia heterotricha  ______  HK
    
    
18. Adenophora triphylla  (var. hakusanensis)  ______  HK
    Adenophora triphylla  (var. japonica)  ______  HK
    
    
19. Adenophora uryuensis  ______  HK  
    
    
20. Campanula aurita  ______  AK
    
    
21. Campanula chamissonis  ______  HK
    
    
22. Mountain Harebell  ______  AK  HK
    Campanula lasiocarpa
    
    
23. Common Harebell  (or Bluebells of Scotland)  ______  AK  IC  (NW:184)    
    Campanula rotundifolia 
    
    
24. Arctic Harebell  ______  AK  IC  (NW:185)
    Campanula uniflora 
    
    Another name for Campanula uniflora is Arctic Bellflower.
    
    
25. Lobelia sessilifolia  ______  HK
    
    
26. Peracarpa carnosa  ______  HK 
    
    
27. Platycodon grandiflorus  ______  HK
    
    
    Birch Family, BETULACEAE
    
    
28. Speckled Alder  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:162)
    Alnus incana
    
    
29. Green Alder  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:163)
    Alnus viridis
    Alnus viridis maximowiczii  ______  HK
    
    Other names for Alnus viridis are Mountain Alder, Sitka Alder, Siberian Alder.   
    
    
30. Betula apoiensis  ______  HK
    
    
31. Betula ermannii  ______  HK
    
    
32. Kenai Birch  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:152)
    Betula kenaica
    
    
33. Dwarf Birch  ______  IC
    Betula nana
    
    
34. Resin Birch  ______  AK  (ST:152)
    Betula neoalaskana
    
    
35. Paper Birch  ______  AK  (ST:151)
    Betula papyrifera 
    
    
36. Downy Birch  (*)  ______  IC  (ST:155)
    Betula pubescens
    
    Other names for Betula pubescens are European White Birch and Hairy Birch. 
      
    
    Birchroot Family, MELANTHIACEAE
    
    
37. Herb-Paris  ______  IC(rare)
    Paris quadrifolia 
    
    
    Bladderwort, or Birthwort Family, LENTIBULARIACEAE
    
    
38. Common Butterwort  (ph)  ______  HK  IC(*)  (NW:296)
    Pinguicula vulgaris
    Pinguicula vulgaris  (var. macroceras)  ______  HK
    
    In Iceland, the Common Butterwort is common throughout. It grows in peat bogs and marshlands.
    Common Butterwort was used, in the past, for making Icelandic skyr, and therefore has also been called the "curdle herb".
    The plant is carnivorous, catching and digesting small insects.  
    
    MEDICINAL USE: the leaves. 
    
    The Common Butterwort has been used successfully to treat whooping cough. Still, the herb can be used for dry, tickling coughs and persistent coughing attacks.
    The leaves are good for placing on bad sores, inflammation or cracked skin, and have been used to kill lice on the scalp.   
    
    
    
    Common Butterwort
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
    
    
39. Lesser Bladderwort  ______  IC
    Utricularia minor
    
    
    Bogbean Family, MENYANTHACEAE
    
    
40. Bogbean  ______  AK  HK  IC  (NW:348)
    Menyanthes trifoliata
    
    Another name for Menyanthes trifoliata is Buckbean.
    
    
41. Nephrophyllidium crista-galli japonicum  ______  HK  
    
    
    Borage Family, BORAGINACEAE
    
    
42. Eritrichium nipponicum  (var. albiflorum)  ______  HK
    
    
43. Oysterplant  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
    Mertensia maritima  
    
    
    
    Oysterplant
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
    
    
44. Bluebells  ______  AK
    Mertensia paniculata
    
    Other names for Mertensia paniculata are: Lungwort, Languid Lady, Chiming Bells 
    
    
45. Mertensia pterocarpa  (var. yesoensis)  ______  HK
    
    
46. Alpine Forget-me-not  ______  AK
    Myosotis alpestris asiatica
    
    
47. Field Forget-me-not  ______  IC
    Myosotis arvensis
    
    
48. Yellow-and-blue Forget-me-not  ______  IC  (NW:573)
    Myosotis discolor
    
    Another name for Myosotis arvensis is Changing Forget-me-not. In Iceland, it is a rare alien in the south and southwest.
    
    
49. Water Forget-me-not  ______  IC  (NW:158)
    Myosotis scorpioides
    
    Myosotis scorpioides is also called the European True Forget-me-not.
    
    
50. Strict Forget-me-not  ______  IC
    Myosotis stricta
    
    
51. Myosotis sylvatica  ______  HK
    
    
52. Brook Forget-me-not  ______  AK
    Myosotis palustris
    
    In Alaska, the Brook Forget-me-not is an introduced species.
    
    
    Broomrape Family, OROBANCHACEAE
    
    
53. Broomrape  (or Ground Cone)  ______  AK  HK
    Boschniakia rossica
    
    
    Buckthorn Family, RHAMNACEAE
    
    
54. Rhamnus ishidae  ______  HK
    
    
    Bunchflower Family, TOFIELDIA
    
    
55. Tofieldia coccinea  ______  HK
    Tofieldia coccinea  (var. kondoi)  ______  HK  
    
    
56. Tofieldia okuboi  ______  HK
    
    
57. Scottish Asphodel  ______  IC
    Tofieldia pusilla
    
    
    Bur-reed Family, was SPARRGANIACEAE, now in TYPHACEAE 
    
    
58. Floating Bur-reed  ______  HK  IC
    Sparganium angustifolium 
    
    
59. Sparganium glomeratum  ______  HK
    
    
60. Sparganium gramineum  ______  HK
    
    
61. Northern Bur-reed  ______  HK  IC
    Sparganium hyperboreum
    
    
62. Least Bur-reed  ______  IC
    Sparganium minimum  
    
    
    Buttercup, or Crowfoot Family, RANUNCULACEAE
    
    
63. Monkshood  ______  AK
    Aconitum delphinifolium delphinifolium
    Aconitum delphinifolium chamissonianum
    
    Monkshood is a poisonous plant. It was once called Wolfbane, as it was used in bait for killing wolves. 
    
    
64. Aconitum gigas  ______  HK
    
    
65. Aconitum mashikense  ______  HK
    
    
66. Aconitum sachalinense yesoense  ______  HK
    Aconitum sachalinense yesoense  (var. corymbiferum)  ______  HK
    Acontium sachalinense ito-seiyanum  ______  HK
    Acontium sachalinense ito-seiyanum  (var. compactum)  ______  HK
    
    
67. Acontium soyaense  ______  HK
    
    
68. Acontium umbrosum  ______  HK
    
    
69. Acontium yamazakii  ______  HK
    
    
70. Aconitum yuparense  (var. yuparense)  ______  HK
    Aconitum yuparense  (var. apoiense)  ______  HK
    
    
71. Red Baneberry  (or Snakeberry)  ______  AK  (NW:454)
    Actaea rubra
    
    Baneberry is a very poisonous plant. As many as 6 berries has been known to cause death for a small child.   
    
    
72. Anemone debilis  ______  HK
    
    
73. Cut-leaf Anemone  ______  AK  (NW:459)
    Anemone multifida
    
    Another name for Anemone multiflora is Red Anemone.
    
    
74. Narcissus-flowered Anemone  ______  AK  HK
    Anemone narcissiflora
    Anemone narcissiflora sachalnensis  ______  HK  
    
    
75. Windflower  ______  AK
    Anemone parviflora
    
    
76. Yellow Anemone  (or Richardson's Anemone)  ______  AK
    Anemone richardsonii
    
    This and other Anemone species are very poisonous, and should not be eaten.
    
    
77. Anemone soyensis  ______  HK
    
    
78. Blue Columbine  ______  AK
    Aquilegia brevistylla
    
    
79. Aquilegia buergeriana  (var. oxysepala)  ______  HK
    
    
80. Aquilegia flabellata  (var. pumila)  ______  HK
    
    
81. Western Columbine  ______  AK
    Aquilegia formosa
    
    
82. Callianthemum miyabeanum  ______  HK  
    
    
83. Caltha fistulosa  ______  HK
    
    
84. Mountain-marigold  ______  AK  (NW:463)
    Caltha leptosepala 
    
    Caltha leptosepala is also called the White Marsh-marigold.
    
    
85. Yellow Marsh-marigold  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)  (NW:463)
    Caltha palustris
    
    The Yellow Marsh-marigold contains a poison when raw. 
    
    
    
    Yellow Marsh-marigold
    (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
    
    
86. Clematis alpina ochotensia  (var. ochotensis)  ______  HK
    
    
87. Clematis fusca  ______  HK
    
    
88. Coptis trifolia  ______  HK
    
    
89. Tall Larkspur  ______  AK  (NW:467)
    Delphinium glaucum
    
    Tall Larkspur is a poisonous plant.
    
    
90. Glaucidium palmatum  ______  HK
    
    
91. Pulsatilla nipponica  ______  HK
    
    
92. American Pasque Flower  (or Spring Crocus)  ______  AK  (NW:460)
    Pulsatilla patens
    
    
93. Meadow Buttercup  ______  HK  IC  (NW:594)
    Ranunculus acris
    
    Another name for Ranunculus acris is Tall Buttercup.
    
    The species in the Ranunculus genus (this & the following) are poisonous and should not be eaten. 
    
    
94. Goldilocks Buttercup  ______  IC(rare)
    Ranunculus auricomus
    
    
95. Mountain Buttercup  ______  AK  (NW:464)
    Ranunculus eschscholtzii
    
    Another name for Ranunculus eschscholtzii is Eschscholtz's Buttercup.
    
    
96. Glacier Buttercup  ______  IC
    Ranunculus glacialis
    
    
97. Ranunculus horieanus  ______  HK
    
    
98. Arctic Buttercup  ______  IC
    Ranunculus hyperboreus
    
    The Arctic Buttercup is a species characteristic of iron-rich spring-water seeping up through mud in bogs, in Iceland especially in the Central Highlands.
    In such places, in Iceland, it is often accompanied by Water Whorlgrass.  
    
    
99. Snow Buttercup  ______  AK(*)
    Ranunculus nivalis
    
    In Alaska, the Snow Buttercup is in the eastern, central, and northern parts of the state.
    
    
100. Western Buttercup  ______  AK
     Ranunculus occidentalis
     
     
101. Pigmy Buttercup  ______  IC
     Ranunculus pygmaeus
     
     
102. Creeping Buttercup  ______  IC  (NW:594)
     Ranunculus repens
     
     In Iceland, the Creeping Buttercup is a rather common naturalized alien. It is found on cultivated homefields, fertile pastures in villages, near houses and abandoned farms, and in gardens.
     
     
103. Creeping Spearwort  (ph)  ______  HK  IC(*)
     Ranunculus reptans 
     
     Creeping Spearwort is found in moist soil.
     
     
     
     Creeping Spearwort
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
104. Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot  ______  IC
     Ranunculus trichophyllus
     
     
105. Alpine Meadow-rue  ______  IC
     Thalictrum alpinum
     
     
106. Thalictrum aquilegifolium intermedium  ______  HK
     
     
107. Thalictrum baicalense  ______  HK
     
     
108. Thalictrum integrilobum  ______  HK
     
     
109. Thalictrum mimus  (var. kemense)  ______  HK
     Thalictrum mimus  (var. glabrescensi)  ______   HK
     Thalictrum mimus  (var. apoiense)  ______  HK
     
     
110. Thalictrum sachalinense  ______  HK
     
     
111. Thalictrum tuberiferum  ______  HK
     
     
112. Trautvetteria palmata  (var. palmata)  ______  HK
     Trautvetteria palmata  (var. borealis)  ______  HK
     
     
113. Trollius altaicus pulcher  ______  HK
     
     
114. Trollius japonicus  ______  HK
     
     
115. Trollius ledebourii  (var. polysepalus)  ______  HK
     
     
116. Trollius riederianus  ______  HK
     
     
     Clubmoss Family, LYCOPODIACEAE
     
     
117. Alpine Clubmoss  ______  IC
     Dipharium alpinum
     
     
118. Fir Clubmoss  ______  IC
     Huperzia selago
     
     
119. Interrupted Clubmoss  ______  AK  IC
     Lycopodium annotinum
     Lycopodium annotinum  (var. acrifolium)  ______  HK
     
     
120. Lycopodium chinense  ______  HK
     
     
121. Lycopodium nikoense  ______  HK
     
     
122. Lycopodium selago  ______  HK
     Lycopodium selago  (var. selago)  ______  HK
     
     
123. Lycopodium serratum  ______  HK
     
     
     Crowberry Family, EMPETRUM
     
     
124. Crowberry  (or Mooseberry)  ______  AK  HK  IC
     Empetrum nigrum
     Empetrum nigrum japonicum  ______  HK
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: The berries of Crowberry may be used for jelly or pies. They are easy to pick and keep well.      
     
     
     Cypress Family, CUPRESSACEAE
     
     
125. Alaska-cedar  ______  AK(southeast)  (ST:73)
     Callitropis nootkatensis
     
     Other names for Callitropis nootkatensis are Nootka Cypress, Stinking Cypress, Yellow Cypress.
     
     
126. Juniperus chinensis  (var. sargentii)  ______  HK
     
     
127. Common Juniper  ______  IC
     Juniperus communis
     Juniperus communis nana  (var. nipponica)  ______  HK
     Juniperus communis nana  (var. saxatilis)  ______  HK  
     
     
     Daisy, or Aster Family, ASTERACEAE
     
     
128. Siberian Yarrow  ______  (NW:109)
     Achillea alpina 
     Achillea alpina camtschatica  ______  HK
     
     
129. Northern Yarrow  ______  AK
     Achillea borealis
     
     
130. Yarrow  ______  IC  (NW:109)
     Achillea millefolium
     
     Another name for Achillea millefolium is Milfoil.
     
     
131. Sneezewort  ______  HK  IC  
     Achillea ptarmica
     Achillea ptarmica macrocephalia (var. yezoensis)  ______  HK
     
     
132. Achillea sibirica  ______  AK
     
     
133. Anaphalis lactea  ______  HK
     
     
134. Pearly Everlasting  ______  (NW:93)
     Anaphalis margaritacea 
     Anaphalis margaritacea margaritacea  ______  HK
     Anaphalis margaritacea yedoensis  ______  HK
     
     
135. Pussy Toes  ______  AK
     Antennaria sp.
     
     In Alaska, there are numerous species of Antennaria, separated by minor characteristics. Some are pink, but the following species (the Cat's Paw) is a whit alpine species.    
     
     
136. Alpine Cat's Foot  ______  IC
     Antennaria alpina
     
     
137. Antennaria dioica  ______  HK
     
     
138. Cat's Paw  ______  AK
     Antennaria monocephala 
     
     
139. Alpine Arnica  ______  AK
     Arnica alpina angustifolia
     
     
140. Arnica amplexicaulis  ______  AK
     
     
141. Arnica chamissonis  ______  AK 
     
     
142. Frigid Arnica  ______  AK
     Arnica frigida
     
     
143. Meadow Arnica  ______  AK
     Arnica latifolia
     
     
144. Lessing's Arnica  ______  AK
     Arnica lessingii
     
     
145. Arnica sachalinensis  ______  HK
     
     
146. Arnica unalaschcensis  (var. unalaschcensis)  ______  HK  
     
     
147. Artemisia arctica sachalinensis  ______  HK
     
     
148. Frigid Wormwood (or Prairie Sagebrush)  ______  AK
     Artemisia frigida
     
     
149. Artemisia schmidtiana  ______  HK
     
     
150. Artesmisia tanacetifolia  ______  HK
     
     
151. Common Wormwood  ______  AK
     Artemisia tilesii
     
     
152. Artemisia trifurcata  ______  HK
     
     
153. Artemisia unalaskensis  ______  HK
     
     
154. Siberian Aster  ______  AK
     Aster sibiricus
     
     
155. Pineappleweed  ______  IC
     Chamomilla suaveolens
     
     
156. Arctic Daisy  ______  AK
     Chrysanthemum arcticum arcticum
     
     
157. Cirsium alpicola  ______  HK
     
     
158. Cirsium apoense  ______  HK 
     
     
159. Creeping Thistle  ______  IC
     Cirsium arvense
     
     
160. Cirsium grayanum  ______  HK
     
     
161. Cirsium hidakamontanum  ______  HK
     
     
162. Cirsium kamschaticum  ______  HK
     
     
163. Cirsium pectinellum  ______  HK
     Cirsium pectinellum  (var. alpinum)  ______  HK
     
     
164. Crepis gymnopus  ______  HK
     
     
165. Crepis hokkaidoensis  ______  HK
     
     
166. Marsh Hawk's-beard  ______  IC(very rare)
     Crepis paludosa
     
     In Iceland, Marsh Hawk's-beard is found only in the outer districts on both sides of Eyjafjordur. 
     
     
167. Erigeron acer  (var. acer)  _____  HK
     Erigeron acer  (var. kamtschaticus)  ______  HK
     
     
168. Alpine Fleabane  ______  IC
     Erigeron borealis
     
     In Iceland, Alpine Fleabane is common throughout. It grows on slopes and grassy moors.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the whole plant, with the exception of the root
     
     Used EXTERNALLY, Alpine Fleabane is very useful to treat burns, inflammation, and melanoma ulcers. 
     Poultices of the herb are also effective in treating rheumatic inflammation and sore muscles. 
     
     Alpine Fleabane is useful as a gargle for mouth and throat ulcers and inflammation.
     
     Alpine Fleabane can be dangerous if used internally, It was used that way in the past, but it is now evident that protracted use can cause hepatic toxicity, which could even be fatal.     
     
     
169. Snow Fleabane  ______  IC
     Erigeron humilis
     
     
170. Coastal Fleabane  ______  AK
     Erigeron peregrinus
     
     
171. Erigeron miyabeanis  ______  HK
     
     
172. Erigeron thunbergii glabratus  (var. glabratus)  ______  HK
     Erigeron thunbergii glabratus  (var. angustifolis)  ______  HK 
     
     
173. Dwarf Fleabane  ______  IC
     Erigeron uniflorus
     
     
174. Marsh Cudweed  ______  IC
     Filaginella uliginosa
     
     
175. Hawkweed  ______  IC
     Hieracium spp.
     
     The Hawkweeds are a very difficult group, having been divided, in Iceland, into about 200 microspecies, or varieties.   
     
     
176. Alpine Hawkweed  ______  IC
     Hieracium alpinum
     
     
177. Hypochaeris crepidioides  ______  HK
     
     
178. Ixeridium dentatum nipponicum  (var. albiflorum)  ______  HK 
     
     
179. Autumn Hawkbit  ______  IC
     Leontodon autumnalis
     
     
180. Leontopodium discolor  ______  HK
     
     
181. Leontopodium japonicum  ______  HK
     
     
182. Leotopodium miyabeanum  ______  HK
     
     
183. Oxeye Daisy  ______  IC  (NW:570)
     Leucanthemum vulgare
     
     
184. Ligularia hodgsonii  ______  HK  
     
     
185. Pineapple Weed  ______  AK
     Matricaria matricarioides
     
     Matricaria matricarioides is a different plant than Chamomilla suaveolens. Both have the common name Pineapple Weed.
     
     In Alaska, Matricaria matricarioides is introduced.
     
     
186. Sea Mayweed  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Matricaria maritima
     
     
     
     Sea Mayweed
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
187. Highland Cudweed  ______  IC
     Omalotheca norvegica
     
     
188. Dwarf Cudweed  ______  IC
     Omalotheca supina
     
     
189. Heath Cudweed  ______  IC
     Omalotheca sylvatica
     
     
190. Parasenecio auriculatus (var. bulbifera)  ______  HK
     
     
191. Frigid Coltsfoot  ______  AK  (NW:107)
     Petasites frigidus
     
     Another name for Petasites frigidus is Sweet Coltsfoot.
     
     
192. Northern Coltsfoot  ______  AK
     Petasites hyperboreus
     
     
193. Arrowleaf Coltsfoot  ______  AK
     Petasites sagitus
     
     
194. Picris hieracioides kamtschatica  ______  HK
     Picris hieracioides kamtschatica  (var. jessoensis)  ______  HK
     Picris hieraciodes japonica  ______  HK 
     
     
195. Icelandic Hawkweed  ______  IC
     Pilosella islandica
     
     
196. Saussurea chionophylla  ______  HK
     
     
197. Saussurea fauriei  ______  HK
     
     
198. Saussurea kudoana  (var. kudoana)  ______  HK
     Saussurea kudoana  (var. yuparensis)  ______  HK 
     
     
199. Saussurea riederi yesoensis  (var. yaeoensis)  ______  HK
     Saussurea riederi daisetsuensis   (var. insularis)  ______  HK
     
     
200. Saussurea yanagisawae  ______  HK
     
     
201. Scorzonera rebunensis  ______  HK
     
     
202. Marsh Fleabane  (or Mastodon Flower)  ______  AK
     Senecio congestus
     
     
203. Senecio conterminus  ______  AK
     
     
204. Senecio cymbalarioides  ______  AK
     
     
205. Black-tipped Groundsel  ______  AK
     Senecio lugens
     
     
206. Senecio nemorensis  ______  HK
     
     
207. Senecio pauciflorus  ______  AK
     
     
208. Beach Fleabane  ______  AK
     Senecio pseudo-arnica
     
     
209. Triangular-leaved Fleabane  ______  AK  (NW:140)
     Senecio triangularis
     
     Another name for Senecio triangularis is Arrow-leaved Ragwort.
     
     
210. Groundsel  ______  AK  IC
     Senecio vulgaris
     
     
211. Canadian Goldenrod  ______  AK  (NW:135)
     Solidago canadensis  
     
     
212. Solidago horicana  ______  HK
     
     
213. Elegant Goldenrod  ______  AK
     Solidago lepida
     
     
214. Northern Goldenrod  ______  AK  (NW:135)
     Solidago multiradiata
     
     Other names for Solidago multiradiata are Alpine Goldenrod and Rocky Mountain Goldenrod. 
     
     
215. Solidago virgaurea asiatica  ______  HK
     Solidago virgaurea leiocarpa  ______  HK
     
     
216. Dandelion  (ph)  ______  IC(*)  (NW:569)
     Taraxacum spp.
     
     Dandelions are very variable plants and are often separated into different numbers of microspecies. Since they reproduce by agamospermy, the distinction between many of the microspecies is unclear. 
     
     In Iceland, Dandelions are common "everywhere", growing in grassland, near homes and farms, and in the mountains.  
     
     MEDICINAL USE: roots and leaves, gathered before flowering
     
     The Dandelion is a very important medicinal herb. The roots and leaves are mixed to gain the most advantageous effects of both.
     The leaves, which are very nutritious, are diuretic and high in potassium (but have little effect on the liver). They are used, therefore, for oedema, especially if caused by a weak heart.   
     
     
     
     Dandelion
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
217. Taraxacum ceratophorum  ______  HK
     
     
218. Taraxacum ohirenses  ______  HK
     
     
219. Taraxacum shikotanense  ______  HK
     
     
220. Taraxacum venustum  ______  HK
     
     
221. Taraxacum yuparense  ______  HK
     Taraxacum yuparense  (var. grandisquamatum)  ______  HK
     
     
222. Tephroseris kawakamii  ______  HK
     
     
223. Colt's-foot  ______  IC  (NW:572)
     Tussilago farfara
     
     
     Diapensia Family, DIAPENSIACEAE
     
     
224. Diapensia  (or Lapland Diapensia)  ______  AK  HK  IC  (NW:212)
     Diapensia lapponica
     Diapensia lapponica obovata  ______  AK  HK
     
     
225. Schizocodon soldanelloides  ______  HK
     Schizocodon soldanelloides  (var. magnus)  ______  HK  
     
     
     
     Dock, or Buckwheat Family, POLYGONACEAE
     
     
226. Aconogonon ajanense  ______  HK
     
     
227. Aconogonon nakaii  ______  HK
     
     
228. Aconogonon weyrichii  ______  HK
     Aconogonon weyrichii  (var. alpinum)  ______  HK
     
     
229. Bistorta officinalis  (var. pacifica)  ______  HK
     
     
230. Alpine Bistort  ______  HK  IC(*)  (NW:433)
     Bistorta vivipara
     
     Other names for Bistorta vivipara are: Osterick, Snakeweed, Serpent-grass, Adderwort, and Viviparous Knotweed. 
     
     In Iceland, Alpine Bistort is very common throughout. It grows in nearly all types of soils, in the highlands as well as in settled areas at lower elevations.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the root
     
     Alpine Bistort is used for various types of pain and hemorrhage in the digestive tract (for example, for gastritis and colitis).
     The root is also useful for gingivitis and soreness of the mouth and throat as well as for cervical soreness.
     A decoction of the root can be used to treat sores that are hard to heal.
     
     
231. Iceland-purslane  ______  IC
     Koenigia islandica
     
     
232. Mountain Sorrel  (ph)  ______  AK  HK  IC(*)  (NW:429)
     Oxyria digyna
     
     Oxyria digyna occurs commonly in Iceland, at ravines, cliffs, gravelly slopes, and rocky ground.
     
     
     
     Mountain Sorrel
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
233. Amphibious Bistort  ______  IC  (NW:431)
     Persicaria amphibia
     
     Another name for Persicaria amphibia is Water Smartweed.
     
     
234. Wild Rhubarb  ______  AK
     Polygonum alaskanum
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: Young stems and leaves of the Wild Rhubarb may be eaten raw or cooked. 
     
     
235. Common Knotgrass  ______  IC
     Polygonum aviculare
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the whole plant except the root
     
     Common Knotgrass is used mainly for internal hemorrhaging especially in the alimentary tract. It is especially effective against diarrhea.
     It can also be used for stones in the urinary tract, in which case the herb must be taken regularly for a long period.
     Crushed knotgrass inhaled through the nose is effective in curtailing nosebleeds.
     Poultices and ointments of knotgrass can be used for suppurating sores.   
     
     
236. Pink Plumes  ______  AK
     Polygonum bistorta
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: Leaves of the Pink Plumes may be eaten raw or cooked. 
     
     
237. Alpine Meadow Bistort  ______  AK
     Polygonum viviparum
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: The boiled roots of the Alpine Meadow Bistort are a good source of starch , and the leaves of the plant may be eaten raw or cooked. 
     
     
238. Common Sorrel  ______  IC
     Rumex acetosa
     
     In Iceland, Common Sorrel is very common, It grows in many types of dry soils, especially in grasslands and hayfields.  
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the leaves
     
     Common Sorrel is considered useful to treat oedema, especially if caused by malfunction of the liver which the herb is thought to stimulate and strengthen.
     It also can be good for poor appetite, scurvy, constipation, and hemorrhoids.
     
     A fresh juice of the leaves of Common Sorrel, diluted with vinegar, can be an excellent lotion for skin disorders, such as furuncles, mycosis, itchy eczema, and neoplasms.
     
     Mountain Sorrel, Oxyria dygina (above), has characteristics and effects similar to those of Common Sorrel.
     Sheep's Sorrel, Rumex acetosella (below), is often confused with Common Sorrel. 
     Sheep's Sorrel is a closely related, smaller herb.   
     
     
239. Sheep Sorrel  ______  AK  IC
     Rumex acetosella
     
     
240. Rumex alpestris  ______  HK
     
     
241. Arctic Dock  ______  AK
     Rumex arcticus
     
     
242. Curly Dock  ______  IC(rare alien)  (NW:592)
     Rumex crispus 
     
     
243. Rumex gmelinii  ______  HK
     
     
244. Northern Dock  ______  IC
     Rumex longifolius
     
     
     Dogbane Family, APOCYNACAE
     
     
245. Vincetoxicum inamoenum  ______  HK
     
     
     Dogwood Family, CORNACEAE
     
     The genus Cornus has been said to be Chamaepericlymenum.
     
     
246. Dwarf Dogwood  ______  AK  HK  (NW:204)
     Cornus canadensis
     
     Other names for Cornus canadensis are the Canadian Dwarf Cornel, and Bunchberry.
     
     
247. Red Twig Dogwood  ______  AK
     Cornus stolonifera   
     
     
248. Dwarf Cornel  ______  IC  HK
     Cornus suecicum
     
     Another name for Cornus suecica is the Swedish Dwarf Cornel. 
     
     
     Earthsmoke, or Fumitory Family, FUMARIACEAE
     
     
249. Bolden Corydalis  ______  AK  (NW:250)
     Corydalis aurea
     
     Another name for Corydalis aurea is Scrambled Eggs.
     
     
250. Corydalis curvicalcarata  ______  HK
     
     
251. Few-flowered Corydalis  ______  AK
     Corydalis pauciflora
     
     
252. Pale Corydalis  (or the Rock Harlequin)  ______  AK  (NW:251)
     Corydalis sempervirens
     
     In Alaska, Corydalis sempervirens is introduced.
     
     
253. Dicentra peregrina  ______  HK
     
     
     Eel-grass Family, ZOSTERACEAE
     
     
254. Eelgrass  ______  IC
     Zostera marina
     
     
     Fern and Hardfern Families, BLECHNACEAE and DRYOPTERIDACEAE
     
     
255. Hard Fern  ______  IC
     Blechnum spicant
     
     
256. Holly Fern  ______  IC
     Polystichum lonchitis
     
     
     Figwort Family, SCROPHULARIACEAE
     
     
257. Arctic Bartsia  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Bartsia alpina
     
     
     
     Arctic Bartsia
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
258. Elegant Paintbrush  ______  AK(*)
     Castilleja elegans
     
     In Alaska, the Elegant Paintbrush grows in interior Alaska and on the North Slope.
     
     
259. Castilleja hyetophia  ______  AK
     
     
260. Red Indian Paintbrush  ______  AK  (NW:538)
     Castilleja miniata
     
     Castilleja miniata has a few other common names including: Giant Red Indian Paintbrush, Great Red Indian Paintbrush, and Scarlet Red Indian Paintbrush.  
     
     
261. Yellow Paintbrush  (or Coastal Paintbrush)  ______  AK
     Castilleja unalaschensis
     
     
262. Arctic Eyebright  ______  IC
     Euphrasia arctica
     
     
263. Cold Eyebright  ______  IC
     Euphrasia frigida
     
     MEDICINAL USE:  the entire plant when in flower, except the root 
     
     Cold Eyebright is one of the better herbs for persistent runny nose, sinus inflammation, and bronchitis.
     The plant strengthens mucous membranes and dries excessive secretions. Thereby it also counteracts gastroenteritis. 
     
     
264. Euphrasia maximowiczii  (var. yesoensis)  ______  HK
     
     
265. Euphrasia pectinata  (var. obtusiserrata)  ______  HK
     
     
266. Mudwort  ______  IC
     Limosella aquatica
     
     
267. Yellow Toadflax  (or Butter and Eggs)  ______  AK  (NW:597)
     Linaria vulgaris
     
     In Alaska, Linaria vulgaris has become naturalized. It is native to Eurasia. 
     
     
268. Small Cow-wheat  ______  IC(rare & localized)
     Melampyrum sylvaticum
     
     
269. Yellow Monkey-flower  (or Wild Snapdragon)  ______  AK  (NW::512)
     Mimulus guttatus
     
     
270. Purple-flowered Monkey-flower  ______  AK  (NW:513)
     Mimulus lewisii
     
     Mimulus lewisii is also called Lewis' Monkey-flower.
     
     
271. Mimulus sessilifolius  ______  HK
     
     
272. Pedicularis apodochila  ______  HK
     
     
273. Capitate Lousewort  ______  AK
     Pedicularis capitata
     
     
274. Pedicularis chamissomis  (var. hokkaidoensis)  ______  HK
     Pedicularis chamissomis  (var. rebunensis)  ______  HK
     
     
275. Upright Lousewort  ______  IC
     Pedicularis flammea 
     
     
276. Wooly Lousewort  ______  AK
     Pedicularis kanei kanei
     
     
277. Pedicularis koidzumiana  ______  HK
     
     
278. Labrador Lousewort  ______  AK
     Pedicularis labradorica
     
     
279. Pedicularis lapponica  ______  AK
     
     
280. Pedicularis oederi  ______  AK  HK
     Pedicularis oederi   (var. heteroglossa)  ______  HK 
     
     
281. Pedicularis resupinata oppositifolia  ______  HK
     
     
282. Pedicularis schistostegia  ______  HK
     
     
283. Pedicularis verticillata  ______  HK
     
     
284. Pedicularis yesoensis  ______  HK
     
     
285. Penstemon frutescens  ______  HK
     
     
286. Yukon Beardtongue  ______  AK
     Penstemon gormanii
     
     
287. Yellow-rattle  (or Rattlebox)  ______  AK  IC  (NW:543)
     Rhinanthus minor
     
     In Iceland, Yellow-rattle is often called Peningagras (translated to "Penny-grass") by children because of the shape of the fruits, that they use as play money.  
     
     The flowers of the Yellow-rattle, or Rattlebox are small and inconspicuous, protruding from the calyx.
     The rather hairy calyx forms an urn-like structure that rattles when seeds within the ovary are mature, thus the common names for the plant.
     
     
288. Blue Water-speedwell  ______  IC  (NW:529)
     Veronica anagallis-aquatica
     
     
289. Alpine Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica alpina  
     
     
290. Veronica americana  ______  AK
     
     
291. Germander Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica chamaedrys
     
     
292. Rock Speedwell  ______  IC
     Veronica fruticans 
     
     
293. Heath Speedwell  ______  IC  (NW:596)
     Veronica officinalis
     
     Veronica officinalis is also called Common Speedwell.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the dried plant in flower
     
     Heath Speedwell, or Common Speedwell, is sudorific, diuretic, an expectorant, and heals externally.
     It is used less for medicinal purposes now than it was in the past, as the herb has a very mild effect.
     It was traditionally used for many ailments, such as scurvy, lack of appetite, anorexia, kidney stones, rash and irritated skin. It was also thought to help dry cough.
     
     
294. Common Field-Speedwell  ______  IC(introduced)
     Veronica persica
     
     
295. Marsh Speedwell  ______  IC  (NW:529)
     Veronica scutellata
     
     Other names for Veronica scutellata are Narrow-leaved Speedwell and Grass-leaved Speedwell.
     
     
296. Thyme-leaved Speedwell  (or Brook Veronica)  ______  AK  HK  IC
     Veronica serpyllifolia
     Veronica serpyllifolia humifusa  ______  HK
     
     
297. Veronica stelleri  ______  AK  HK
     Veronica stelleri  (var. longistyla)  ______  HK
     
     
298. American Alpine-Speedwell  ______  AK  (NW:530)
     Veronica wormskjoldii
     
     Another name for Veronica wormskjoldii is Alpine Veronica. 
     
     
     Flax Family, LINACEAE
     
     
299. Fairy Flax  ______  IC
     Limun catharticum
     
     
300. Wild Blue Flax  ______  AK
     Limun perenne
     
     
     Gentian Family, GENTIANACEAE
     
     
301. Whitish Gentian  ______  HK  (NW:253)
     Gentiana algida  
     
     Another name for Gentiana algida is Arctic Gentian.
     
     
302. Glaucous Gentian  ______  AK  HK
     Gentiana glauca  
     
     
303. Gentiana jamesii  ______  HK
     
     
304. Gentiana nipponica  ______  HK
     
     
305. Alpine Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentiana nivalis
     
     
306. Gentiana thunbergii  ______  HK
     
     
307. Gentiana triflora   (var. japonica)  ______  HK
     
     
308. Northern Gentian  ______  HK  IC  (NW:255)
     Gentianella amarella
     Gentianella amarella takedae  ______  HK  
     
     Other names for Gentianella amarella included Autumn Gentian, Autumn Dwarf-Gentian, and Felwort.
     
     
309. Northern Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella aurea
     
     
310. Gentianella auriculata  ______  HK
     
     
311. Field Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella campestris
     
     
312. Serrate Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella detonsa
     
     
313. Slender Gentian  ______  IC
     Gentianella tenella
     
     
314. Arctic Felwort  ______  IC  (NW:257)
     Lomatogonium rotatum
     
     Another name for Lomatogonium rotatum is Marsh Felwort.
     
     
315. Star Gentian  ______  AK  HK  (NW:257)
     Swertia perennis
     Swertia perennis cuspidata  ______  HK
     
     Swertia perennis is also called Felwort.
     
     
316. Swertia tetrapetala tetrapetala  ______  HK
     Swertia tetrapetala tetrapetala  (var. yezoalpina)  ______  HK
     
     
317. Tripterospermum trinervium  (var. involubile)  ______  HK 
     
     
     Geranium Family, GERANIACEAE
     
     
318. Cranesbill  (or Wild Geranium)  ______  AK  HK
     Geranium erianthum
     
     
319. Geranium onoei  (var. onoei)  ______  HK
     
     
320. Wood Crane's-bill  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Geranium sylvaticum 
     
     The name "crane's-bill" is from the shape of the seed pods once the petals have faded. The seed heads snap open like bird beaks to release the seeds.
     Other common names for plants in GERANIACEAE, more to the south, are "stork's-bill" and "heron's-bill".   
     
     
     
     Wood Crane's-bill
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
     
321. Geranium yesoense  (var. yesoense)  ______  HK
     Geranium yesoense  (var. pseudopalustre)  ______  HK 
     
     
     Ginseng Family, ARALIACEAE
     
     
322. Devil's Club  ______  AK
     Echinopanax horridum
     
     
     Gooseberry Family, GROSSULARIACEAE
     
     
323. Ribes horridum  ______  HK
     
     
324. Northern Black Currant  ______  AK
     Ribes hudsonium
     
     
325. Northern Red Currant  ______  AK
     Ribes iriste
     
     
326. Ribes japonicum  ______  HK
     
     
327. Bristly Black Currant  (or Gooseberry)  ______  AK
     Ribes lacustre
     
     
328. Ribes latifolium  ______  HK
     
     
329. Trailing Black Currant  ______  AK
     Ribes laxiflorum 
     
     
330. Ribes sachalinense  ______  HK
     
     
331. Ribes triste  ______  HK
     
     
     Goosefoot Family, CHENOPODIACEAE
     
     
332. Babington's Orache  ______  IC
     Atriplex glabriuscula
     
     
333. Long-stalked Orache  ______  IC
     Atriplex longipes
     
     
334. Fat-hen  ______  IC(an alien)
     Chenopodium album
     
     
335. Strawberry Spinach  (or Strawberry Blite)  ______  AK  (NW:197)
     Chenopodium capitatum
     
     Chenopodium capitatum is also called Indian Paint.
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: The sweet fruit of Strawberry Spinach may be eaten raw or used for jelly and syrup. Its tasty leaves are very similar to those of its close relative, Spinach.  
     
     
     Grass Family, POACEAE
     
     
336. Common Bent-grass  ______  IC
     Agrostis capillaris  
     
     Species in the genus Agrostis are generally referred to as bent-grasses.
     
     
337. Agrostis flaccida   _____  HK
     
     
338. Creeping Bent-grass  ______  IC
     Agrostis stolonifera
     
     
339. Velvet Bent-grass  ______  IC
     Agrostis vinealis
     
     
340. Orange Foxtail  ______  IC
     Alopecurus aequalis
     
     
341. Marsh Foxtail   ______  IC
     Alopecurus geniculatus
     
     
342. Meadow Foxtail  ______  IC
     Alopecurus pratensus
     
     
343. Anthoxanthum nipponicum  ______  HK
     
     Species in the genus Anthoxanthum are generally referred to vernal grasses.
     
     
344. Sweet Vernal Gras  ______  IC
     Anthoxanthum odoratum
     
     
345. Hungarian Brome  ______  IC
     Bromus inermis
     
     
346. Calamagrostis hakonensis  ______  HK
     
     Species in the genus Calamagrostis are generally referred to as reed-grasses.
     
     
347. Calamagrostis neglecta inexpansa  ______  HK
     
     
348. Calamagrostis purpurea langsdorfii  ______  HK
     
     
349. Calamagrostis sachalinensis  ______  HK 
     
     
350. Calamagrostis sesquiflora  ______  HK
     
     
351. Narrow Small Reed-grass  ______  IC
     Calamagrostis stricta
     
     
352. Whorl-grass  ______  IC
     Catabrosa aquatica
     
     
353. Cock's-foot  ______  IC
     Dactylis glomerata
     
     
354. Alpine Hair-grass  ______  IC
     Deschampsia alpina
     
     Species in the genus Deschampsia are generally referred to as hair-grasses.
     
     
355. Deschampsia atropurpurea  (var. paramushirensis)  ______  HK  
     
     
356. Tufted Hair-grass   ______  AK  HK  IC
     Deschampsia cespitosa
     Deschampsia cespitosa  (var. festucifolia)  ______  HK
     Deschampsia cespitosa  (var. levis)  ______  HK
     
     
357. Slender Hair-grass  ______  AK
     Deschampsia elongata
     
     
358. Wavy Hair-grass  ______  HK  IC
     Deschampsia flexuosa   
     
     
359. Northern Couch  ______  AK  IC
     Elymus alaskanus
     
     Other names for Elymus alaskanus are Alaskan Wheatgrass and Alaska Wild Rye.
     
     
360. Lyme Grass  (or Beach Rye Grass)  ______  AK  IC
     Elymus (or Leymus) arenarius
     
     
361. Bearded Couch  ______  IC
     Elymus caninus
     
     
362. Common Couch  ______  IC
     Elymus repens
     
     Common Couch occurs throughout Iceland. There, and elsewhere, it is around farms and in neglected gardens.
     it is regarded as among the worst of weeds.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the rhizomes and stolons
     
     Common Couch is used extensively to treat urinary ailments, such as cystitis, prostatitis, nephritis, and discomfort from kidney stones and gravel.
     The plant can have a prompt effect relieving pain and cramps. It is completely harmless, even for children.  
     
     
363. Elymus yubaridakensis  ______  HK
     
     
364. Festuca ovina ruprechtii  ______  HK
     
     
365. Meadow Fescue  ______  IC
     Festuca pratensis  
     
     
366. Arctic Fescue  ______  IC
     Festuca richardsonii
     
     
367. Red Fescue  ______  IC
     Festuca rubra
     
     The Red Fescue is closely related to Arctic Fescue and the two have been regarded as the same species.
     
     In Iceland, Red Fescue is introduced, and now widespread.
     
     
368. Viviparous Fescue  ______  IC
     Festuca vivipara  
     
     
369. Glyceria alnasteretum  ______  HK
     
     Species in the genus Glyceria are generally referred to as manna-grasses, or sweet-grasses. 
     
     
370. Floating Sweet-grass  ______  IC
     Glyceria fluitans
     
     
371. Hierochloe alpina  ______  HK
     
     Species in the genus Hierochloe are generally referred to as sweet-grasses.
     
     
372. Holy-grass  ______  IC
     Hierochloe odorata
     
     
373. Hierochloe pluriflora  ______  HK
     Hierochloe pluriflora  (var. intermedia)   ______  HK
     
     
374. Yorkshire-fog  ______  IC
     Holcus lanatus
     
     
375. Squirreltail Grass  ______  AK
     Hordeum jubatum
     
     
376. Wood Millet  ______  IC
     Milium effusum
     
     
377. Mat Grass  ______  IC
     Nardus stricta
     
     
378. Snow Goosegrass  ______  IC
     Phippsia algida
     
     
379. Alpine Cat's-tail  ______  HK  IC 
     Phleum alpinum
     
     
380. Timothy  ______  IC
     Phleum pratense
     
     
381. Alpine Meadow-grass  ______  IC
     Poa alpina
     
     Species in the genus Poa are generally called meadow-grasses.
     
     
382. Annual Meadow-grass  ______  IC
     Poa annua
     
     
383. Wavy Meadow-grass  ______  IC
     Poa flexuosa
     
     
384. Glaucous Meadow-grass  ______  IC
     Poa glauca
     
     
385. Poa hayachinensis  ______  HK
     
     
386. Wood Meadow-grass  ______  IC
     Poa nemoralis
     
     
387. Smooth Meadow-grass  ______  IC
     Poa pratensis
     
     
388. Rough Meadow-grass  ______  IC
     Poa trivialis
     
     
389. Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass  ______  IC
     Puccinellia distans
     
     
390. Common Saltmarsh-grass  ______  IC
     Puccinellia maritima
     
     
391. Blue Moor-grass  ______  IC
     Sesleria albicans
     
     
392. Spiked Oat-grass  ______  AK  HK  IC
     Trisetum spicatum
     
     Another name for Trisetum spicatum is Spiked Trisetum.
     
     
     Heath Family, ERICACEAE
     
     
393. Bog Rosemary  ______  AK  HK  IC(very rare)  (NW:215)
     Andromeda polifolia
     
     In Iceland, the Bog Rosemary has recently been discovered in the northern part of the eastern fjords. 
     
     Bog Rosemary is very poisonous plant. It can cause rapid lowering of blood pressure if eaten..   
     
     
394. Arctererica nana  ______  HK
     
     
395. Alpine Bearberry  ______  AK  (NW:216)
     Arctostaphylos alpina
     
     
396. Bearberry  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)  (NW:216)
     Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
     
     Another name for Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is Kinnikinnick.
     
     
     
     Bearberry
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)  
     
     
397. Arctous alpina  (var. japonica)  ______  HK
     
     
398. Bryanthus gmelininii  ______  HK
     
     
399. Heather  ______  IC
     Calluna vulgaris
     
     
400. Cassiope  ______  IC
     Cassiope hypnoides
     
     
401. Cassiope lycopodioides  ______  HK
     
     
402. Moss Heather  ______  AK
     Cassiope stelleriana
     
     
403. Cladothamnus bracteatus  ______  HK
     
     
404. Elloittia paniculata  ______  HK
     
     
405. Epigaea asiatica  ______  HK
     
     
406. Gaultheria adenothris  ______  HK 
     
     
407. Gaultheria miqueliana  ______  HK
     
     
408. Harrimanella stelleriana  ______  HK
     
     
409. Leucothoe grayana  (var. hypoleuca)  ______  HK
     
     
410. Trailing Azalea  (or Alpine Azalea)  ______  AK  HK  IC
     Loiseleuria procumbens
     
     
411. Rusty Menziesia  ______  AK
     Menziesia ferruginea
     
     Other names for Menziesia ferruginea are Fool's Huckleberry and False Azalea.
     
     
412. Menziesia multiflora  ______  HK
     
     
413. Menziesia pentandra  ______  HK
     
     
414. Monotropastrum humile  ______  HK
     
     
415. Phyllodoce aleutica  ______  HK
     
     
416. Mountain Heath  ______  HK  IC  (NW:220)
     Phyllodoce caerulea
     Phyllodoce caerulea  (var. yesoensis)  ______  HK
     Phyllodoce caerulea  (var. marmorata)  ______  HK
     
     Another somewhat inappropriate name for Phyllodoce caerulea has been Blue Heath. 
     
     
417. Phyllodoce nipponica tsugifolia  ______  HK
     
     
418. Rhododendron albrechtii  ______  HK
     
     
419. Rhododendron aureum  ______  HK
     
     
420. Rhododendron brachycarpum  ______  HK
     
     
421. Rhododendron dauricum  ______  HK
     
     
422. Rhododendron dilatatum  (var. boreale)  ______  HK
     
     
423. Rhododendron kaempferi  (var. kaempferi)  ______  HK   
     
     
424. Lapland Rosebay  ______  AK  (NW:219)
     Rhododendron lapponicum
     
     
425. Bog Labrador Tea  (ph)  ______  AK(*)  HK  (NW:219)
     Rhododendron groenlandicum  (was Ledum latifolium, and Ledum groenlandicum)
     Rhododendron groenlandicum diversipilosum  ______  HK
     
     Another species, the Northern Labrador Tea, Rhododendron tomentosum, was Ledum palustre.  
     
     
     
     When this drawing was made, the plant was called Labrador Tea, Ledum groenlandicum.
     
     
426. Rhododendron tschonoskii  ______  HK 
     
     
427. Therorhodion camtschaticum  ______  HK 
     
     
428. Vaccinium hirtum  (var. pubescensi)  ______  HK  
     
     
429. Common Cranberry  ______  IC  (NW:220)
     Vaccinium macrocarpum
     
     Another name for Vaccinium macrocarpum is Large Cranberry.
     
     
430. Bilberry  (ph)  ______  IC(*) 
     Vaccinium myrtillus
     
     
     
     Bilberry
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)  
     
     
431. Vaccinium ovalifolium  ______  HK
     Vaccinium ovalifolium  (var. alpinum)  ______  HK
     
     
432. Small Cranberry  ______  HK  (NW:220)
     Vaccinium oxycoccus  
     
     
433. Vaccinium praestans  ______  HK
     
     
434. Vaccinium smallii  ______  HK
     
     
435. Bog Bilberry  (ph)  ______  AK  HK  IC(*)
     Vaccinium uliginosum
     Vaccinium uliginosum  (var. alpinum)  ______  HK
     Vaccinium uliginosum  (var. japonicum)  ______  HK
     
     
     
     Bog Bilberry
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
436. Cowberry  ______  AK  HK  IC(very rare)  (NW:220)
     Vaccinium vitis-idaea
     
     Other names for Vaccinium vitis-idaea are: Low-bush Cranberry, Mountain Cranberry, and Lingonberry. 
     
     
     Holly Family, AQUIFOLIACEAE
     
     
437. Ilex crenata  (var. radicans)  ______  HK
     
     
438. Ilex rugosa  ______  HK
     
     
439. Ilex sugerrokii  (var. brevipadunculata)  ______  HK
       
     
     Honeysuckle Family, CAPRIFOLIACEAE
     
     
440. Twin Flower  ______  AK  HK  (NW:191)
     Linnea borealis
     
     Linnea borealis is one of he few plants or animals named after Linnaeus, who knew it well from his exploration in northern Sweden. The name was given to the plant by Linnaeus' teacher in 1753.  
     
     
441. Lonicera alpigena glehnii  ______  HK
     
     
442. Lonicera chrysantha  (var. crassipes)  ______  HK
     
     
443. Lonicera caerubea edulis  ______  HK
     Lonicera caerubea edulis  (var. venulosa)  ______  HK
     
     
444. Lonicera chamissoi  ______  HK
     
     
445. Macrodiervilla middendorffiana  ______  HK  
     
     
446. Red-berried Elder  ______  AK
     Sambucus racemosa 
     
     All parts of the Red-berried Elder, except for the pulp of the berries and the flowers, are poisonous.   
     
     
447. High-bush Cranberry  ______  AK
     Viburnum edule
     
     
448. Viburnum furcatum  ______  HK
     
     
449. Viburnum koreanum  ______  HK
     
     
     Horsetail Family, EQUISETACEAE
     
     
450. Field Horsetail  ______  AK  IC
     Equisetum arvense
     
     
451. Water Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum fluviatile
     
     
452. Rough Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum hyemale
     
     
453. Marsh Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum palustre
     
     
454. Shady Horsetail  (ph)  ______  IC
     Equisetum pratense
     
     
     
     Shady Horsetail
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)   
     
     
455. Wood Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum sylvaticum
     
     
456. Variegated Horsetail  ______  IC
     Equisetum variegatum
     
     
     Hydrangea Family,  HYDRANGEACEAE
     
     
457. Hydrangea serrata  (var. yesoensis)  ______  HK
      
     
     Iris Family, IRIDACEAE
     
     
458. Iris laevigata  ______  HK
     
     
459. Iris sanguinea  ______  HK
     
     
460. Wild Iris  (or Blue Flag)  ______  AK  HK
     Iris setosa
     
     
     Ivy, or Aralia Family, ARALIACEAE
     
     
461. Oplopanax japonicus  ______  HK
     
     
     Lady-fern Family, ATHYRIACEAE
     
     including Shield-ferns
     
     
462. Alpine Lady-fern  ______  HK  IC
     Athyrium ditentifolium
     
     
463. Lady-fern  ______  AK  IC
     Athyrium filix-femina
     
     
464. Athyrium rupestre  ______  HK
     
     
465. Brittle Bladder-fern  (or Fragile Fern)  ______  AK  IC
     Cystopteris fragilis
     
     In Iceland, the Brittle Bladder-fern is by far the most common fern, and the only one that is widespread throughout the country. 
     
     
466. Dickie's Bladder-fern  ______  IC
     Cystopteris dickieana
     
     
467. Northern Buckler-fern  ______  IC
     Dryopteris assimilis
     
     
468. Wood-fern  ______  AK
     Dryopteris dilatata
     
     
469. Male-fern  ______  IC
     Dryopteris filix-mas
     
     
470. Fragrant Shield Fern  ______  AK
     Dryopteris fragans
     
     
471. Oak Fern  ______  IC
     Gymnocarpium dryopteris
     
     
472. Wilson's Filmy-fern  ______  IC
     Hymenophyllum wilsonii
     
     
473. Ostrich Fern  ______  AK
     Matteuccia struthiopteris
     
     
474. Alpine Woodsia  ______  IC
     Woodsia alpina
     
     
475. Woodsia glabella  ______  HK
     
     
476. Oblong Woodsia  ______  HK  IC
     Woodsia ilvensis
     
     
     Legume, or Pea Family, LEGUMINOSAE or FABACEAE
     
     
477. Kidney Vetch  ______  IC
     Anthyllis vulneraria
     
     In Iceland, Kidney Vetch is rather common on the Reykjanes Peninsula, but rather rare elsewhere in the country.  
     
     
478. Astragalus adsurgens  ______  HK
     
     
479. Alpine Milk Vetch  ______  AK
     Astragalus alpinus
     
     
480. Astragalus frigidus parviflorus  ______  HK
     
     
481. Astragalus japonicus  ______  HK
     
     
482. Astragalus membranaceus  (var. obtusus)  ______  HK
     
     
483. Astragalus tokachiensis  ______  HK
     
     
484. Hairy Arctic Milk Vetch  ______  AK
     Astragalus umbellatus
     
     
485. Eskimo Potato  ______  IC
     Hedysarum alpinum
     
     
486. Hedysarum hedysaroides  ______  HK
     
     
487. Wild Sweet Pea  ______  IC
     Hedysarum mackenzii
     
     The root of the Wild Sweet Pea is said to be poisonous. 
     
     
488. Hedysarum vicioides  (var. japonicum)  ______  HK
     
     
489. Sea Pea  ______  IC(*)
     Lathyrus japonicus maritimus 
     
     
490. Beach Pea  ______  AK
     Lathyrus maritimus maritimus  
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: the large pods of the Beach Pea are eaten, both raw and cooked
     
     But caution should be had with the plants of the Pea Family as they readily absorb selenium from the soil causing toxicity.   
     
     
491. Marsh Pea  ______  IC(very rare)  (NW:245)
     Lathyrus palustris
     
     Another name for Lathyrus palustris is Marsh Vetchling.
     
     
492. Meadow Vetchling  ______  IC
     Lathyrus pratensis
     
     
493. Lespedeza bicolor  (var. nana)  ______  HK
     
     
494. Arctic Lupine  ______  AK
     Lupinus arcticus
     
     
495. Nootka Lupine  (ph)  ______  AK  IC(*)  
     Lupinus nootkatensis 
     
     Another name for Lupinus nootkatensis is Alaska Lupine. It is introduced in Iceland. 
     
      
     
     Above & below: Nootka Lupine, photographed during FONT tours in Iceland
     (upper photo by Gerin Hood, from our June 2009 tour, 
      lower photo by Marie Gardner during our tour in June 2015) 
     
     
     
     
     
496. Yellow Oxytrope  ______  AK  HK
     Oxytropis campestris
     Oxytropis campestris  (var. rushiriensis)  ______  HK
     
     Many of the Oxytropes contain a toxin and are commonly called Loco-weed, as grazing cattle are strangely affected by it causing an uneven gait.
     Oxytropes should not be eaten.  
     
     
497. Oxytropis japonica  (var. sericea)  ______  HK
     
     
498. Oxytropis maydelliana  ______  AK
     
     
499. Oxytropis megalantha  ______  HK
     
     
500. Blackish (or Purple) Oxytrope  ______  AK
     Oxytropis nigrescens
     
     
501. Oxytropis retusa  ______  HK
     
     
502. Oxytropis revoluta  ______  HK
     
     
503. Oxytropis shokanbetsuensis  ______  HK
     
     
504. Oxytropis viscida  ______  AK 
     
     
505. Alsike Clover  ______  IC
     Trifolium hybridum
     
     
506. White Clover  ______  IC  (NW:583)
     Trifolium repens
     
     
507. Red Clover  (ph)  ______  IC(*)  (NW:583)
     Trifolium pratense 
     
     In Iceland, Trifolium pratense is introduced and partly naturalized. It occurs in grassy pastures and cultivated homefields. It is rather rare in Iceland. 
     
     
     
     Red Clover
     (photo by Doris Potter)
     
     
508. Tufted Vetch  ______  IC
     Vicia cracca 
     
     
509. Bush Vetch  ______  IC
     Vicia sepium
     
     
     Lily Family, LILIACEAE
     
     including MELANTHIACEAE (the genera ANTICLEA and HELONIOPSIS) 
     and PETROSAVIACEAE (the genus JAPONOLIRION)
     
     
     
510. Aletris foliata  ______  HK
     
     
511. Aletris luteoviridis  ______  HK
     
     
512. Allium maximowiczii  ______  HK
     Allium maximowiczii  (var. yezomonticola)  ______  HK
     
     
513. Allium schoenoprasum  (var. orientale)  ______  HK
     
     
514. Allium splendens  ______  HK
     
     
515. Anticlea sibirica  ______  HK
     
     
516. Clintonia udensis  ______  HK
     
     
517. Chocolate Lily  ______  AK  HK  (NW:314)
     Fritillaria camschatcensis
     Fritillaria camschatcensis  (var. keisukei)  ______  HK
     
     Other names for Fritillaria camschatcensis are Kamchatka Fritillary and Rice Lily. 
     
     
518. Heloniopsis orientalis  ______  HK
     
     
519. Hemerocallis dumortierii  (var. esculenta)  ______  HK  
     
     
520. Hosta sieboldii  ______  HK
     Hosta sieboldii  (var. restifolia)  ______  HK
     
     
521. Japonolirion osense  ______  HK
     Japonolirion osense  (var. saitoi)  ______  HK
     
     
522. Lilium medeoloides  ______  HK
     
     
523. Lilium pensylvanicum  ______  HK
     
     
524. Alp Lily  ______  AK  HK  (NW:315)
     Lloydia serotina 
     
     
525. False Solomon's Seal  ______  AK
     Smilacina stellata
     
     Smilacina stellata is poisonous.
     
     
526. Watermelon Berry  ______  AK  (NW:304)
     Streptopus amplexifolius
     Streptopus amplexifolius  (var. papillatus)  ______  HK
     
     Other names for Streptopus amplexifolius are Twisted Stalk, Clasping-leaf Twisted Stalk, and Wild Cucumber.
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: The sweet juicy berries of the Watermelon Berry are used for jellies and syrups.
     The new shoots, younger leaves and flower buds are tasty additions to salads. 
     
     
527. Small Twisted-stalk  ______  (NW:304)
     Streptopus streptopoides japonicus  ______  HK
     Streptopus streptopoides streptopoides  ______  HK
     
     
528. Trillium apetalon  ______  HK
     Trillium apetalon  (var. rubrocarpum)  ______  HK
     
     
529. Trillium camschatcense  ______  HK
     Trillium camschatcense  (var. kurilense)  ______  HK
     
     
530. Trillium hagae  ______  HK
     
     
531. Trillium smallii  ______  HK
     
     
532. Trillium tschonoskii  ______  HK
     Trillium tschonoskii  (var. atrorubens)  ______  HK
     
     
533. Trillium x miyabeanum  ______  HK
     
     
534. Trillium x yezoense  ______  HK
     
     
535. Veratrum album  ______  HK
     
     
536. Veratrum maackii  ______  HK
     Veratrum maackii  (var. japonicum)   ______  HK
     Veratrum maackii  (var. parviflorum)  ______  HK
     
     
537. Veratrum stamineum  ______  HK
     Veratrum stamineum  (var. lasiophyllum)  ______  HK
     
     
538. Green False Hellebore  ______  AK  (NW:301)
     Veratrum viride
     
     Another name for Veratrum viride is Indian-poke.
     
     Veratrum viride is very poisonous. If eaten, it can cause vomiting, paralysis, death.  
     
     
539. Death Camas  (or Camas Wand Lily)  ______  AK
     Zygadenus elegans
     
     Zygadenus elegans has a highly toxic poison that causes vomiting, a lowered body temperature, and breathing difficulties. 
     
     
     Madder, or Bedstraw Family, RUBIACEAE
     
     
540. Northern Bedstraw  ______   AK  IC  (NW:492)
     Galium boreale 
     
     Northern Bedstraw was used in early times as mattress stuffing because it is sweet scented and its square stems do not crush easily. 
     
     
541. Galium kamtschaticum  (var. kamtschaticum)  ______  HK 
     
     
542. Galium nakaii  ______  HK
     
     
543. Slender Bedstraw  ______  IC
     Galium normanii
     
     
544. Marsh Bedstraw  ______  IC(very rare)
     Galium palustre
     
     In Iceland, Marsh Bedstraw is found at only a few localities in the southwest.
     
     
545. Small Bedstraw  ______  IC   
     Galium trifidum
     
     
546. Sweet-scented Bedstraw  ______  AK  (NW:491)
     Galium triflorum
     
     Another name for Galium triflorum is Fragrant Bedstraw.
     
     
547. Fen Bedstraw  ______  IC
     Galium uliginosum
     
     
548. Yellow Bedstraw  ______  HK  IC  (NW:595)
     Galium verum
     Galium verum asiaticum   (var. trachycarpum)  ______  HK
     
     Another name for Galium verum is Lady's Bedstraw. 
     
     
549. Mitchella undulata  ______  HK  
     
     
     Mare's-tail Family, PLANTAGINACEAE
     
     
550. Four-leaved Mare's-tail  ______  IC
     Hippuris tetraphylla
     
     
551. Mare's-tail  ______  IC
     Hippuris vulgaris  
     
     MEDICINAL USE:  the whole plant except for the root
     
     Mare's-tail stops or inhibits internal or external hemorrhaging. It strengthens the lungs and liver, and it is thought to help with kidney stones.     
     
     
     Mint Family, LAMIACEAE
     
     
552. Pyramidial Bugle  ______  IC
     Ajuga pyramidalis 
     
     
553. Hemp-nettle  ______  IC
     Galeopsis tetrahit 
     
     
554. White Dead-nettle  ______  IC
     Lamium album
     
     
555. Red (or Purple) Dead-nettle  ______  IC  (NW:586)
     Lamium purpureum
     
     
556. Nepeta subsessilis  ______  HK
     Nepeta subsessilis   (var. yesoensis)  ______  HK  
     
     
557. Selfheal  ______  HK  IC  (NW:279)
     Prunella vulgaris
     Prunella vulgaris  (var. aleutica)  ______  HK
     Prunella vulgaris asiatica  ______  HK
     
     Prunella vulgaris is also called Heal-all.
     
     
558. Scutellaria pekinensis  (var. ussuriensis)  ______  HK
     
     
559. Wild Thyme  ______  IC
     Thymus praecox arcticus
     
     Thymus praecox is also called Creeping Thyme, with that name applied where the closely-related Thymus serpyllum does not occur.
     
     In Iceland, Wild Thyme is common throughout, growing on gravel flats and on dry moors and slopes.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the entire plant in flower, except the root
     
     Wild Thyme is most commonly used for flu and colds, and especially for bronchitis and other lung ailments. It works as an antiseptic and expectorant.
     It can also be effective against various digestive ailments, such as gastric and intestinal inflammation. It is thought to work against helicobacter infections which cause gastritis and stomach ulcers. 
     Wild Thyme is used, often with other herbs, to relive cramps.    
     
     
560. Thymus quinquecostatus  ______  HK
     Thymus quinquecostatus  (var. canescens)  ______  HK
     
     
     Mountain Parsley, Parsley Fern, or Rockbrake Family 
     
     subfamily CRYPTOGRAMMOIDEAE in family PTERIDACEAE
     
     
561. Parsley Fern  ______  HK  IC(very rare)
     Cryptogramma crispa
     
     
     Mustard Family, BRASSICADEAE, formerly CRUCIFERAE
     
     
562. Arabidopsis kamchatica kamchatica  ______  HK
     
     
563. Arabidopsis umezawana  ______  HK 
     
     
564. Alpine Rock-cress  ______  IC
     Arabis alpina
     
     
565. Holboell's Rockcress  ______  AK
     Arabis holboelli  
     
     
566. Kamchatka Rockcress  ______  AK
     Arabis lyrata 
     
     
567. Arabis serrata  (var. glauca)  ______  HK
     
     
568. American Wintercress  ______  HK  (NW:173)
     Barbarea orthoceras  
     
     
569. Winter-cress  ______  IC
     Barbarea vulgaris
     
     
570. Bird's Rape  ______  AK
     Brassica rapa
     
     In Alaska, Brassica rapa is introduced.  
     
     
571. Sea Rocket  ______  IC
     Cakile arctica
     
     
572. Shepherd's Purse  ______  AK  IC
     Capsella bursa-pastoris
     
     In Alaska, the Shepherd's Purse is an introduced species.
     
     
573. Alpine Bitter-cress  ______  IC
     Cardamine bellidifolia
     
     
574. Cardamine fauriei  ______  HK
     
     
575. Hairy Bitter-cress  ______  IC  (NW:176)
     Cardamine hirsuta
     
     
576. Cardamine nipponica  ______  HK
     
     
577. Lady Smock  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cardamine nymanii
     
     
     
     Lady Smock
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland Tour)
     
     
578. Purple Cress  ______  AK
     Cardamine purpurea
     
     
579. Cardamine schinziana  ______  HK
     
     
580. Cardamine trifida  ______  HK
     
     
581. Cardamine yesoensis  ______  HK
     
     
582. Northern Rock-cress  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cardaminopsis petraea
     
     Northern Rock-cress is one of the most common wildflowers in Iceland in both the lowlands and highlands. It occurs in areas of gravel hills, screes, sand and lava fields. 
     
     
     
     Northern Rock-cress
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
583. Common Scurygrass  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cochlearia officinalis 
     
     In Iceland, Common Scurvygrass is found widely on cliffs and rocks on tidal beaches and bird cliffs. It is also in inland areas.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the leaves and roots, containing vitamin C and other vitamins, tannins, glycosides and strong oil containing among other things, sulphur
     
     Long before vitamins became known, common people in Iceland cured scurvy and various other ailments with scurvygrass.
     Today, in Iceland, it is used mainly for rheumatism, oedema, and various skin conditions, due to its purging effect on the blood.
     A strengthening and cleansing tincture of the herb can be prepared for use in the winter.    
     
     
     
     Common Scurvygrass
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
584. Flixweed  ______  IC(rare)
     Descurainia sophia
     
     In Iceland, Flixweed is a very rare alien.
     
     
585. Alpine Whitlowgrass  ______  IC
     Draba alpina
     
     
586. Golden Draba  ______  AK  (NW:171)
     Draba aurea  
     
     
587. Draba borealis  ______  AK
     
     
588. Draba hirta  ______  AK
     
     
589. Hoary Whitlowgrass  ______  IC
     Draba incana
     
     
590. Whitlowgrass  ______  AK
     Draba incerta
     
     
591. Draba igarashii  ______  HK
     
     
592. Draba japonica  ______  HK
     
     
593. Draba kitadakensis  ______  HK
     
     
594. Draba maxima  ______  AK
     
     
595. Snow Whitlowgrass  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Draba nivalis
     
     Snow Whitlowgrass is rather rare in Iceland, found at rock outcrops and cairns in the northern and eastern parts of the island.
     
     
     
     Snow Whitlowgrass
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during FONT June 2009 Iceland Tour)
      
     
596. Rock Whitlowgrass  ______  IC
     Draba norvegica
     
     
597. Draba sachalinensis  ______  HK
     
     
598. Draba ussuriensis  ______  HK
     
     
599. Common Whitlowgrass  ______  IC  (NW:574)
     Erophila (or Draba) verna
     
     
600. Hawkweed-leaved Treaclemustard  ______  IC
     Erysimum hieraciifolium
     
     
601. Common Mustard  (or Ball Mustard)  ______  AK
     Leslia paniculata
     
     
602. Macropodium pterospermum  ______  HK
     
     
603. Parry's Wallflower  ______  AK
     Parrya nudicaulis interior 
     
     
604. Northern Yellowcress  ______  IC
     Rorippa islandica
     
     
605. Awlwort  ______  IC
     Subularia aquatica
     
     
606. Field Penny-cress  ______  IC
     Thlaspi arvense
     
     In Iceland, Field Penny-cress is a rare alien. 
     
     
607. Thlaspi japonicum  ______  HK
     
     
     Nettle Family, URTICACEAE
     
     
608. Common Nettle  ______  IC  (NW:552)
     Urtica dioeca
     
     Another name for Urtica dioeca is Stinging Nettle.
     
     
     Oleaster Family, ELAEAGNACEAE
     
     
609. Silverberry  ______  AK
     Elaeagnus commutata
     
     
610. Soapberry  ______  AK
     Shepherdia canadensis
     
     The berries of Shepherdia canadensis are a favorite food of bears.
     
     
     Orchid Family, ORCHIDACEAE
     
     The numerous ORCHIDS of the world can be sad to be of 3 types. 
     1) Many grow on trees. They are EPIPHYTES.
     2) Those that grow on rocks are LITHOPHYTES.
     3) Those that grow in the ground are TERRESTRIALS.
     
     Numbers in this grouping noted as (BPO:xx) refer to pages with photos in the book "Botanica's Pocket Orchids", 2007.
     
     A list and photo gallery is being made of "Wild Orchids in the Americas", and a link to it will be here.
     
     
     Genus CALANTHE
     
     CALLANTHE is a widespread genus with about 150 terrestrial species, ranging from Africa to Tahiti and from Japan to Australia.
     Most of the plants prefer shaded areas, although some grow in strong light.  
     
     
611. Calanthe nipponica  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus CALYPSO
     
     In CALYPSO there is only 1 species. It grows in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
     
     
612. Calypso Orchid  (or Fairy Slipper)  ______  AK  HK  (BPO:119) (NW:375)
     Calypso bulbosa
     Calypso bulbosa  (var. speciosa)  ______  HK
     
     Calypso bulbosa forms dense colonies in damp areas and marshes in coniferous forests. It grows to about 8 inches high.
     A single leaf may be up to 2.5 inches long and 2 inches across.  
     The leaf develops in the late summer and persists through winter, lying close to the ground.
     The single, nodding flower is about 1.5 inches long. Flowers appear in the early spring and are frost tolerant. 
     
     
     Genus COELOGLOSSUM
     
     
613. Bracted Orchid  ______  IC  (NW:383)
     Coeloglossum viride
     Coeloglossum viride  (var. bracteatum)  ______  HK
     
     Other names for Coeloglossum viride are Long-bracted Orchid, Frog Orchid, and Satyr Orchid.
     
     
     Genus CORALLORHIZA
     
     In CORALLORHIZA there are 10 terrestrial species, mostly in North America.
     They are known as SAPROPHYTIC because the plants have no leaves and make little chlorophyll.
     Instead of roots, they have tangled underground rhizomes which are invaded by strands of mycorrhiza. That fungus digests decaying material in the soil, which nourishes the plants with carbohydrates.
     Because they do not rely on energy from the sun, CORALLORHIZA species usually flourish in dark woods.
     The perennial underground stems produce inflorescences unpredictably. 
     
     
614. Northern Coralroot Orchid  ______  IC  (BPO:160) (NW:373)
     Corallorhiza trifida
     
     Another name for Corallorhiza trifida is Yellow Coralroot Orchid. It has an unusual distribution, being circumpolar around the North Pole, dipping into the USA in the Northeast and in the Rocky Mountains.
     A greenish color indicates the presence of some chlorophyll. Other species in the genus have brown or purple coloration.
     
     
     Genus CYPRIPEDIUM
     
     The 45 species of CYPRIPEDIUM are in Eurasia and North America. The main concentration is in Asia in the Himalayas.
     There are about 15 species in North America and 3 in Europe.
     Many tropical orchids that were classified as CYPRIPEDIUM are now in other genera such as PAPHIOPEDILUM, PHRAGMEDIUM, and SELENIPEDIUM, although all are still referred to as "slipper orchids".
     
     The lip of he flower in CYPRIPEDIUM forms a hollow pouch shaped like the toe of a slipper, a bulbous one.
     The lip's upper opening attracts bees and causes pollination. The area around the opening is very slippery so the insect falls very easily into it. Only bees of the right size are able to get through the basal openings, where the stigma and pollinia are located. As a bee passes through, pollination occurs.    
     
     
615. Cypripedium calceolus  ______  HK  (BPO:180)
     
     Cypripedium calceolus is one of the most attractive and best known orchids in Europe. 
     It is widely distributed, in northern Spain, in one area of the British Isles, and through and middle and northern Europe, as far north as Siberia. In Asia, it also ranges to northern China and Hokkaido island in Japan.
     It is found from sea level to 8,300 feet in partly shaded forests with lime-rich soil.
     Due to its attractiveness, Cypripedium calceolus was heavily collected and so it is now rare and endangered in the wild.
     
     Cypripedium calceolus reaches up to 1 to 2 feet tall, and has 2 to 4 ovate leaves on the basal part of the stem.
     It has 1, or ra4rely 2 flowers up to 6 inches across. Flowering is only for 2 weeks, in late autumn and early winter.    
     
     
616. Spotted Lady Slipper  ______  AK  HK
     Cypripedium guttatum
     
     
617. Large-flowered Lady Slipper  ______  (BPO:182)
     Cypripedium macranthos  (var. flavum)  ______  HK
     Cypripedium macranthos  (var. macranthos)  ______  HK 
     
     Cypripedium macranthos has a wide distribution, from Russia through Siberia to Korea, northeast China, and Japan. 
     It grows from sea level up to 8,000 feet, under light shade in damp surroundings in forests and in meadows or under shrubs.
     Its leafy stem is 6 to 16 inches tall, and bears 3 to 5 ovate leaves, each from 4 to 5.5 inches long and up to 2.5 inches wide.
     The inflorescence usually has a single flower, about 2.5 inches across. Flowers appear in the summer. 
     
     
618. White Lady Slipper  ______  AK  (NW:379)
     Cypripedium passerinum
     
     Other names for Cypripedium passerinum are Northern Lady Slipper, Small White Lady Slipper, and Sparrow's-egg Lady Slipper.
     
     Cypripedium passerinum is a Lady Slipper that occurs in northern Europe in Estonia where the photo was taken. 
     
     
     
     Cypripedium passerinum, a Lady Slipper  
     
     
619. Cypripedium shanxiense  ______  HK
     
     
620. Cypripedium ventricosum  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus DACTYLORHIZA 
     
     The "Marsh Orchids" or "Spotted Orchids" in DACTYLORHIZA occur in Europe, western and northern Asia, and North America.
     In the genus there are 33 variable species, all of them terrestrials.  
     DACTYLORHIZA species grow in bogs, grasslands, and pastures. Many have spotted leaves and most have pink flowers with darker pink spots.
     These plants often tend to hybridize naturally, and so there can be some problems with identification.   
     
     
621. Dactylorhiza aristata  ______  AK  HK  (BPO:188)
     
     Dactylorhiza aristata has a unique distribution - from Korea and Japan, north through Russia's Kuril islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula and Komandorskije Islands, to Alaska's Aleutian Islands and mainland Alaska.   
     It is the only common orchid in that range that flowers in the summer, in early July. Its brilliant purple flowers lighten up the still bleak, foggy landscapes.
     
     
622. Heath Spotted Orchid  ______  IC  (BPO:190)
     Dactylorhiza maculata
     
     Dactylorhiza maculata is one of the most widespread orchids in Europe. It is found in wet, acidic soils of heathlands and moorland bogs. 
     It is a variable species, but its leaves are always spotted.   
     
     Another species of orchid in the Dactylorhiza genus is in the photo below. It is Dactylorhiza incarnata, the Early Marsh Orchid, that occurs in northern Europe in Estonia where the photo was taken.   
     
     
     
     Early Marsh Orchid
     
     
623. Dacylostalis ringens  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus EPHIPPIANTHUS
     
     
624. Ephippianthus schmidttii  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus EPIPACTUS
     
     The 35 or so species in EPIPACTUS range from Europe to Ethiopia, across northern Asia to Japan, and in North America.
     They are terrestrial, usually growing in wet habitats, and with fleshy rhizomes and leafy stems often reaching a height up to 40 inches.   
     
     
625. Epipactus papillosa  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus EPIPOGIUM 
     
     
626. Epipogium aphyllum  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus GALEARIS
     
     In GALEARIS there are 2 or 3 terrestrial species found in North America and Japan. 
     The genus is closely related to ORCHIS.
     GALEARIS species lack tubers, but they have fleshy roots. They have a pair of broad leaves, and an erect inflorescence with prominent floral bracts and several flowers.   
     
     
627. Galearis cyclochila  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus GOODYERA
     
     In GOODYERA there are small terrestrial species, occurring in the northern Temperate Zone, and in tropical forests of southeast Asia, Australia, and some Pacific islands.
     Most of the species grow in shady conditions on forest floors at low altitudes.
     The plants consist of a creeping rhizome that bends upward.   
     
     
628. Dwarf Rattlesnake-plantain  ______  HK  (NW:388)
     Goodyera repens  
     
     
629. Goodyera schlechtendaliana  ______  HK 
     
     
     Genus GYMNADENIA
     
     
630. Gymnadenia camtschatica  ______  HK
     
     
631. Gymnadenia conopsea  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus LIPARIS
     
     In LIPARIS there are about 250 species, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. 
     The genus is closely related to MALAXIS.
     Species in LIPARIS grow in temperate climates as terrestrials, and in humid, tropical climates as epiphytes or terrestrials.
     The pseudobulb may be below or above ground. 
     The inflorescence of small flowers are colored red, orange, yellow, or green.    
     
     
632. Liparis auriculata  ______  HK
     
     
633. Liparis koreana  ______  HK
     
     
634. Liparis krameri  ______  HK
     
     
635. Liparis kumokiri  ______  HK
     
     
636. Liparis purpureovittata  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus LISTERA
     
     Occurring in the northern Temperate Zone, in LISTERA there are about 25 diminutive and delicate terrestrial species.
     As one would walk in a northern woods, near bogs or mossy rocks, a pleasant and unexpected find of a LISTERA orchid could be had.
     If so, the flowers are well worth an inspection with a magnifying glass. They have a complicated "trigger mechanism" that explodes the pollinia on the backs of tiny insects. 
     
     
637. Lesser Twayblade  ______  IC  (BPO:320) (NW:382)
     Listera cordata
     Listera cordata  (var. japonica)  ______  HK
     
     Another name for Listera cordata is Heart-leaf Twayblade.
     
     Although the small species Listera cordata is one of the most widespread orchids in the world, it is seldom seen.
     Its distribution is in northern Europe, Asia, and America.
     Growing in wet, mossy woods, its height is up to 10 inches. Its two leaves are heart-shaped and about a quarter of an inch in diameter at the mid-stem section.
     There are up to 25 green to reddish-purple flowers. The appear during the summer and persist after pollination has occurred.   
     
     
638. Listera nipponica  ______  HK
     
     
639. Listera pinetorum  ______  HK
     
     
640. Common Twayblade  ______  IC
     Listera ovata
     
     
     Genus MALAXIS
     
     
641. Malaxis monophyllos  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus MYRMECHIS
     
     
642. Myrmechis japonica  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus NEOTTIANTHE
     
     
643. Neottianthe cucullata  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus PIPERIA
     
     
644. Alaska Piperia  ______  AK  (NW:383)
     Piperia unalascensis
     
     Another name for Piperia unalascensis is Slender-spire Orchid. 
     
     
     Genus PLATANTHERA
     
     PLATANTHERA is a terrestrial genus with about 200 species inhabiting temperate regions around the world.
     In parts of northern North America, these species are among the most conspicuous wildflowers in July and August.
     
     Most of the PLATANTHEREA species are in two subgroups:
     One, the dilatata/hyperborea complex is usually with white or green flowers, with a plain, narrow lip.  It has a northerly, transcontinental range in the US and Canada.
     The other subgroup are brightly colored fringed orchids, usually with incised lips. These species extend in North America from Newfoundland to Texas.
     
     The habitats for PLATANTHERA varies from woods to fields and peat bogs.
     All of the species are erect, and are usually tall and leafy with dense, many-flowered terminal inflorescences.
     The lip is typically long and curved downward. it contains nectar that attracts pollinating moths.         
     
     
645. Platanthera chorisiana  ______  HK
     
     
646. White Bog Orchid  ______  AK  (BPO:456) (NW:386)
     Platanthera dilatata
     
     Other names for Platanthera dilatata are Leafy White Orchid, Bog Candle, and Scentbottle.
     
     Where it occurs, the Platanthera dilatata can bloom en masse in roadside ditches and other places in the summer, during July.
     The plant exceeds 40 inches in height. There are two leaves up to 1 foot long. The flowers number about 70, each being about an inch in diameter.     
     
     
647. Tall Green Orchid  ______  AK  (BPO:457)
     Platanthera huronensis
     
     
648. Northern Green Orchid  ______  AK  HK  IC
     Platanthera hyperborea
     
     
649. Platanthera mandarinorum ophrydioides  (var. monophylla)  ______  HK
     Platanthera mandarinorum ophrydioides  (var. orerades)   ______  HK
     
     
650. Platanthera metabifolia  ______  HK
     
     
651. Platanthera sachalinensis  ______  HK 
     
     
652. Platanthera takedae  ______  HK
     
     
653. Platanthera tipudoides nipponica  ______  HK
     Platanthera tipudoides tipudoides  ______  HK 
     
     
     Genus POGONIA
     
     In POGONIA there are 2 or 3 terrestrial species. One species occurs in eastern North America. The other two species (below) are in Japan and China.
     The separated distribution was caused by glaciers during the Ice Ages, which caused POGONIA to disappear from the western side of North America.
     The plants have fleshy roots and a single leaf.    
     
     
654. Pogonia japonica  ______  HK
     
     
655. Pogonia minor  ______  HK
     
     
     Genus PSEUDORCHIS 
     
     
656. Small-white Orchid  ______  IC
     Pseudorchis albida
     
     
     Genus SPIRANTHES 
     
     SPIRANTHES is a large genus of terrestrial orchids with nearly a worldwide distribution, as there are species of it on all continents except Antarctica.
     Most occur in tropical or subtropical areas, but some are in temperate North America, temperate Asia and Europe.
     They have thick, fleshy, tube-like roots, a basal rosette of leaves, and a tall inflorescence with a few to many small flowers in a spiral form at the upper part of the inflorescence.
     
     
657. Hooded Ladies Tresses  ______  AK  (BPO:543) (NW:389)
     Spiranthes romanzoffiana  
     
     Spiranthes romanzoffiana has a northern distribution across North America. Further east, it also occurs in Ireland and the Hebrides Islands.
     It occurs in various habitats including bogs and roadsides, with scattered plants on disturbed ground.
     The plant is up to 20 inches tall with several slim, pointed leaves, each about 10 inches long and two-thirds of an inch wide.
     The inflorescence has up to 60 small, creamy flowers, distinguished by their reflexed lip. Flowering is in the autumn.  
     
     
     Parnassus-grass Family, CELASTRACEAE
     
     A family related to the Saxifrages. 
     
     
658. Grass of Parnassus  (or Bog Star)  ______  AK  HK  IC
     Parnassia palustris 
     
     
     Parsley or Celery Family, APIACEAE
     
     
659. Aegopodium alpestre  ______  HK
     
     
660. Angelica acutiloba  ______  HK
     Angelica acutiloba lineariloba  ______  HK
     
     
661. Garden Angelica  ______  IC(*)
     Angelica archangelica
     
     
662. Wild Celery  ______  AK
     Angelica lucidaq
     
     
663. Angelica sachalinensis  (var. sachalinensis)  ______  HK
     
     
664. Wild Angelica  ______  IC
     Angelica sylvestris
     
     
665. Angelica ursina  ______  HK
     
     
666. Cow Parsley  ______  IC
     Anthriscus sylvestris
     
     
667. Bupleurum ajanense  ______  HK
     
     
668. Bupleurum nipponicum  (var. yesoense)  ______  HK
     
     
669. Caraway  ______  IC
     Carum carvi
     
     
670. Poison Water Hemlock  ______  AK
     Cicuta mackenzieana
     
     As indicated in its common name, Cicuta mackenzieana is a poisonous plant.
     
     
671. Cnidium cnidifolium  ______  AK
     
     
672. Coelopleurum gmelinii  (var. trichocarpum)  ______  HK  
     
     
673. Hemlock Parsley  ______  AK
     Conioselinum chinense
     
     
674. Conioselinum filicinum  ______  HK
     
     
675. Cow Parsnip  ______  AK  HK
     Heracleum lanatum
     
     
676. Marsh Pennywort  ______  IC
     Hydrocotyle vulgaris
     
     
677. Libanotis coreana  ______  HK
     
     
678. Scots Lovage  (or Beach Lovage)  ______  AK  IC
     Ligusticum scoticum
     
     
679. Sweet Cicely  ______  IC
     Myrrhis odorata
     
     
680. Peucedanum multivittatum  ______  HK
     
     
681. Peucedanum terebinthaceum  ______  HK
     
     
682. Pleurospermum austriacum  ______  HK
     Pleurospermum austriacum uralense  ______  HK
     
     
683. Tilingia ajanensis  ______  HK
     Tilingia ajanensis angustissima  ______  HK
     
     
684. Tilingia holopetala  ______  HK
     
     
685. Tilingia tachiroei  ______  HK
     
     
     Peony Family, PAEONIACEAE
     
     
686. Paeonia japonica  ______  HK
     
     
687. Paeonia obovata  ______  HK
     
     
     Phlox, or Polemonium Family, POLEMONIACEAE
     
     
688. Tall Jacob's Ladder  ______  AK
     Polemonium acutiflorum
     
     
689. Polemonium caeruleum yesoense  (var. yesoense)  ______  HK
     Polemonium caeruleum yesoense  (var. nipponicum)  ______  HK
     Polemonium caeruleum laxiflorum  ______  HK
     
     
690. Beautiful Jacob's Ladder  ______  AK  (NW:412)
     Polemonium pulcherrimum
     
     Other names for Polemonium pulcherrimum include Pretty Jacob's Ladder, Showy Jacob's Ladder, or Showy Polemonium.
     
     
     Pine Family, PINACEAE
     
     
691. American Larch  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:39)
     Larix laricina
     
     Other names for Larix laricina are Tamarack and Hackmatack.
     
     
692. White Spruce  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:45)
     Picea glauca
     
     
693. Black Spruce  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:48)
     Picea mariana 
     
     The Black Spruce often hybridizes with the White Spruce (above), and occasionally the Sitka Spruce (below).
     
     
694. Sitka Spruce  ______  AK(south)  (ST:46)
     Picea sitchensis
     
     
695. Lodgepole Pine  ______  AK(southeast)  (ST:19)
     Pinus contorta  (var. latifolia)
     
     Other names for Pinus contorta are Tamarack Pine and Scrub Pine. 
     
     
696. Pinus pumila  ______  HK
     
     
697. Western Hemlock  ______  AK(south)  (ST:43)
     Tsuga heerophylla
     
     
698. Mountain Hemlock  ______  AK(southeast)  (ST:43)
     Tsuga mertensiana
     
     
     Pink, or Carnation Family, CARYOPHYLLACEAE
     
     
699. Arenaria arctica  (var. arctica)  ______  HK
     Arenaria arctica  (var. rebunensis)  ______  HK
     
     
700. Arenaria katoana  ______  HK
     
     
701. Arenaria macrocarpa  (var. yezoalpina)  ______  HK
     
     
702. Arenaria merckioides  (var. merckioides)  ______  HK
     Arenaria merckioides  (var. chokaiensis)  ______  HK
     
     
703. Arctic Sandwort  ______  IC  (Note: the same common name as for Minuartia arctica) 
     Arenaria norvegica
     
     
704. Arenaria verna  (var. japonica)  ______  HK
     
     
705. Alpine Mouse-ear  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Cerastrium alpinum
     
     
     
     Alpine Mouse-ear
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland Tour)
     
     
706. Arctic Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium arcticum
     
     
707. Mouse-ear Chickweed  ______  AK
     Cerastrium arvense
     Cerastrium arvense  (var. mitsumorense)  ______  HK
     
     
708. Starwort Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium cerastoides
     
     
709. Common Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium fontanum
     
     
710. Smooth Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium glabratum
     
     
711. Sticky Mouse-ear  ______  IC
     Cerastrium glomeratum
     
     
712. Dianthus superbus  (var. speciosus)  ______  HK
     
     
713. Sea Sandwort  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Honckenya peploides
     
     
     
     Sea Sandwort
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
714. Alpine Catchfly  ______  IC
     Lychnis alpina
     
     
715. Ragged Robin ______  IC
     Lychnis flos-cuculi
     
     In Iceland, the Ragged Robin is in the south. It is rare elsewhere.
     
     
716. Arctic Sandwort  ______  AK  (Note: the same common name as for Arenaria norvegica)
     Minuartia arctica
     
     
717. Two-flowered Sandwort  ______  IC
     Minuartia biflora
     
     
718. Mountain Sandwort  ______  IC
     Minuartia rubella
     
     
719. Teesdale Sandwort  ______  IC
     Minuartia stricta
     
     
720. Grove Sandwort  ______  AK
     Moehringia lateriflora
     
     
721. Tufted Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina caespitosa
     
     
722. Snow Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina nivalis
     
     
723. Knotted Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina nodosa
     
     
724. Procumbent Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina procumbens
     
     
725. Alpine Pearlwort  ______  HK  IC
     Sagina saginoides
     
     
726. Heath Pearlwort  ______  IC
     Sagina subulata  
     
     
727. Moss Campion  (ph)  ______  AK(*)  IC(*)  (NW:196)
     Silene acaulis 
     
     Another name for Silene acaulis is Cushion-pink.
     
     
     
     Moss Campion
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
     
     
728. Silene hidaka alpina  ______  HK 
     
     
729. Silene repens  (var. apoiensis)  ______  HK
     Silene repens  (var. latifolia)  ______  HK
     
     
730. Silene stenophylla  ______  HK
     
     
731. Silene tokachiensis  ______  HK
     
     
732. Sea Campion  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Silene uniflora
     
     
     
     Above & below: Two photos of Sea Campion
     (Both taken during FONT Iceland Tours
      upper photo in June 2006 by Cheryl Pearce; lower photo in June 2009 by Gerin Hood)
     
     
     
     
     
733. Corn Spurry  ______  IC
     Spergula arvensis
     
     
734. Lesser Spurry  ______  IC  (NW:192:for genus)
     Spergularia marina
     
     
735. Northern Stitchwort  ______  HK  IC(rare)
     Stellaria calycantha
     
     
736. Fleshy Stichwort  ______  IC
     Stellaria crassifolia
     
     
737. Lesser Stitchwort  ______  IC
     Stellaria graminea
     
     In Iceland, the Lesser Stitchwort is one of the recent aliens. It has spread quickly through the Icelandic countryside in the last few decades. 
     
     
738. Low Stitchwort  ______  IC
     Stellaria humifusa
     
     
739. Common Chickweed  ______  IC  (NW:577)
     Stellaria media
     
     MEDICINAL USE:  entire plant in flower
     
     Common Chickweed is used mostly as a skin ointment against various types of inflammation, ulcers, and eczema.
     The herb is especially useful to relieve itching.
     Chickweed is used internally to treat rheumatism. The procumbent stalks can be used to treat illnesses caused by liver disorders and for gall stones.
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT:  Chickweed makes a healthy addition to salads.   
     
     
740. Stellaria nipponica (var. yezoensis)  ______  HK
     
     
741. Stellaria pterosperma  ______  HK
     
     
742. Stellaria ruscifolia  ______  HK
     
     
     Plantain Family, PLANTAGINACEAE
     
     includes the former GLOBULARIACEAE, the Globe Daisies
     
     
743. Lagotis glauca  ______  HK
     
     
744. Lagotis takedana  ______  HK
     
     
745. Lagotis yesoensis  ______  HK
     
     
746. Shoreweed  ______  IC
     Littorella uniflora
     
     
747. Ribwort Plantain  ______  IC  (NW:591)
     Plantago lanceolata
     
     Plantago lanceolata is also called English Plantain.
     
     
748. Greater Plantain  ______  IC  (NW:591)
     Plantago major
     
     Plantago major is also called Common Plantain.
     
     
749. Sea Plantain  ______  IC
     Plantago maritima
     
     
750. Pseudolysimachion kiusianum miyabei  (var. japonicum)  ______  HK
     
     
751. Pseudolysimachion schmidtianum  (var. schmidtianum)  ______  HK
     Pseudolysimachion schmidtianum  (var. yeso-alpinum)  ______  HK
     
     
     Polypod Fern Family, POLYPODIACEAE
     
     
752. Crypsinus veitchii  ______  HK
     
     
     Polypody Family, POLYPODIACEAE
     
     
753. Common Polypody  ______  IC
     Polypodium vulgare
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the rhizome
     
     Common Polypody is mostly used as a mild laxative. The rhizome is said to have a positive effect on persistent skin conditions, and is considered useful against mycosis, both dermal and in the digestive system. 
     It is also used to expel persistent phlegm from the respiratory tract and as a treatment for hoarseness and dry coughs.
     Smaller does are required for children.
     
     
     Pondweed & Horned Pondweed Familes, POTAMOGETONACEAE and ZANNICHELLIACEAE
     
     
754. Red Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton alpinus
     
     
755. Slender-leaved Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton filiformis
     
     
756. Potamogeton fryeri  ______  HK
     
     
757. Various-leaved Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton gramineus
     
     
758. Broad-leaved Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton natans
     
     
759. Perfoliate Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton perfoliatus
     
     
760. Long-stalked Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton praelongus
     
     
761. Lesser Pondweed  ______  IC
     Potamogeton pusillus
     
     
762. Beaked Tasselweed  ______  IC(very rare)
     Ruppia maritima
     
     
763. Horned Pondweed  ______  IC
     Zannichellia palustris
     
     
     Poppy Family, PAPAVERACEAE
     
     
764. Alaska Poppy  ______  AK
     Papaver alaskanum
     
     
765. Papaver alboroseum  ______  AK
     
     
766. Papaver fauriei  ______  HK
     
     
767. Papaver macounii  ______  AK
     
     
768. Iceland Poppy  ______  AK  IC(rare)
     Papaver nudicaule
     
     In Iceland, Papaver nudicaule is an alien in gardens, waste places, and roadsides. 
     
     In Alaska, the Iceland Poppy is introduced, where it occurs along roadsides and in waste areas.
     
     
769. Arctic Poppy  (ph)  ______  IC(*)  (NW:403)
     Papaver radicatum
     
     In Iceland, the Arctic Poppy grows in gravelly areas and scree. It is common in the area of the western fjords and in the southern part of eastern Iceland. It is rarer in other parts of the country.
     
     MEDICINAL USE: the flower
     
     The Arctic Poppy is analgesic, astringent, and a sedative. Its flowers have been used for various pains, and were also recommended for internal hemorrhaging, especially in the digestive tract.
     The flower has also been considered useful for insomniacs.
     
     
     
     Arctic Poppy
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
     Primrose Family, PRIMULACEAE
     
     
770. Sweet-flower Rock-Jasmine  ______  (NW:447)
     Androsace chamaejasme  (var. lehmanniana)  ______  HK
     
     Another name for Androsace chamaejasme is Alpine Rock-Jasmine.
     
     
771. Alpine Bells  ______  HK
     Cortusa matthioli pekinensis  (var. sachalinensis)
     
     
772. Frigid Shooting Star  ______  AK
     Dodecatheon frigidum 
     
     
773. Western Shooting Star  ______  AK  (NW:447)
     Dodecatheon pulchellum
     Dodecatheon pulchellum alaskanum  (subspecies in coastal areas of Alaska that is a shorter plant) 
     
     Another name for Dodecatheon pulchellium is Few-flowered Shooting Star. 
     
     
774. Sea Milkwort  ______  IC  (NW:449)
     Glaux maritima
     
     
775. Northern Primrose  ______  AK
     Primula borealis
     
     
776. Pixie Eye Primrose  ______  AK  HK
     Primula cuneifolia
     Primula cuneifolia  (var. cuneifolia)  ______  HK
     
     
777. Greenland Primrose  ______  IC(very rare)
     Primula egaliksensis  
     
     In Iceland, the Greenland Primrose has been found at only one locality. 
     
     
778. Primula farinosa  ______  HK 
     Primula farinosa  (var. matsumurae)  ______  HK
     Primula farinosa  (var. samanimontana)  ______  HK   
     
     
779. Primula hidakana  ______  HK
     Primula hidakana  (var. kamuiana)  ______  HK
     
     
780. Primula japonica  ______  HK
     
     
781. Primula jesoana  (var. jesoana)  ______  HK
     Primula jesoana  (var. pubescens)  ______  HK
     
     
782. Primula modesta  ______  HK
     
     
783. Primula sorachiana  ______  HK
     
     
784. Strict Primrose  ______  IC
     Primula stricta
     
     
785. Primula takedana  ______  HK
     
     
786. Primula yuparensis  ______  HK
     
     
787. Starflower  ______  AK  HK  IC  (NW:448)
     Trientalis europaea arctica
     
     Another name for Trientalis europea is Chickweed Wintergreen. 
     
     
     Purslane Family, PORTULACACEAE
     
     
788. Blinks  ______  IC
     Montia fontana
     
     
     Quillwort Family, ISOETACEAE
     
     
789. Spring Quillwort  ______  IC
     Isoetes echinospara
     
     
790. Quillwort  ______  IC
     Isoetes lacustris
     
     
     Rose Family, ROSACEAE
     
     
791. Alpine Lady's-mantle  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Alchemilia alpina
     
     Alpine Lady's-mantle is found in depressions on slopes, and in snowbeds, screes, and erosive soil. 
     
     
     
     Alpine Lady's-mantle 
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
792. Faeroeic Lady's-mantle  ______  IC
     Alchemilla faeroensis
     
     In Iceland, Alchemilla faeroensis is in far-eastern part of the country. Outside Iceland, it is known only in the Faeroe Islands. 
     
     
793. Alchemia japonica  ______  HK
     
     
794. Common Lady's-mantle  ______  IC
     Alchemilla vulgaris
     
     The Common Lady's-mantle is divided into several subspecies, sometimes treated as separate species. Some of them are rather easy to distinguish   
     
     
795. Serviceberry  (or Juneberry)  ______  AK
     Amelanchier florida
     
     
796. Aruncus dioicus  (var. kamtschaticus)  ______  HK
     
     
797. Goatsbeard  ______  AK  (NW:473)
     Aruncus dioicus (or sylvester)
     
     Other names for Aruncus dioicus are White Goat's-beard and Bride's Feathers.   
     
     
798. Cerasus nipponica  (var. kurilensis)  ______  HK
     
     Cerasus is now said to be a subgenus of Prunus.  
     
     
799. Spring Beauty  ______  AK
     Claytonia sarmentosa
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT:  Spring Beauty makes a nice addition to salads.
     
     
800. Siberian Spring Beauty  ______  AK
     Claytonia sibirica 
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT: Siberian Spring Beauty tastes similar to beet greens.
     
     
801. Yellow Mountain Avens  ______  AK  (NW:486)
     Dryas drummondii
     
     Another name for Dryas drummondii is Yellow Dryas.
     
     
802. Mountain Avens  (ph)  ______  AK  HK  IC(*)  (NW:486)
     Dryas octopetala 
     Dryas octopetala  (var. asiatica)  ______  HK
     
     Another name for Dryas octopetala is Eight-petaled Avens.
     
     In Iceland, the leafy shoots of Dryas octopetala, found during all seasons, are called "Rjupnalauf", meaning "ptarmigan leaves". 
     
     
     
     Mountain Avens
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
     
     
803. Filipendula camtschatica  ______  HK
     
     
804. Filipendula glaberrima  ______  HK
     
     
805. Meadowsweet  ______  IC  (NW:594)
     Filipendula ulmaria
     
     Another name for Filipendula ulmaria is Queen-of-the-Meadow. 
     
     
806. Beach Strawberry  ______  AK  (NW:477)
     Fragaria chiloensis  
     
     Other names for Fragaria chiloensis are Coast Strawberry and Sand Strawberrry.
     
     
807. Fragaria iinumae  ______  HK 
     
     
808. Wild Strawberry  (ph)  ______  IC  (NW:477)
     Fragaria vesca
     
     In Iceland, Wild Strawberries mature late (in July), and are usually rather small. When favorable conditions occur on fertile, sunny slopes, they ripen fully and are used for human consumption, being tastier than the larger, cultivated strawberries.   
     
     
     
     Wild Strawberry
     
     
809. Wild Strawberry  ______  AK  (NW:477)
     Fragaria virginiana 
     
     
810. Caltha Leaf Avens  ______  AK  HK
     Geum calthifolium
     
     
811. Large Leaf Avens  ______  AK  (NW:484)
     Geum macropyllum macrophyllum
     Geum macropyllum perincisum  (subspecies in eastern & central Alaska)  
     
     Geum macropyllum is also called Big-leaf Avens.
     
     
812. Geum (or Sieversia) pentapetala  ______  HK
     
     
813. Water Avens  ______  IC  (NW:485)
     Geum rivale
     
     Another name for Geum rivale is Purple Avens.
     
     
814. Ross Avens  ______  AK  (NW:485)
     Geum rossii
     
     Another name for Geum rossii is Alpine Avens.
     
     
815. Partridge-foot  ______  AK  (NW:474)
     Luetkea pectinata
     
     Another name for Luetkea pectinata is Alpine Spiraea.
     
     
816. Silverweed  ______  AK  IC
     Potentilla anserina anserina
     Potentilla anserina egedii  ______  Seaside Silverweed 
     
     In Alaska, Potentilla anserina is an introduced species.
     
     
817. Alpine Cinquefoil  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Potentilla crantzii
     
     
     
     Alpine Cinquefoil
     (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
     
     
818. Potentilla dickinsii  ______  HK
     
     
819. Beach Cinquefoil  (or Pacific Silverweed)  ______  AK
     Potentilla egedii grandis
     
     
820. Tormentil  ______  IC(very rare)
     Potentilla erecta
     
     
821. Shrubby Cinquefoil  (or Tundra Rose)  ______  AK  HK
     Potentilla fruiticosa
     Potentilla fruiticosa  (var. arbuscola)  ______  HK
     
     
822. Potentilla matsumurae  ______  HK
     Potentilla matsumurae  (var. apoiensis)  ______  HK
     Potentilla matsumurae  (var. yuparensis)  ______  HK
     
     
823. Potentilla miyabei  ______  HK  
     
     
824. Snow Cinquefoil  (or Snow Potentilla)  ______  AK  HK  (NW:478)
     Potentilla nivea
     Potentilla nivea  (var. yuparensis)  ______  HK 
     
     
825. Norwegian Cinquefoil  ______  AK  (NW:478)
     Potentilla norvegica  
     
     Another name for Potentilla norvegica is Rough Cinquefoil.
     
     
826. Marsh Cinquefoil  ______  AK  HK  IC
     Potentilla palustris  (or Comarum palustre)
     
     Another name for the Marsh Cinquefoil is Marsh Fivefinger.
     
     
827. One-flowered Cinquefoil  ______  AK
     Potentilla uniflora
     
     
828. Rosa acicularis  ______  HK
     
     
829. Prickly Rose  ______  AK
     Rosa acicularis
     
     
830. Glaucous Dog-rose  ______  IC
     Rosa dumalis
     
     
831. Nootka Rose  ______  AK
     Rosa nutlatensis
     
     
832. Burnet Rose  ______  IC
     Rosa pimpinellifolia
     
     
833. Nagoonberry  ______  AK  (NW:488)
     Rubus arcticus
     
     The fruits of the Nagoonberry are dark red or purplish.
     
     
834. Cloudberry  ______  AK  HK
     Rubus chamemorous
     
     Other names for Rubus chamemorous are Baked Appleberry and Salmonberry. 
     Salmonberry is a name used by Alaska native people for this species, but true Salmonberry is Rubus spectabilus (below). 
     
     In Alaska, berries of the Cloudberry ripen from August to September.   
     
     
835. Trailing Raspberry  ______  AK  HK  (NW:488)
     Rubus pedatus 
     
     Another name for Rubus pedatus is Strawberry Bramble.
     
     
836. Rubus pseudojaponicus  ______  HK
     
     
837. Stone Bramble  ______  IC
     Rubus saxatilis
     
     
838. Rubus vernus  ______  HK
     
     
839. Canadian Burnet  ______  HK  (NW:473)
     Sanguisorba canadensis  
     Sanguisorba canadensis  (var. riishiriensis)  ______  HK
     
     
840. Sanguisorba japonensis  ______  HK
     
     
841. Sanguisorba longifolia  ______  HK
     
     
842. Great Burnet  ______  IC  (NW:473)
     Sanguisorba officinalis
     
     
843. Sanguisorba poroshiriensis  ______  HK
     
     
844. Sitka Burnet  ______  AK
     Sanguisorba stipulata
     
     
845. Sanguisorba tenuifolia  ______  HK
     Sanguisorba tenuifolia  (var. grandiflora)  ______  HK
     
     
846. Creeping Sibbaldia  ______  IC  (NW:482)
     Sibbaldia procumbens
     
     
847. Rowan  ______  IC
     Sorbus aucuparia
     
     
848. Sorbus matsumurana  ______  HK
     
     
849. Sorbus sambucifolia  ______  HK
     Sorbus sambucifolia  (var. pseudogracilis)  ______  HK
     
     
850. Mountain Ash  ______  AK
     Sorbus sitchensis
     
     
851. Alaska Spiraea  (or Beauverd's Spiraea)  ______  AK
     Spiraea beauverdiana 
     
     AN EDIBLE PLANT:  The leaves of Alaska Spiraea can be brewed into a tea. 
     
     
852. Birch-leaf Spirea  ______  HK  (NW:472)
     Spiraea betulifolia  
     Spiraea betulifolia  (var. aemiliana)  ______  HK 
     
     
853. Spiraea media  (var. sericea)  ______  HK
     
     
854. Spiraea miyabei  ______  HK
     
     
     Rush Family, JUNCACEAE
     
     
855. Alpine Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus alpinus
     
     
856. Iceland Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus arcticus intermedius
     
     
857. Jointed Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus articulatus
     
     
858. Juncus beringensis  ______  HK
     
     
859. Two-flowered Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus biglumis
     
     
860. Toad Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus bufonius
     
     
861. Bulbous Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus bulbosus
     
     
862. Chestnut Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus castaneus
     
     
863. Juncus ensifolius  ______  HK
     
     
864. Thread Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus filiformis
     
     
865. Saltmarsh Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus gerardi
     
     
866. Juncus kamtschatcensis  ______  HK
     
     
867. Juncus mertensianus  ______  HK
     
     
868. Frog Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus ranarius
     
     
869. Heath Rush  ______  IC(rare)
     Juncus squarrosus
     
     
870. Juncus triceps  ______  HK
     
     
871. Three-leaved Rush  ______  IC
     Juncus trifidus
     
     
872. Three-flowered Rush  ______  IC  HK
     Juncus triglumis  
     
     
873. Curved Wood Rush  ______  IC
     Luzula arcuata
     Luzula arcuata  (var. unalasachkensis)  ______  HK
     
     
874. Heath Wood Rush  ______  IC
     Luzula multiflora
     
     
875. Luzula oligantha  ______  HK
     
     
876. Spiked Wood Rush  ______  IC
     Luzula spicata
     
     
877. Sudetan Wood Rush  ______  IC
     Luzula sudetica
     Luzula sudetica  (var. nipponica)  ______  HK
     
     
     Sandlewood Family, SANTALACEAE
     
     
878. Timberberry  ______  AK  (NW:493)
     Geocaulon lividum
     
     Other names for Geocaulon lividum are Pumpkin Berry, Northern Comandra, and False Toadflax.
     
     
879. Thesium refractum  ______  HK
     
     
     Saxifrage Family, SAXIFRAGACEAE
     
     
     In Alaska, there are many similar Saxifrages that grow in wet areas.
     All have edible leaves.  
     
     
880. Boykinia lycoctonifolia  ______  HK
     
     
881. Alaska Boykinia  ______  AK  (NW:504)
     Boykinia richardsonii
     
     Other names for Boykinia richardsonii are Bear-flower, Richardson's Boykinia, and Richardson's Brookfoam. 
     
     
882. Smooth Alumroot  ______  AK  (NW:500)
     Heuchera glabra
     
     Another name for Heuchera glabra is Alpine Heuchera.
     
     
     Plants in the following genus, Mitella, are known as Miterworts, or Bishop's Caps. 
     
     
883. Mitella integripetala  ______  HK
     
     
884. Naked Miterwort  ______  HK  (NW:497)
     Mitella nuda
     
     Other names for Mitella nuda are Small Bishop's Cap or Bare-stemmed Bishop's Cap.   
     
     
885. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage  ______  IC  (NW:509)
     Saxifraga aizoides 
     
     
886. Yellow-spotted Saxifrage  ______  AK  HK  (NW:507)
     Saxifraga bronchialis
     Saxifraga bronchialis funstonii  (var. rebunshirensis)  ______  HK
     
     Other names for Saxifraga bronchialis are Dotted Saxifrage and Matted Saxifrage.
     
     
887. Tufted Saxifrage  ______  IC  (NW:508)
     Saxifraga caespitosa
     
     The Tufted Saxifrge is often divided into two subspecies:
     Saxifraga caespitosa caespitosa
     Saxifraga caespitosa decipiens
     
     They are often treated as separate species (Saxifraga caespitosa and Saxifrga rosacea).
     
     But as a subspecies, Saxifraga caespitosa decipiens has thinner, less compact clusters of leaf shoots, and large flowers with relatively large petals. 
     
     Saxifraga caespitosa is also called Tufted Alpine Saxifrage. 
     
     
888. Nodding Saxifrage  ______  AK  IC  (NW:508)
     Saxifraga cernua
     
     Other names for Saxifraa cernua are Drooping Saxifrage and Bulblet Saxifrage.
     
     
889. Pyramidal Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga cotyledon
     
     
890. Rusty Saxifrage  ______  AK  (NW:505)
     Saxifraga ferruginea 
     
     Another name for Saxifraga ferruginea is Coast Saxifrage.
     
     
891. Spider Whiplash Saxifrage  ______  AK  (NW:509)
     Saxifraga flagellaris
     
     Other names for Saxifraga flagellaris are Spider Saxifrage, Spider-plant, and Stoloniferous Saxifrage. 
     
     
892. Saxifraga fortunei  (var. mutabilis)  ______  HK
     Saxifraga fortunei  (var. alpina)  ______  HK
     
     
893. Saxifraga fusca fusca  ______  HK 
     
     
894. Meadow Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga granulata
     
     
895. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage  ______  AK  IC  (NW:509)
     Saxifraga hirculus
     
     Another name for Saxifraga hirculus is Bog Saxifrage.
     
     
896. Mossy Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga hypnoides 
     
     
897. Saxifraga japonica  ______  HK
     
     
898. Saxifraga lacinata  ______  HK
     
     
899. Red-stemmed Saxifrage  ______  AK  (NW:505)
     Saxifraga lyallii
     
     Another name for Saxifraga lyallii is Lyall's Saxifrage.
     
     
900. Saxifraga merkii  (var. merkii)  ______  HK
     
     
901. Heart-leaf Saxifrage  ______  HK  (NW:505)
     Saxifraga nelsoniana  (var. reniformis)  
     
     
902. Saxifrraga nishidae  ______  HK
     
     
903. Alpine Snow Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga nivalis 
     
     
904. Purple Mountain Saxifrage  ______  AK  IC  (NW:509)
     Saxifraga oppositifolia 
     Saxifraga oppositifolia oppositifolia  (subspecies in Alaska)
     
     Other names for Saxifraga oppositifolia are: Purple Saxifrage, Twinleaf Saxifrage, or the French Knot Plant  
     
     
905. Silver Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga paniculata
     
     
906. Brook Saxifrage  ______  AK
     Saxifraga punctata 
     
     
907. Alpine Brook Saxifrage  ______  AK  IC  (NW:508)
     Saxifraga rivularis
     
     Other names for Saxifraga rivularis are Weak Saxifrage and Pygmy Saxifrage. 
     
     In Iceland, a small reddish mountain variety of the Alpine Brook Saxifrage, called the Arctic Brook Saxifrage, Saxifraga hyperborea, is sometimes said to be a separate species. It is rare in Iceland, usually above 2,700 feet above sea level.   
     
     
908. Saxifraga sachalinensis  ______  HK 
     
     
909. Starry Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga stellaris
     
     
910. Slender Snow Saxifrage  ______  IC
     Saxifraga tenuis
     
     
911. Prickly Saxifrage  ______  AK  (NW:507)
     Saxifraga tricuspidata
     
     Another name for Saxifraga tricuspidata is Three-tooth Saxifrage.
     
     
912. Tiarella polyphylla  ______  HK
     
     
     Sea Lavender, or Plumbago Family, PLUMBAGINACEAE
     
     
913. Thrift  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
     Almeria maritima 
     
     
     
     Thrift
     (photo by Cheryl Pearce during the June 2006 FONT Iceland Tour) 
     
     
     Sedge Family, CYPERACEAE 
     
     including here the family SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
     with only the one genus Scheuchzeria
     
     
914. Baeothryon cespitosum  ______  HK
     
     
915. Carex apoiensis  ______  HK
     
     
916. Black Alpine Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex atrata
     
     
917. Bicolored Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex bicolor
     
     
918. Stiff Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex bigelowii
     
     
919. Carex blepharicarpa  ______  HK
     Carex blepharicarpa  (var. dueensis)  ______  HK  
     
     
920. Brownish Sedge  ______  IC(rare)  HK
     Carex brunnescens  
     
     
921. Carex canescens  ______  HK
     
     
922. Hair Sedge  ______  IC  HK
     Carex capillaris  
     
     
923. Capitate Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex capitata 
     
     
924. String Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex chordorrhiza
     
     
925. White Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex curta
     
     
926. Common Yellow Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex demissa
     
     
927. Dioecious Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex dioeca
     
     
928. Carex doenitzii  ______  HK
     
     
929. Star Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex echinata
     
     
930. Carex eleusinoides  ______  HK
     
     
931. Glaucous Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex flacca 
     
     
932. Large Yellow Sedge  ______  IC(rare)
     Carex flava
     
     
933. Carex flavocuspis  ______  HK
     Carex flavocuspis  (var. rishirensis)  ______  HK  
     
     
934. Glacier Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex glacialis
     
     
935. Carex hakkodensis  ______  HK
     
     
936. Hudson Bay Sedge  ______  IC(rare)
     Carex heleonastes
     
     
937. Carex kabanovii  ______  HK
     
     
938. Porsild's Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex krausei
     
     
939. Hare's-foot Sedge  ______  IC  HK
     Carex lachenalii  
     
     
940. Common Bog Sedge  ______  IC  HK
     Carex limosa  
     
     
941. Livid Sedge  ______  IC  HK
     Carex livida  
     
     
942. Lyngbye's Sedge  ______  IC  HK
     Carex lyngbyei  
     
     In Iceland, Carex lyngbyei is one of the few western species in Icelandic flora, unknown on the European continent. 
     
     
943. Norway Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex mackenziei
     
     
944. Thick-headed Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex macloviana
     
     
945. Tall Bog Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex magellanica
     
     
946. Curved Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex maritima
     
     
947. Carex melanocarpa  ______  HK
     
     
948. Carex mertensii  ______  HK
     
     
949. Carex michauxiana  ______  HK
     
     
950. Short-stalk Sedge  ______  AK
     Carex microchaeta
     
     
951. Bristle Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex microglochin
     
     
952. Carex middendorffii  ______  HK
     
     
953. Nard Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex nardina
     
     
954. Common Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex nigra
     
     
955. Close-headed Alpine Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex norvegica  
     
     
956. Carex oxyandra  ______  HK
     
     
957. Pale Sedge  ______  IC(rare)
     Carex pallescens
     
     Carex pallescens has only been found at 2 locations in Iceland.
     
     
958. Carnation Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex panicea
     
     
959. Carex pauciflora  ______  HK
     
     
960. Carex paupercula  ______  HK 
     
     
961. Pill Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex pilulifera
     
     
962. Flea Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex pulicaris
     
     
963. Carex rapestris  ______  HK
     
     
964. Mountain Bog Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex rariflora
     
     
965. Carex rhynchophysa  ______  HK
     
     
966. Carex rotundata  ______  HK
     
     
967. Bottle Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex rostrata
     Carex rostrata  (var, rostrata)  ______  HK
     
     
968. Red Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex rufina
     
     
969. Rock Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex rupestris
     
     
970. Saltmarsh Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex salina
     
     
971. Russet Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex saxatilis
     
     
972. Carex schmiditii  ______  HK
     
     
973. Small-fruited Yellow Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex serotina
     
     
974. Carex stenantha  (var. taisetsuensis)  ______  HK
     
     
975. Hoppner Sedge  ______  IC
     Carex subspathacea
     
     
976. Carex subumbellata  (var. subumbellata)  ______  HK
     Carex subumbellata  (var. verecunda)  ______  HK
     
     
977. Carex stylosa  ______  HK
     
     
978. Carex tenuiformis  ______  HK
     
     
979. Carex traiziscana  ______  HK
     
     
980. Carex tschonoskii  ______  HK
     
     
981. Sheathed Sedge  ______  IC  HK
     Carex vaginata  
     
     
982. Carex vanheurckii  ______  HK 
     
     
983. Carex vesicaria  ______  HK
     
     
984. Needle Spike-rush  ______  IC
     Eleocharis acicularis
     
     
985. Eleocharis mamillata  (var. cyclocarpa)  ______  HK
     
     
986. Common Spike-rush  ______  IC
     Eleocharis palustris
     
     
987. Eleocharis mamillata  ______  HK
     
     
988. Few-flowered Spike-rush  ______  IC
     Eleocharis quinqueflora
     
     
989. Slender Spike-rush  ______  IC
     Eleocharis uniglumis
     
     
990. Common Cottongrass  ______  IC(*)
     Eriophorum angustifolium
     
     
991. Alaska Cotton  (ph)  ______  AK(*)  IC(*)
     Eriophorum scheuchzeri
     Eriophorum scheuchzeri  (var. tenuifolium)  ______  HK
     
     Another name for Eriophorum scheuchzeri is Scheuchaer's Cottongrass.
     The name Alaska Cotton of course applies to the plant in Alaska.
     In Iceland, its Icelandic name is Hrafnafifa.
     Eriophorum scheuchzeri has been seen during FONT tours in both Alaska and Iceland. 
     
     
     
     Alaska Cotton, known in Iceland as Hrafnafifa
     photographed during a FONT tour in Iceland in June 2012
     (photo by Gabi Hauser) 
     
     
992. Eriophorum vaginatum  (var. fauriei)  ______  HK
     
     
993. Kobresia bellardii  ______  HK
     
     
994. Bellard's Kobresia  ______  IC
     Kobresia myosuroides 
     
     
995. Rhynchospora alba  ______  HK 
     
     
996. Rannoch-rush, or Pod Grass  ______  HK
     Scheuchzeria palustris
     
     
997. Scirpus maximowiczii  ______  HK
     
     
998. Trichophorum alpinum  ______  HK
     
     
999. Deergrass  ______  IC
     Trichophorum caespitosum
     
     
     Snakeberries, in the Family ASPARGACEAE
     
     often included in LILIACEAE
     
     
1000. Maianthemum bifolium  ______  HK
      
      
1001. Snakeberry  ______  AK  HK  (NW:303)
      Maianthemum dilatatum
      
      Other names for Maianthemum dilatatum are False Lily-of-the-Valley and Two-leaved False Solomon's-seal.  
      
      
      Soapberry Family,  SAPINDACEAE
      
      now including the Maples, long placed in their own family ACERACEAE
      
      
1002. Butterfly Maple  ______  HK
      Acer tschonoskii
      
      
1003. Acer ukurunduense  ______  HK
      
      
      Spikemoss Family, SELAGINELLACEAE
      
      
1004. Lesser Clubmoss  ______  HK  IC
      Selaginella selaginoides
      
      
      Spleenwort, or Bird's-nest Fern Family, ASPLENIACEAE
      
      
1005. Asplenium ruta-muraria  ______  HK
      
      
1006. Forked Spleenwort  ______  IC
      Asplenium septentrionale
      
      
1007. Maidenhair Spleenwort  ______  IC
      Asplenium trichomanes
      
      
1008. Green Spleenwort  ______  HK  IC
      Asplenium viride
      
      
      Spurge Family, EUPHORBIACEAE    
      
      
1009. Euphorbia tsukamotoi  ______  HK
      
      
      Staff-vine, or Bittersweet Family, CELASTRACEAE
      
      
1010. Euonymus tricarpus  ______  HK
      
      
      Starwort Family, CALLITRICHACEAE
      
      
1011. Peduncled Water-starwort  ______  IC
      Callitriche brutia
      
      
1012. Hook-tipped Water-starwort  ______  IC
      Callitriche hamulata
      
      
1013. Autumn Water-starwort  ______  IC
      Callitriche hermaphroditica
      
      
1014. Vernal Water-starwort  _______  IC
      Callitriche palustris
      
      
1015. Common Water-starwort  ______  IC
      Callitriche stagnalis
      
      
      St. John's Wort Family, HYPERICACEAE
      
      has been part of the Garcinia Family, CLUSIACEAE
      
      
1016. Hypericum kamtschaticum  ______  HK
      
      
1017. Hypericum samaniense miyabei  ______  HK
      
      
1018. Hypericum yesoenze  ______  HK
      
      
1019. Hypericum yojiroanum  ______  HK 
      
      
      Stonecrop Family, CRASSULACEAE
      
      
1020. Pigmyweed  ______  IC(very rare)
      Crassula aquatica
      
      
1021. Hylotelephium cauticola  ______  HK
      
      
1022. Hylotelephium pluricaule  ______  HK
      Hylotelephium pluricaule ezawae  ______  HK
      
      
1023. Hylotelephium verticillaum  ______  HK
      
      
1024. Phedimus kamtschaticus  ______  HK
      Phedimus kamtschaticus  (var. floribundus)  ______  HK
      
      
1025. Rhodiola ishidae  ______  HK
      
       
1026. Roseroot  (ph)  ______  HK  IC(*)
      Rhodiola rosea
      
      As Roseroot can not survive continuous grazing, in Iceland it is usually found in steep cliffs, gorges, or lake islands not accessible by sheep.
      The plant is very much favored by sheep (so common in Iceland), and so it is easily exterminated from pastures except on inaccessible rock ledges. 
      Where land has been protected from grazing, or has had moderate or discontinuous grazing for several decades, Roseroot may be found in fertile heathland and on slopes.    
      
      
      
      Roseroot
      (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour) 
      
      
1027. Moss Stonecrop  ______  IC  (NW:580)
      Sedum acre
      
      Other names for Sedum acre are Common Stonecrop, Biting Stonecrop, Golden-carpet, Wallpepper.  
      By whatever name, in Iceland, it is common everywhere, growing in gravelly, rocky, and sandy areas.
      
      MEDICINAL USE: the fresh plant before flowering, except the root. It has little or no effect after drying.
      
      Moss, or Common Stonecrop is considered useful to treat warts and corns, on which a poultice would be placed 3 or 4 times daily.
      The herb can also be useful for sores that are slow to heal. A weak infusion or liniment of the plant is best for sores.
      
      Stonecrop is only to be used externally. It can cause vomiting or diarrhea if taken internally. Externally, it can irritate the skin, causing a rash and blisters. 
      
      
1028. Annual Stonecrop  ______  IC
      Sedum annuum 
      
      
1029. Sedum japonicum japonicum  (var. senanense)  ______  HK
      
      
1030. Roseroot  ______  AK
      Sedum rosea
      
      Other names for Sedum rosea are Rosewort and King's Crown. 
      
      
1031. Hairy Stonecrop  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
      Sedum villosum
      
      
      
      Hairy Stonecrop
      (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
      
      
      Sundew Family, DROSERACEAE
      
      
1032. Drosera anglica  ______  HK
      
      
1033. Drosera obovata  ______  HK
      
      
1034. Round-leaved Sundew  (ph)  ______  HK  IC  (NW:215)
      Drosera rotundifolia 
      
      Drosera rotundifolia is also called Common Sundew.
      
      Drosera rotundifolia grows in marshlands and fens. In Iceland, it is very rare, found mainly in the west and north.
      
      MEDICINAL USE: the whole plant, except the root
      
      Round-leaved, or Common Sundew contains antibacterial substances that are thought to be effective against various bacteria causing colds and bronchitis.
      It can relieve convulsive coughing spells, and it has been successfully used to treat whooping cough.
      It can also be useful for asthma and dry, tickling coughs.
      
      It is recommended that the herb be used when a cold begins, especially if accompanied by a dry, irritating cough, in order to prevent subsequent bacterial infection.
      
      
      
      Round-leaved Sundew, Drosera rotundifolia
      
      
      Teasel Family, DIPSACACEAE
      
      
1035. Field Scabious  ______  IC
      Knautia arvensis
      
      In Iceland, Field Scabious is introduced in only a few places.. It is rare.
      
      
1036. Scabiosa japonica  (var. acutiloba)   ______  HK
      
      
1037. Devil's-bit Scabious  ______  IC
      Succisa pratensis
      
      
      Valerian Family, VALERIANACEAE
      
      
1038. Patrinia gibbosa  ______  HK
      
      
1039. Patrinia sibirica  ______  HK
      
      
1040. Capitate Valerian  ______  AK
      Valeriana capitata
      
      
1041. Valeriana fauriei  ______  HK
      
      
1042. Common Valerian  ______  IC
      Valeriana officinalis
      
      
1043. Hill Valerian   ______  IC
      Valeriana sambucifolia
      
      In Iceland, possibly all natural valerians are Valeriana sambucifolia, but the separation of it from Valeriana officinalis appears "rather vague".   
      
      
1044. Sitka Valerian  ______  AK  (NW:553)
      Valeriana sitchensis
      
      
      Violet Family, VIOLACEAE
      
      
1045. Western Dog Violet  ______  AK  (NW:559)
      Viola adunca
      
      
1046. Viola alliariifolia  ______  HK
      
      
1047. Viola biflora  ______  AK  HK
      
      
1048. Viola blandaeformis  ______  HK
      
      
1049. Viola brevistipulata brevistipulata  ______  HK
      Viola brevistipulata brevistipulata  (var. laciniata)  ______  HK
      Viola brevistipulata hidakana  ______  HK
      Viola brevistipulata hidakana  (var. yesoana)  ______  HK
      
      
1050. Heath Dog-violet  ______  IC
      Viola canina
      
      
1051. Viola collina  ______  HK
      
      
1052. Viola crassa borealis  ______  HK
      
      
1053. Northern Marsh Violet  ______  AK  IC
      Viola epipsila
      
      
1054. Viola epipsiloides  ______  HK
      
      
1055. Stream Violet  ______  AK  (NW:557)
      Viola glabella
      
      Another name for Viola glabella is Pioneer Violet.
      
      
1056. Viola hultenii  ______  HK
      
      
1057. Viola kamtschadalorum  ______  HK
      
      
1058. Viola kitamiana  ______  HK
      
      
1059. Alaska Violet  ______  AK
      Viola langsdorfii
      
      
1060. Alpine Marsh Violet  ______  IC
      Viola palustris
      
      
1061. Wood Violet  ______  AK
      Viola rentifolia
      
      
1062. Common Dog-violet  ______  IC(rare)
      Viola riviniana
      
      
1063. Viola sacchalinensis  ______  HK
      
      
1064. Selkirk's Violet  ______  AK  HK
      Viola selkirkii
      
      
1065. Wild Pansy  ______  IC  (NW:600)
      Viola tricolor
      
      Another name for Viola tricolor is Johnny-jump-up.
      
      
1066. Viola variegata  ______  HK
      
      
1067. Viola yubariana  ______  HK
      
      
      Water Lily Family, NYMPHAEACEAE
      
      
1068. Yellow Pond Lily  ______  AK  (NW:356)
      Nuphar polysepala
      
      Another name for Nuphar polysepala is Indian Pond Lily.
      
      
1069. Nuphar pumila  (var. pumila)  ______  HK
      Nuphar pumila  (var. ozensis)  ______  HK
      
      
1070. Nymphaea tetragona  (var. angusta)  ______  HK
      Nymphaea tetragona  (var. erythrostigmatica)  ______  HK 
      
      
      Water-milfoil Family, HALORAGACEAE
      
      
1071. Alternate Water-milfoil  ______  IC
      Myriophyllum alterniflorum
      
      
1072. Spiked Water-milfoil  ______  IC(rare)
      Myriophyllum spicatum
      
      
      Willow Family, SALICACEAE 
      
      This family includes trees: Aspens, Cottonwoods, Poplars. 
      
      
1073. Balsam Poplar  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:236)
      Populus balsamifera
      
      
1074. European Aspen  (*)  ______  IC  (ST:231)
      Populus tremula
      
      
1075. Quaking Aspen  (*)  ______  AK  (ST:230)
      Populus tremuloides
      
      
1076. Black Cottonwood  ______  AK(southeast)  (ST:237)
      Populus trichocarpa
      
      
      Willows (in the genus Salix) hybridize quite easily making identification difficult.  
      
      
1077. Alaska Willow  (or Felt Leaf Willow)  ______  AK
      Salix alaxensis
      
      
1078. Arctic Willow  ______  AK
      Salix arctica
      
      
1079. Bluish Willow  ______  IC
      Salix callicarpaea
      
      
1080. Salix fuscescens  ______  HK
      
      
1081. Dwarf Willow  (ph)  ______   IC(*)
      Salix herbeacea 
      
      
      
      Dwarf Willow
      (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
      
      
1082. Woolly Willow  (ph)  ______  IC(*)
      Salix lanata
      
      
      
      Wooly Willow
      (photo courtesy of Gerin Hood, during the FONT June 2009 Iceland tour)
      
      
1083. Salix nakamurana nakamurana  ______  HK
      
      
1084. Salix nummularia  ______  HK  
      
      
1085. Skeleton Leaf Willow  ______  AK
      Salix phlebophylla
      
      
1086. Tea-leaved Willow  ______  IC
      Salix phylicifolia
      
      
1087. Salix reinii  ______  HK
      
      
1088. Round-leaf Willow  ______  AK
      Salix rotundifolia
      
      
1089. Salix yesoalpina  ______  HK
      Salix yesoalpina  (var. neoreticulata)  ______  HK
      Salix yesoalpina kurilensis  ______  HK
      
      
      Willowherb, or Rosebay, or Evening Primrose Family, ONAGRACEAE
      
      
1090. Small Enchanter's Nightshade  ______  HK  (NW:370)
      Circaea alpina  
      
      Another name for Circea alpina is Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade.
      
      
1091. Chickweed Willow-herb  ______  IC
      Epilobium alsinifolium
      
      
1092. Epilobium amurense cephalostigma  ______  HK
      
      
1093. Alpine Willow-herb  ______  HK  IC
      Epilobium anagallidifolium
      
      
1094. Rosebay Willow-herb  (or Common Fireweed)  ______  AK  HK  IC  (NW:362)
      Epilobium (now Chamerion) angustifolium
      Chamerion angustifolium angustifolium  (subspecies in Alaska) 
      
      Other names for Chamerion angustifolium are Great Willow-herb and Narrow-leaved Fireweed.
      
      
1095. Cliff Willow-herb  ______  IC
      Epilobium collinum
      
      
1096. Epilobium fauriei  ______  HK
      
      
1097. Hornemann's Willow-herb  ______  HK  IC  
      Epilobium hornemanni
      
      
1098. White-flowered Willow-herb  ______  HK  IC  (NW:360)
      Epilobium lactiflorum
      
      Another name for Epilobium lactiflorum is Milky Willow-herb.
      
      
1099. Arctic Riverbeauty  ______  IC  (NW:362)
      Epilobium (now Chamerion) latifolium
      
      Other names for Epilobium latifolium are Broad-leaved Willow-herb, Broad-leaved Fireweed, Dwarf Fireweed, or simply River Beauty.
      
      
1100. Broad-leaved Willow-herb  ______  IC
      Epilobium montanum
      
      In Iceland, the Broad-leaved Willow-herb is a very rare alien.
      
      
1101. Marsh Willow-herb  ______  IC
      Epilobium palustre
      
      
1102. American Willow-herb  ______  IC
      Epilobium watsonii 
      
      
      Wintergreen Family, PYROLACEAE
      
      PYROLACEAE is now said to be a subfamily in the Heath Family, ERICACEAE
      
      
1103. One-flowered Wintergreen  ______  AK  HK  (NW:451)
      Moneses uniflora
      
      Other names for Moneses uniflora are Wood-nymph, Wax Flower, Single Delight, and Shy Maiden.
      
      
1104. Pyrola alpina  ______  HK
      
      
1105. Pink Pyrola  (or Wintergreen)  ______  AK  HK
      Pyrola asarifolia
      Pyrola asarifolia incarnata  ______  HK
      
      
1106. Pyrola faurieana  ______  HK
      
      
1107. Arctic Wintergreen  ______  AK  IC(*)
      Pyrola grandiflora
      
      Another name for Pyrola grandiflora is Large-flowered Wintergreen.
      
      In Iceland, Arctic Wintergreen is widespread in the north and northeast.
      
      MEDICINAL USE: the leaves
      
      Wintergreen is considered effective to relieve pain and inflammation in the digestive tract. 
      It has also been used for pain in the urinary tract, especially pain resulting from kidney stones.
      It is thought to have a strengthening effect on the womb.
      
      Wintergreen is effective on wounds, and a tea or ointment of the herb is used for many types of eczema or sores which are slow to heal.
      A weak infusion of the leaves is considered a good wash for sensitive or swollen eyes.      
      
      
1108. Lesser Wintergreen  ______  HK  IC  (NW:452)
      Pyrola minor  
      
      Another name for Pyrola minor is Lesser Wintergreen. 
      
      
1109. Pyrola renifolia  ______  HK 
      
      
1110. Serrated Wintergreen  ______  AK  HK  IC  (NW:452)
      Orthilia secunda
      
      The Serrated Wintergreen has been said to be Pyrola secunda. Other names for it are One-sided Wintergreen, One-sided Shinleaf, and Sidebells.
      
      
      Wood-sorrel Family, OXALIDACEAE
      
      
1111. Wood-sorrel  ______  HK  IC(very rare)
      Oxalis acetosella 
      
      
      
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