A List and Photo Gallery
of selected
Butterflies
in Brazil, Argentina
and Paraguay

including the area of
Iguazu Falls

and Mato Grosso in Brazil,
including the Pantanal,
and north to Alta Floresta 
and the Rio Cristalino

and Southeast Brazil

With those seen during Focus On Nature Tours
noted with an (*)


This regional list of South American butterflies compiled by Armas Hill


The area of Iguazu Falls, where the countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay meet, is one of the best places in the world to see butterflies - with a large variety, and many of them in large numbers. 
In the following list, butterflies coded "ARne" are those occurring at Iguazu Falls.

Also included in this list are butterflies in southeastern Brazil, including the state of Rio de Janeiro. Butterflies in that area include those of the Atlantic Forest, and places such as the Itatiaia & Serra dos Orgaos National Parks, the Tres Picos State Park, and the area of "Regua", the Reserva Ecologica de Guapiacu, a fine destination for butterfly & bird tours north of the city of Rio de Janeiro.
Butterflies coded in this list with "BRse" are from the 2011 listing in the article "Preliminary Analysis of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Tres Picos State Park, Rio de Janiero, Brazil", a collaboration by the following people: A. Soares, J. Bizarro, C. Bastos, N. Tangerini, N. Silva, A. da Silva, & G. Silva.
That list is one of the first extensive local Brazilian butterfly checklists, resulting from considerable work, using data sorted, screen, and stored in museum specimen labels, from the last 50 to 70 years.    

Butterflies with the code "BRmg" occur in Mato Grosso, Brazil, in either the Pantanal, Chapada dos Guimaraes, or further north at Jardim de Amazonia, "Garden of the Amazon", or Alta Floresta and by the Rio Cristalino.     
         

The two photos here (above & below) were both taken during the FONT tour at Iguazu in August 2008. 
The upper right photo is of a butterfly with English names of either the TURQUOISE EMPEROR or the SAPPHIRE. Its scientific name is: Doxocopa laurentia.
The photo below is of Iguazu Falls on the Argentine side. The moisture in the air near the falls is much to the liking of the butterflies.

Photos in this list include those of these butterflies: Polydamas Swallowtail, Androgeus Swallowtail, Southern Dogface, White-angled Sulphur, Cloudless Sulphur, Large Orange Sulphur, Two-spotted Prepona, Turquoise Emperor, Small Beauty, Orion Cecropian, Red Rim, Red Cracker, Florida Purplewing, Ruddy Daggerwing, Spotlight Catone, the Widespread "88", Malachite, Rusty-tipped Page, White Peacock, Bordered Patch, Gulf Fritillary, Fine-lined Longwing, Banded Longwing, Julia, Crimson-patched Longwing, Zebra Longwing, Variegated Fritillary, Monarch, Soldier, Tiger Mimic-Queen, Achilles Morpho, Helenor Morpho, Brazilian Owl

Among the Butterfly groupings in this list, links to:

Swallowtails:  Family PAPILIONIDAE   with the genera: Battus (Pipevine Swallowtails), Eurytides (Kite Swallowtails), Papilio (Fluted Swallowtails), Parides (Cattlehearts) 

Whites, Yellows, Sulphurs, and allies:  Family PIERIDAE  

Mimic-whites: Subfamily DISMORPHIINAE   with the genera: Dismorphia, Enantia, Pseudopieris

Subfamily PIERINAE, TrIbe ANTHOCHARIDINI   with the genus Hesperocharis

Whites and allies: Subfamily PIERINAE, Tribe PIERINI  with the genera: Archonias, Ascia, Catasticta, Daptoneura, Ganyra, Glutophrissa, Itaballia, Leptophobia, Melete, Pereute, Pieriballia

Sulphurs:  Subfamily COLIADINAE   with the genera: Anteos, Aphrissa, Colias, Eurema, Leucidia, Phoebis, Pyristia, Rhabdodryas

Hairstreaks, Blues:  Family LYCAENIDAE 

Hairstreaks:  Subfamily THECLINAE  with the genera: Allomaitia, Arawacus, Arcas, Arumecla, Atlides, Calycopis, Celmia, Contrafacia, Chlorostrymon, Cyanophrys, Electrostrymon, Erora, Evenus, Iaspis, Ignata, Lamprospilus, Laothus, Megathecla, Michaelus, Ministrymon, Ocaria, Oenomaus, Ostrinotes, Panthiades, Parrhasius, Pseudolycaena, Rekoa, Siderus, Strephonota, Strymon, Symbiopsis, Thepytus, Theritas, Thestius, Tmolus, Ziegleria

Blues:  Subfamily POLYOMMATINAE   with the genera: Elkalyce, Hemiargus, Leptotes, Zizula

Metalmarks:  Family RIODINIDAE, Subfamilies EUSELASLINAE & RIODININAE   with the genera: Adelotypa, Ancyluris, Anteros, Apodemia, Argyrogrammana, Audre, Baeotis, Calephelis, Calydna, Caria, Catocyclotis, Chalodeta, Chamaelimnas, Charis, Chorinea, Cremna, Dachetola, Detritivora, Echydna, Emesis, Eurybia, Euselasia, Isapis, Juditha, Lasaia, Lemonias, Leucochimona, Livendula, Melanis, Menander, Mesene, Mesosemia, Metacharis, Monethe, Napaea, Notheme, Nymphidium, Panara, Parcella, Periplacis, Peropthalma, Pirascca, Rhetus, Riodina, Sarota, Semomesia, Setabis, Stalachtis, Stichelia, Symmachia, Synargis, Syrmatia, Theope, Thisbe  

Brushfoots:  Family NYMPHALIDAE

Snout: Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE   with the genus: Libytheana

Preponas:  Subfamily CHARAXINAE, Tribe PREPONINI   with the genera: Agrias, Archaeoprepona, Prepona

Leaf Butterflies:  Subfamily CHARAXINAE, Tribe ANAEINI   with the genera: Consul, Hypna, Fountainea, Siderine, Zaretis

Emperors: Subfamily APATURINAE   with the genus: Doxocopa 

Beauties, Lady Butterflies, Mapwings: Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe NYMPHALINI   with the genera: Colobura, Hypanartia, Smyrna, Vanessa

Cecropians: Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe Coeini  with the genus: Historis

Red Rim:  Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe BIBLIDINI   with the genus: Biblis 

Crackers and allies:  Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe AGERONIINI   with the genera: Ectima, Hamadryas 

Purplewings and allies:  Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe EPICALLINI  with the genera: Catonephele, Cybdelis, Eunica, Myscella, Nessaea

Daggerwings:  Subfamily CYRESTINAE   with the genus: Marpesia     

Sailors:  Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe EUBAGINI   with the genus: Dynamine

Banners and allies:  Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe EPIPHILINI  with the genera: Epiphile, Nica, Pyrrhogyra, Sea, Temenis

Eighty-Eights:  Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe CALLICORINI   with the genera: Callicore, Diaethria, Haematera, Paulogramma

Sisters:  Subfamily LIMENITIDINAE, Tribe LIMENITIDINI   with the genus: Adelpha  

Malachite, Page, Peacocks:  Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe VICTORININI   with the genera: Anartia, Metamorpha, Siproeta  

Buckeye, Mimic:  Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe JUNONIINI  with the genera: Hypolimnas, Junonia

Patches, Checkerspots, Crescents:  Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe MELITAEINI  with the genera: Chlosyne, Eresia, Ortilia, Tegosa, Telenassa

Longwings:  Subfamily HELICONIINAE, Tribe HELICONIINI   with the genera: Agraulis, Dione, Dryadula, Dryas, Eueides, Heliconius, Philaethria

Fritillaries:  Subfamily HELICONIINAE, Tribe ARGYNNINI   with the genus: Euptoita

Subfamily HELICONIINAE, Tribe ACRAEINI   with the genus: Actinote

Milkweed Butterflies: Subfamily DANAINAE   with the genera: Danaus, Ituna, Lycorea    

Clearwings: Subfamily Ithomiinae   with the genera: Aeria, Callithomia, Dircenna, Episcada, Epityches, Greta, Heterosais, Hypoleria, Hypothyris, Ithomia, Mechanitis, Melinea, Methona, Napeogenes, Oleria, Placidina, Pseudoscada, Pteronymia, Scada, Thyridia, Tithorea 

Morphos:  Subfamily Morphidae  with the genera: Antirrhea, Blepelenes, Morpho   

Owls:  Subfamily Brassolidae  with the genera: Brassolis, Caligo, Catoblepia, Dasyophthalma, Dynastor, Eryphanis, Narope, Opoptera, Opsiphanes
 
Satyrs: Subfamily Satyrinae  with the genera: Amphidecta, Archeuptychia, Capronnieria, Chloreuptychia, Cissia, Eteona, Euptychia, Forsterinaria, Godartiana, Haetera, Hermeuptychia, Magneuptychia, Manataria, Moneuptychia, Pareuptychia, Paryphthimoides, Pharneupytchia, Pierella, Posttaygetis, Praepedaliodes, Splendeuptychia, Taygetis, Yphthimoides, Zischraia      

Skippers:  Family HESPERIIDAE

Open-winged Skippers:  Subfamilies EUDAMINAE & PYRGINAE  with the genera in EUDAMINAE: Aguna, Astraptes (Flashers), Autochton, Bungalotis, Chiodes, Cogia, Dyscophellus, Narcosius, Nascus, Phanus, Phocides, Polygonus, Polythrix, Proteides, Ridens, Salatis, Samientola, Spathielpia, Telemiades (Flats), Typhedanus, Urbanus (Long-tailed Skippers)
with the genera in PYRGINAE: Achlyodes, Aethilla, Anastrus, Anisochoria, Antigonus, Bolla, Carrhenes, Celaenorrhinus, Chiomara, Codatractus, Cycloglypha, Diacus, Ebrietas, Elbella, Epargyreus, Erynnis (True Duskywings), Gesta, Gorgopas, Gorgythion, Grais, Granilla, Helias, Heliopetes & Heliopyrgus (Large White Skippers), Jemadia, Milanion, Minoniades, Mylon, Myscelus, Mysoria, Nisoniades, Noctuana, Oechydrus, Ouleus, Pachyneuria, Pellicia, Pyrdalus, Pyrgus (Checkered Skippers), Pythonides, Polyctor (Tufted Skippers), Pyrrhopyge, Quadrus, Sarbia, Sostrata, Staphylus, Theagenes, Timochares, Trina, Viola, Xenophane, Zera  

Branded (or Grass) Skippers:  Subfamily HESPERIINAE  with the genera: Aides, Anthoptus, Arita, Argon, Atalaopedes, Callimormus, Calpodes, Carystoides, Carystus, Cobalopus, Cobalus, Conga, Corticea, Cymaenes, Cynea, Decinea, Enosis, Eutychide, Evansiella, Hylephila, Justinia, Lento, Lerodea, Levina, Ludens, Lycas, Lychnuchoides, Lychnuchus, Methionopsis, Miltomiges,  Mnasitheus, Moeris, Naevolus, Nicohiades, Nyctelius, Onophas, Orses, Panoquina, Papias, Paracarystus, Parphorus, Perichares, Phanes, Pheraeus, Polities, Pompeius, Propertius, Psoralis, Pyrrhopygopsis, Quasimellanus, Remella, Saliana, Saniba, Saturnus, Sodalia, Synapte, Talides, Thespieus, Thracides, Tirynthia, Tirynthoides, Tisias, Vacerra, Vehilius, Venas, Vertica, Vettius, Vinius, Virga, Wallengrenia, Xeniades, Zariaspes, Zenis

Codes relating to illustrations in various books: 

Numbers noted as (BB:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of Buenos Aires (Argentina)", by Gustavo Canals.

Numbers noted as (C:xx) refer to pages in "A World of Butterflies", with text by Brian Cassie, and photographs (superb) by Kjell Sandved.

Numbers noted as (DA:xx) refer to pages in "Butterflies of South America", by Bernard D'Abrera. 

Numbers noted as (DV1:xx) refer to plates in "The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History (Volume 1): Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae", by Philip J. DeVries.   

Numbers noted as (DV2:xx) refer to plates in "The Butterflies of Costa Rica and their Natural History (Volume 2): Riodinidae", by Philip J. DeVries.

Numbers noted as (F:xx) refer to pages in "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies", by Dr. John Feltwell.  

Numbers noted as (K:xx) refer to pages in the "Kaufman Focus Guide to Butterflies of North America", by Jim Brock & Kenn Kaufman.

Numbers noted as (MB:xx) refer to pages in "Mariposas Bonaerenses" ("Butterflies of Buenos Aires"), in Argentina, by Gustavo Canals. 

Numbers noted as (MM:xx) refer to pages in "Mariposas de Misiones" ("Butterflies of Misiones"), in Argentina, by Gustavo Canals. (This book includes butterflies at Iguazu Falls in Argentina & Brazil, one of the prime locations for observing them in South America.)    

Numbers noted as (PE:xx) refer to plates in "Eastern Butterflies, the Peterson Field Guides", the 1998 edition, by Paul Opler & Vichai Malikul. 

Numbers noted as (S:xx) refer to pages in the "Smithsonian Handbook, Butterflies & Moths", by David Carter.

Additional Codes:

AR:  in Argentina
ba:  in the province of Buenos Aires 
ne:  in the northeast, particularly in the province of Misiones, including IGUAZU FALLS   

BR:  in Brazil
am: in the Amazon basin 
se:   in the southeast, including the Atlantic Forest and sometimes including IGUAZU FALLS

Argentine (AR) & some Brazilian (BR) common names are in the list beneath the scientific names & those names that exist in English. English translations of the Spanish & Portuguese names are also given (or will be here later).

(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT website  
  
 
Links:

Information about upcoming FONT tours in:  Brazil    Argentina & Chile
Or by month in:  2015    2016   or:  by geographic locations worldwide

A List and Photo Gallery of Brazil Birds, in 4 parts: 
Part #1: Tinamous to Doves    Part #2: Macaws to Flycatchers    
Part #3: Antshrikes to Woodcreepers    Part #4: Vireos to Grosbeaks
  
A List and Photo Gallery of Argentina Birds, in 2 parts: 
Part #1: Tinamous to Flycatchers    Part #2: Antshrikes to Grosbeaks  

Mammals & Other Wildlife in South America  (with some photos)  

Lists and Photo Galleries of South America Butterflies and Moths, in 7 parts:
1: Swallowtails     2: Whites, Sulphurs, allies    3: Hairsteaks, Blues, Metalmarks  
4: Brushfoots    5: Clearwings and Satyrs    6: Skippers    7: Moths  

Other Lists & Photo Galleries of Butterflies & Moths 

Alphabetical Directory of Butterflies by Genus with Photos in the FONT Website 

List of selected Butterflies:

          Family PAPILIONIDAE: SWALLOWTAILS (and allies): 
          
          Worldwide, there are totally about 700 known species of Swallowtails.


          Genus BATTUS: the PIPE-VINE SWALLOWTAILS  

1. Battus polydamas polydamas  (ph)  ______ ARne  BRse  (DA:19) (DV1:1) (F:38) (K:37) (MM:140) (PE:5) (S:55)  subspecies in the mainland Americas  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
   POLYDAMAS SWALLOWTAIL (also called The Gold Rim, or or Black Page) (Note Polydamas was a Trojan prince.)
   AR common name: Polydamas
   (Range: throughout the Americas & the Antilles) 
   
   In the tropics, Battus polydamas is continuously brooded. Butterflies live about a week.
   
   
   
   Battus polydamas, or the Polydamas Swallowtail
   
   
2. Battus polystictus galenus  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
   Battus polystictus polystictus ______ ARne  (MM:141)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
   AR common name: Polysticto
   
   
3. Battus crassus  ______  BRmg
   Battus crassus crassus  ______  BRse
   WHITE-RAYED SWALLOWTAIL
   
   
4. Battus belus  ______  BRmg
   BATTUS SWALLOWTAIL
   
   
5. Battus madyes ______ (DA:19)
   (Range: Ecuador to Bolivia and northern Argentina)
   
   
   Genus PARIDES: CATTLEHEARTS
   
   
6. Parides sesostris sesostris  ______  BRam  (DA:27) (DV1:2) (F:70)  subspecies in Amazonas
   EMERALD-PATCHED CATTLEHEART
   (Range: Mexico to Bolivia, possibly north-central Argentina, in Misiones)  
   
   
7. Parides agavus  ______ ARne  BRse  (DA:23) (MM:142)
   AGAVUS CATTLEHEART
   AR common name: Agavo
   (Range: central Brazil to northeast Argentina & Paraguay)
   
   
8. Parides bunichus  (ph)  ______
   Parides bunichus bunichus  ______  BRse
   Parides bunichus diodorus  ______  BR
   Parides bunichus perrhebus  ______  ARne  (MM:143)
   AR common name at Iguazu: Viudita del Norte (translates to "Northern Widow")
   
   
   
   Parides bunichus diodorus photographed during a FONT tour
   in Minas Gerais, Brazil 
   (identification due to Fernando Penco)
   
   
9. Parides anchises nephalion ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:144)
   AR common name: Prudente (translates to "Prudent") (name relates to nephalios, Greek for prudent) 
   
   
10. Parides ascanius  ______  BRse
    
    
11. Parides proneus  ______  BRse
    
    
12. Parides tros tros  ______  BRse
    
    
13. Parides zacynthus zacynthus  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
    
    
14. Parides neophilus eurybates ______ ARne  (MM:145)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
    AR common name: Escama Roja  ("Red Scale")
    
    
15. Parides aeneas  ______  BRmg
    AENEAS CATTLEHEART
    
    
16. Parides erlaces  ______ (DA:29)  
    (Range: Ecuador & Peru to northern Argentina)
    
    
    Genus EURYADES:  species confined to middle latitudes of South America. Apparently "primitive" butterflies, closely related to the Australian CRESSIDA.
    
    
17. Euryades duponcheli ______ (DA:32) 
    (Range: southern Brazil to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
    
    
    Genera EURYTIDES, PROTESILAUS, NEOGRAPHIUM, MIMOIDES:  the KITE SWALLOWTAILS:  
    About 50 species confined to the New World. 
    Some mimic PARIDES and HELICONIUS butterflies. 
    Others have long tails, hence the name "Kite Swallowtails". 
    They are fast-fliers, and engage in mud-puddling. 
    
    
18. Eurytides bellerophon  ______  BRse
    
    
19. Eurytides dolicaon deicoon  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
    
    
20. Eurytides iphitas  ______  BRse
    
    
21. Protesilaus (was Eurytides) stenodesmus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:148)
    AR common name: Espadachin Comun  ("Common Swordsman")
    BR common names: Veleiro, Argonauta, Pandorga
    
    
22. Protesilaus (was Eurytides) protesilaus  ______  (DV1:3) 
    Protesilaus protesilaus protesilaus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
    Protesilaus protesilaus nigricornis  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:149)  subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina 
    GREAT KITE SWALLOWTAIL
    AR common name: Espadachin  ("Swordsman")
    BR common names: Veleiro, Argonauta, Pandorga
    (Range: Mexico to Paraguay & northern Argentina)   
    
    
23. Protesilaus (was Eurytides) helios ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:150)
    AR common name: Helios  (Helios, in Greek mythology, was the god of the sun.)
    
    
24. Protesilaus (was Eurytides) telesilaus telesilaus  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
    
    
25. Protesilaus (was Eurytides) glaucolaus  ______  BRmg
    GLAUCOLAUS KITE SWALLOWTAIL
    
    
26. Neographium (was Eurytides) asius  ______  BRse
    
    The genus for this and the following species has also been said to Protographium.
    
    
27. Neographium (was Eurytides) thyastes thyastes  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
    
    
28. Mimoides lysithous lysithous  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil  
    Mimoides lysithous rurik  ______ ARne  (MM:146)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
    AR common name: Rurik  (Rurik was the Scandinavian founder of the Russian Empire, who became the Prince of Novgorod in 862.)    
    
    
29. Mimoides protodamas ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:147)
    AR common name: Falso Polysticto  ("False Polysticto", referring to this butterfly's similarity with Battus polystictus, commonly called Polysticto)
    
    
30. Mimoides ariarathes  ______
    Mimoides ariarathes gayi  ______  BRmg  subspecies in Mato Grosso, Brazil  
    
    
    Genus: PAPILIO: the FLUTED SWALLOWTAILS: one of the most widespread of genera, with over 200 species. Most are tropical. Most have tails. Many are migratory. 
    
    "Papilio" is the Latin word for "butterfly".
    
    Subgenus HERACLIDES: the GIANT SWALLOWTAILS
    Subgenus PTEROURUS: the TIGER SWALLOWTAILS
    
    
31. Papilio thoas nealces  (ph)  ______  (C:295) (DV1:4) (K:38 text) (PE:6)  (subspecies from Nicaragua to Brazil)
    Papilio thoas brasiliensis  ______  ARne  BRse  (DA:34) (MM:151)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)  
    THOAS SWALLOWTAIL 
    AR common name: Toas Grande  (Toas in mythology was a Trojan hero.)
    (Range: southern US thru Central & South America, also: Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad) 
    
    Papilio thoas is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group. 
    
    
    
    A Thoas Swallowtail photographed during a FONT tour in Brazil
    
    
32. Papilio astyalus  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (C:299) (DV1:4) (F:54) (K:43) (PE:6)
    Papilio astyalus astyalus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:152)  subspecies in northeast Argentina and southeast Brazil
    BROAD-BANDED SWALLOWTAIL  (also called Astyalus, or Lycophron Swallowtail)
    AR common name: Astyalos  (Astyalos in mythology was the name of a Trojan.)
    BR common names: Male: Pequeno Caixao de Deunto  Female: Viuva
    (Range: southern US to Argentina)  
    
    Papilio astyalus is found in areas forested with tropical hardwoods. Like many Papilio, the caterpillars breed on citrus.
    
    Papilio astyalus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group.  
    
    
33. Papilio androgeus  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (DA:33) (DV1:4) (F:52) (K:41) (PE:6)
    Papilio androgeus laodocus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:153)  subspecies in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina 
    ANDROGEUS SWALLOWTAIL  (or Queen Page)
    AR common name: Androgeo 
    (Range: Mexico to Argentina, also in the West Indies) 
    
    The female of Papilio androgeus tends to be reclusive, not often seen. The male is much of the time in the forest canopy, occasionally coming down to mud-puddle.
    
    Papilio androgeus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the thoas species-group.
    
    
    
    Above: the male Androgeus Swallowtail
    Below: the female Androgeus Swallowtail
    (lower photo by Jorge Bizarro)
    
    
    
    
    
34. Papilo hectorides ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:154)
    AR common name: Hector  (Hector, in mythology, was a Trojan hero.)
    BR common name of the dark female: Viuvinha
    
    Papilio hectorides is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group. 
    
    
35. Papilio himerus himerus  ______  BRse
    
    Papilio himerus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group.
    
    
36. Papilio torquatus  ______  BRmg  (DA:35) (DV1:4) 
    Papilio torquatus polybius  ______  ARne  BRse  (DA:35) (MM:155)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
    BAND-GAPPED SWALLOWTAIL  (or TORQUATUS SWALLOWTAIL)
    AR common name: Polibio  (Polibio, who lived from 206-122 B.C., was a Greek historian and politician.) 
    (Range: Mexico to Bolivia, Paraguay, and northeast Argentina)  
    
    The female of Papilio torquatus is polymorphic, with the white spot on the forewing & the shape and color of the pink patch on the hindwing variable.
    
    Papilio torquatus is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the torquatus species-group.
    
    
37. Papilio scamander grayi  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
    Papilio scamander scamander  ______  ARne  (MM:157)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
    AR common name: Escamandro  (referring to its scientific name, Escamandro is a river in Asia Minor, and the name of a Greek god) 
    
    Papilio scamander is in the Pteroourus subgenus, in the scamander species-group.
    
    
38. Papilio menatius cleotas ______  ARne  BRse  (DA:37) (DV1:5) (MM:158)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
    AR common name: Lunares Rojos  (translates to "Red Beauty Spots")
    (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil, Paraguay, and northeast Argentina) 
    
    Papilio menatius is in the Pterourus subgenus, in the homerus species-group. 
    
    
39. Papilio anchisiades  (ph)  ______  (DV1:6) (F:52) (K:43) (MM:156) (PE:5) (S:48)
    Papilio anchisiades capys  ______  ARne  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
    RUBY-SPOTTED (or RED-SPOTTED) SWALLOWTAIL) (other names are Anchisiades Swallowtail and "Mourning Rose")
    AR common name: Mancha Rubi  (translates to "Ruby-spotted")translates to "Ruby-spotted")
    (Range: Texas to Argentina)  
    
    The Ruby-spotted Swallowtail is often found at citrus trees. 
    
    Papilio anchisiades is in the Heraclides subgenus, in the anchisiades species-group.
    
    
    
    Ruby-spotted Swallowtail
    (photo by Sherry Nelson)
    
    
    
    Family PIERIDAE 
    most are predominantly white, yellow, or orange in color, and are often referred to as WHITES, YELLOWS, or SULPHURS
    Worldwide, approximately 1,000 species of WHITES & SULPHURS have been described.
    
    
    
    Group of Pieridae during a FONT Brazil Tour
    in Mato Grosso do Sul
    (photo by Marie Gardner)
    
    
    Subfamily DISMORPHIINAE: MIMIC WHITES
    
    A long-winged, tropical group.
    
    
    Genus PSEUDOPIERIS:  2 species which can favor mountainous habitats, especially in Peru and Ecuador on the western slopes of the Andes.   
    
    
40. Pseudopieris nehemia  ______  BRmg  (DV1:6)
    Pseudopieris nehemia nehemia  ______  ARne  BRse  (DA:53) (MM:163)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
    CLEAN MINIC-WHITE
    AR common name: Nehemias  (Nehemias was a Jewish leader who lived in the 5th Century B.C. He had an honorary position in the Persian king's court Artajerjes. In 444 B.C,, he was designated Judah's governor and was authorized to reconstruct Jerusalem.)
    BR common name: Floco de Neve ("Snowflake")
    (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil) 
    
    
    Genus DISMORPHIA:  With about 40 species that are remarkable mimics of various distasteful butterflies. The patterning is variable. Sexual dimorphism is marked in the species in this genus. 
    
    
41. Dismorphia crisia crisia   ______  BRse  (DV1:6)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
    CLOUD-FOREST MIMIC-WHITE
    (Range: southern Mexico to Brazil) 
    
    
42. Dismorphia amphione astynome  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
    
    
43. Dismorphia theucharila ______ (C:363) (DV1:7)
    PIERID MIMIC  (this species looks like an ithomiine clearwing - D1:35)
    (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
    
    
44. Dismorphia thermesia thermesia ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:161)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina) 
    AR common name: Bonita Perlada  (translates to "Pearled Pretty")
    
    The coloring on the ventral surface and the stylized outline of Dismorphia thermesia are unusual in this family. 
    
    
45. Dismorphia astyocha ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:162)
    AR common name: Bonita  (translates to "Pretty")
    
    The bright coloring and the stylized outline of Dismorphia astyocha are uncommon in its family.
    
    
46. Dismorphia melia ______  (DA:52)
    (Range: southern Brazil)
    
    Dismorphia melia is a mimic of the two ACRAEID species Actinote thalia & Actinote parapheles, to which it bears a very strong resemblance.   
    
    
    Genus ENANTIA: closely related to DISMORPHIA, but not as strongly sexually dimorphic. Sun-and-flower loving species, often encountered in numbers on flowers, usually at the end of the rainy season.       
    
    
47. Enantia licinia ______ (DV1:7)
    (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
    
    
48. Enantia melite  ______  (DA:53) (DV1:7)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1763)
    Enantia melite melite  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
    (Range: Mexico to Uruguay) 
    
    Enantia melite is a most variable butterfly.
    
    
49. Enantia lina  ______  BRmg
    Enantia lina psamathe ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:159)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
    WHITE MIMIC-WHITE  
    AR common name: Bonita Blanca (translates to "White Pretty") 
    translates to "White Pretty") 
    
    
50. Enantia clarissa ______ ARne  (MM:160)
    AR common name: Clarisa
    
    
51. Enantia limnorina  ______  BRse  (DA:52)
    (Range: southern Brazil)
    
    
    Subfamily PIERINAE, Tribe ANTHOCHARIDINI
    
    
    Genus HESPEROCHARIS
    
    
52. Hesperocharis anguitia anguitia  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
    
    
53. Hesperocharis emeris  ______  BRse
    
    
54. Hesperocharis erota  ______  BRse 
    
    
55. Hesperocharis hirlanda fulvinota  ______  (DA:55)  (subspecies in southern Brazil)
    (Range: Colombia to the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil) 
    
    
    Subfamily PIERINAE, Tribe PIERINI: Whites and allies
    
    
    Genus ARCHONIAS:  3 species. A most interesting genus of PIERIDS. Considered to be involved in mimetic associations with PAPILIONID and HELICONID butterflies and with a species of ARCTIID day-flying moth.
    
    Comparatively slow-flying, with a fondness for settling on leaves in the sunshine or visiting flowering shrubs, where they spend substantial time & effort on one or two blooms.
    
    
56. Archonias brassolis  ______
    Archonias brassolis negrina (formerly A. bellona)  ______ (DA:63) (DV1:7) (F:82)  (subspecies in Ecuador - this race said to resemble a day-flying ARCTIID moth) 
    Archonias brassolis tereas  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southern Brazil)
    CRIMSON-PATCHED CATTLEHEART-MIMIC
    (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil, in Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul) 
    
    Archonias brassolis looks like a mimic of a female Parides swallowtail. It lives in open parts of rainforests. 
    
    
57. Archonias monuste orseis  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
    
    
    Genus CATASTICTA
    
    
58. Catasticta bithys  ______  BRse
    
    
59. Catasticta huebneri  ______  BRse
    
    
    Genus PEREUTE:  About 8 species of the most subtly beautiful PIERIDS from any region of the world, with the outstanding colors being the soft rose-pinks, blue-grays, and cadmium yellow streaks and patches. 
    They can be remindful of the Indo-Australian DELIAS group (the JEZEBELS) in their appearance and behavior.  
    
    
60. Pereute antodyca  ______  BRse
    
    
61. Pereute swainsoni  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:164)
    AR common name: Embustera  (translates to "Lying")  (so-called because its dark coloration is uncommon in the PIERIDAE family; this butterfly is more like a NYMPHALIDAE)
    
    
    Genus GLUTOPHRISSA:  2 species said now, for structural reasons, to be distinct from the Oriental APPIAS (the GULLS). 
    
    
62. Glutophrissa drusilla  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (DV1:12) (K:53) (PE:7)
    Glutophrissa drusilla drusilla ______  ARne  BRne  (DA:67) (MM:167) subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
    TROPICAL WHITE  (another names is FLORIDA WHITE)
    AR common name: Lechera Grande  (translates to "Big Milky") 
    translates to "Big Milky") 
    (Range: southern US, Central & South America, also West Indies) 
    
    
    Genus LEPTOPHOBIA:  15-16 species whose general characteristic is the silvery-white color of the hindwing underside. Found from moderate to high elevations (to 9,000 ft. or 3,000 meters).
    
    
63. Leptophobia aripa balidia  ______  ARne  BRse  (DV1:12) (MM:165)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
    COMMON GREEN-EYED WHITE 
    AR common name: Blanquita  (translates to "Little White")
    (Range: Mexico to Brazil and northern Argentina) 
    
    
64. Leptophobia eleusis eleusis  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil  
    
    
    Genus MELETE
    
    
65. Melete lycimnia (ph)  ______  BRmg
    Melete lycimnia paulista ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:166)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
    Melete lycimnia flippantha  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
    COMMON MELWHITE  (or Lycimnia White, or "Creamy White")
    AR common name: Manteca  (translates to "Butter", referring to the coloring on the ventral hindwing)  
    
    
    
    Melete lycimnia, or the Common Melwhite
    (photo by Sherry Nelson)
    
    
    Genus PIERIBALLIA
    
    
66. Pieriballia viardi molione ______  ARne  (MM:169)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
    PAINTED WHITE
    AR common name: Sayju Manchada  ("Spotted Sayju")  (Sayju is a Guarani word meaning "pale, yellowish".)
     
    
    Genus ITABALLIA
    
    
67. Itaballia demophile  ______ (DV1:12)
    CROSS-BARRED WHITE
    (Range: Mexico to Paraguay) 
    
    
    Genus DAPTONEURA:  about 10 species of brightly-colored and strong-flying PIERIDS, given to extraordinary seasonal and local variation, thus making it difficult to determine precisely what are good species or races or even aberrations.
    
    
68. Daptoneura lycimnia pantoporia  ______  (DA:75)  subspecies in southern Brazil and Paraguay
    (Range: Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas to Paraguay; also Trinidad) 
     
    
    Genera ASCIA and GANYRA:  Large plain white butterflies with some brown or gray markings especially in the females.
    
    
69. Ganyra (was Ascia) josephina josephina  (ph)  ______  (DV1:12) (PE:8)
    GIANT WHITE
    (Range: Central and South America, also the West Indies) 
    
    
    
    the Giant White
    (copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson) 
    
    
70. Ascia monuste orseis  ______  ARne  (DV1:12) (K:53) (MM:168) (PE:8)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
    GREAT SOUTHERN WHITE
    AR common name: Sayju  (Sayju is a Guarani word meaning "pale, yellowish".)
    BR common name: Borboleta da Couvre 
    (Range: southern US, Central and South America, also the Antilles) 
    
    The migrating females of Ascia monuste are almost totally gray in color, while non-migratory females are largely yellowish-white with dark brown margins.
    
    
71. Ganyra phaloe endeis   ______  BRse  (DA:68)  subspecies in southeast Brazil
    (Range: Brazil to the Guianas, also to Peru and Paraguay)   
    
    The former Ascia buniae has been merged into Ganyra phaloe. It occurs in northeast Brazil & northeast Argentina.
    Southern Brazilian forms of Ganyra phaloe have strong markings.    
     
    
    Subfamily COLIADINAE: SULPHURS
    300 species worldwide
    
    
    Genus LEUCIDIA
    
    
72. Leucidia elvina  ______  BRse
    
    
    Genus COLIAS: SULPHURS  
    
    This genus in South America tends to occupy temperate and/or high altitude habitats. Essentially, this genus, of 10 species, is Holarctic (North American/Eurasian).  
    
    
73. Colias lesbia lesbia ______ ARne  BRse  (DA:56) (MM:170)
    LUCEN'S BUTTERFLY
    AR common name: Isoca de la Alfalfa
    BR common names: Borboletinha de Alfafa and Borboletinha Alaranjada 
    (Range: Bolivia to Tierra del Fuego)
    
    
    Genus ANTEOS: ANGLED SULPHURS
    often found flying high over the canopy or along rivers 
    
    
74. Anteos clorinde  (ph)  ______ ARne  BRse  (DV1:8) (F:78) (K:77) (MM:171) (PE:10) (S:71)
    WHITE-ANGLED SULPHUR  (other names are Clorinde or the Ghost Brimstone) 
    AR common name: Anteo  (Anteo, in Greek mythology, was a giant.) 
    (Range: Mexico to Paraguay and northeast Argentina and southern Brazil)
    
    
    
    White-angled Sulphur
    (photo by Doug Johnson)
    
    
75. Anteos menippe  ______  BRse  BRmg
    ORANGE-TIPPED ANGLED SULPHUR
    
    
    Genus PHOEBIS: GIANT SULPHURS:   
    the most conspicuous tropical sulphurs,  common, and found in open areas & forest edges, adult males cluster on moist sand along rivers & streams 
    
    
76. Phoebis philea philea ______ ARne  BRse  BRmg  (DA:58) (DV1:8) (F:105) (K:75) (MM:173) (PE:10) (S:70)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1763)
    ORANGE-BARRED SULPHUR  (other names are: Yellow Apricot and Morning)
    AR common name: Mananita  (referring to the color of the wings, the same as that of a clear sky at daybreak)
    (Range: southern United States to southern Brazil & ne Argentina) 
    
    In addition to visiting flowers, males of Phoebis philea visit wet sand and mud, probably to obtain sodium. This general habit of many PIERIDS has been known since Henry Walter Bates was on the Amazon. 
    
    
77. Phoebis sennae  (ph)  ______  (C:247) (DA:57) (DV1:9) (F:105) (K:75) (PE:10)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
    Phoebis sennae sennae  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
    Phoebis sennae marcellina  ______ ARne  (MM:172) (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
    CLOUDLESS SULPHUR
    AR common name: Febo
    BR common name: Casca da Limao
    (Range: southern US to Argentina, also in Antilles) 
    
    Phoebis sennae can be abundant in both lowlands & highlands. It prospers in open land.
    
    
    
    Phoebis sennae, the Cloudless Sulphur
    
    
78. Phoebis neocypris neocypris ______ ARne  (MM:175)
    TAILED SULPHUR
    AR common name: Ciprina (one of the names of the goddess Venus)  
    
    
79. Phoebis argante argante ______ ARne  BRse  BRmg  (DV1:9) (F:104) (MM:174)
    APRICOT SULPHUR  (has been called the Argante Giant Sulphur or Argante)
    AR common name: Yema  (meaning the yolk of an egg)
    BR common name: Gema de Ovo  (also meaning yolk of an egg)
    (Range: Mexico to Argentina) (there is another subspecies in the West Indies)
    
    
80. Phoebis agarithe  (ph)  ______  (DV1:9) (F:104) (K:75) (PE:10)
    LARGE ORANGE SULPHUR
    (Range: southern US to Brazil)
    
    
    
    A female Large Orange Sulphur
    
    
    Genus APHRISSA 
    
    
81. Aphrissa (was Phoebis) statira  ______  BRmg  (DV1:9) (F:80) (PE:10)
    Aphrissa statira statira ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:177)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
    STATIRA SULPHUR  (other names are Yellow Migrant and Migrant Sulphur)
    AR name: Manifestante  (referring to their habit of meeting in assemblies, as do demonstrators)
    (Range: Mexico to Brazil; there are several other subspecies in the West Indies)
    
    
    Genus RHABDODRYAS 
    
    
82. Rhabdodryas (was Phoebis) trite banksi ______  ARne  BRse  BRmg  (DV1:8) (MM:176)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
    STRAIGHT-LINED SULPHUR
    AR common name: Hoja Amarilla  (translates to "Yellow Leaf", referring to the coloration & pattern on the ventral side, similar to a leaf)
    (Range: Mexico to Argentina; also in the West Indies)  
    
    When Rhabdodryas trite rests with its wings folded, it blends into the vegetation background and becomes invisible to predators.    
    
    
    Genera EUREMA and PYRISITIA: SMALL YELLOWS 
    
    
83. Eurema proterpia  (ph)  ______  (DA:61) (DV1:10) (F:97) (K:69) (PE:11)
    TAILED ORANGE (or Little Jaune)
    (Range: southern US, thru Central and South America, also the Antilles) 
    
    There are seasonally different forms of Eurema proterpia of both sexes: wet season & dry season forms.
    
     
    
    Tailed Orange   
    (copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson)
    
    
84. Eurema mexicana ______ (DV1:10) (F:97) (K:73) (PE:11)
    MEXICAN YELLOW
    (Range: southern US, thru Central & South America) 
    
    
85. Eurema albula albula  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
    Eurema albula sinoe  ______ ARne  (DV1:10) (MM:179)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina) 
    WHITE YELLOW  (has been called GHOST YELLOW)
    AR common name: Alba (translates to "White")
    (Range: Mexico to Brazil & ne Argentina, also West Indies)  
    
    
86. Eurema arbela arbela  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
    DISJUNCT YELLOW
    
    
87. Eurema deva deva  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:180)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)
    AR common name: Limoncito  (translates to "Small Lemon")
    BR common name: Canarinho  (translates to "Small Canary") 
    
    
88. Eurema nise tenella  ______  ARne  BR:se  (DV1:10) (K:71) (MM:182) (PE:11)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina) 
    MIMOSA YELLOW  (also called Jamaican Sulphur)
    AR common name at Iguazu: Limoncito del Nordeste  (translates to "Northeastern Small Lemon")  translates to "Northeastern Small Lemon") 
    (Range: southern US to Argentina, also West Indies) 
    
    
89. Eurema daira daira  ______  (DA:60) (DV1:10) (F:96) (K:71) (PE:11)  (subspecies in the mainland of the Americas) 
    BARRED YELLOW (also called Barred Sulphur)
    (Range; southern US to Uruguay, also West Indies)  
    
    Eurema daira is subject to seasonal dimorphism in both sexes.
    
    
90. Eurema elathea flavescens ______ ARne  BRse  (DV1:10) (MM:178)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)
    BANDED YELLOW
    AR common name: Limoncito Adornado  (translates to "Small Decorated Lemon")
    translates to "Small Decorated Lemon")
    (Range: Nicaragua to Brazil & northeast Argentina, also West Indies) 
    
    
91. Pyrisitia (was Eurema) leuce  (ph)  ______  BRmg
    Pyrisitia leuce leuce ______  ARne  BRse  (DA:59) (MM:181)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
    LEUCE YELLOW 
    AR common names: Limoncito Manchado (translates to "Spotted Small Lemon") and Limoncito Dos Puntos (translates to "Two-spotted Small Lemon")
    (Range: Panama to Argentina; also the West Indies)
    
    
    
    Leuce Yellow
    
    
92. Eurema phiale paula  ______  BRse  (DA:60)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)   
    (Range: in Colombia & Bolivia and east to southeast Brazil)
    
    Eurema phiale is subject to seasonal dimorphism.
    
    
    
    Family LYCAENIDAE (GOSSAMER WINGS) including: HAIRSTREAKS, BLUES
     
    Throughout the world but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The sexes often differ in coloration, and the undersides usually differ from the upper surfaces.
    Among several distinct groups are the HAIRSTREAKS, with tails and bright eyespot markings on the hindwings, creating a "false head" at the rear, to divert attackers. 
    Thus far, worldwide, about 5,000 species in this family have been discovered and named. Caterpillars of many of these species are closely associated with ants.
    
    
    Subfamily THECLINAE: HAIRSTREAKS
    
    
    Genus ALLOMAITIA  (genus created in 1964) 
    
    
93. Allomaitia strophius (formerly A. pion)  ______  BRse  (PE:text)
    STROPHIUS HAIRSTREAK
    (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
    
    
    Genus ARAWACUS
    
    
94. Arawacus ellida  ______  BRse
    
    
95. Arawacus meliboeus  (ph)  ______  BRse
    MELIBOEUS STRIPESTREAK
    
    
    
    the Meliboeus Stripestreak, Arawacus meliboeus
    (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
    
    
    Genus ARCAS
    
    
96. Arcas ducalis  ______  BRse
    
    
97. Arcas imperialis  ______  BRse
    
    
    Genus ARUMECLA   genus created in 2004 
    
    
98. Arumecla aruma  ______  BRse
    
    
    Genus ATLIDES
    
    
99. Atlides cosa  ______  BRse
    
    
100. Atlides polybe  ______  BRse  (species described by Linnaeus in 1763)
     
     
101. Atlides zava  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CALYCOPIS
     
     
102. Calycopis caulonia  ______  BRse
     
     
103. Calycopis gentilla  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CELMIA   genus created in 1991
     
     
104. Celmia celmus  ______  BRse  BRmg
     CELMUS HAIRSTREAK
     
     
     Genus CONTRAFACIA   genus created in 1989
     
     
105. Contrafacia imma  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus REKOA:  A small genus of blue-colored hairstreak butterflies in Central & South America. 
     
     
106. Rekoa marius  ______  BRse  (PE:text)
     MARIUS HAIRSTREAK 
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
107. Rekoa palegon ______ ARne  BRse   (MM:191) (PE:text)
     GOLD-BORDERED HAIRSTREAK  (other names have been:  Palegon Hairstreak or Curved Band Blue)
     AR common name: Azul Banda Curva  (translates to "Curve-banded Blue")
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
108. Rekoa malina ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:192)
     AR common name: Azul Banda Recta  (translates to "Straight-banded Blue")
     
     
109. Rekoa stagira ______ ARne  (MM:193)
     SMUDGED HAIRSTREAK 
     AR common name: Aristolteles  ("Aristotle") (re the scientific name: Stagira is the city where Aristotle was born.)
     
     
110. Rekoa meton  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CHLOROSTRYMON
     
     
111. Chlorostrymon telea  (ph)  ______ (PE:text)
     TELEA HAIRSTREAK 
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
     
     Telea Hairstreak
     (photo courtesy of Michiel Koomen)
     
     
112. Chlorostrymon simaethis  (ph)  ______  (K:117) (PE:13)
     Chlorostrymon simaethis sarita  ______  ARne  (MM:202)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     SILVER-BANDED HAIRSTREAK  (or Simaethis Hairstreak)
     AR common name: Banda de Plata  (referring to the silver band on the ventral surface)
     (Range: southern US to Argentina, also in the West Indies) 
     
     
     
     Silver-banded Hairstreak
     (photo courtesy of Michiel Koomen)
     
     
     Genus OCARIA
     
     
113. Ocaria ocrisia  (ph)  ______   ARne  BRse  (MM:199)  (PE:text)
     BLACK HAIRSTREAK  (or HEWITSON'S BLACKSTREAK)   
     AR common name: Ocrisia from the scientific name. name. Ocrisia was a noble Roman, Servio Tulio's mother, the 6th Roman emperor. 
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
     
     the Black Hairstreak (or Hewitson's Blackstreak)
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
114. Ocaria thales  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CYANOPHRYS: TROPICAL GREEN HAIRSTREAKS   genus created in 1961
     
     
115. Cyanophrys acaste ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:194)
     AR common name: Acasto  (In Greek mythology, Acasto was the son of Pelias.)
     
     
116. Cyanophrys herodotus ______ ARne  BRse  (K:117) (MM:195) (PE:13)
     TROPICAL GREENSTREAK  (or Tropical Green Hairstreak) 
     AR common name: Herodoto  (referring to Herodoto, a Greek historian in the 5th Century BC)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil  & northeast Argentina)
     
     
117. Cyanophrys remus ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:196)
     DOUBLE-LINED EMERALD
     AR common name: Remo 
     
     
118. Cyanophrys amyntor  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus ERORA
     
     
119. Erora campa  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus EVENUS
     
     
120. Evenus batesii  ______  BRse
     
     
121. Evenus regalis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus IASPIS
     
     
122. Iaspis talayra  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus IGNATA
     
     
123. Ignata brasiliensis  ______  BRmg
     BRAZILIAN HAIRSTREAK
     
     
     Genus LAMPROSPILUS
     
     
124. Lamprospilus badaca  ______  BRse
     
     
125. Lamprospilus nubilum  ______  BRse
     
     
126. Lamprospilus arza  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus LAOTHUS  genus created in 1997
     
     
127. Laothus phydela  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus MEGATHECLA  genus created in 2002
     
     
128. Megathecla cupentus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus MICHAELUS  genus created in 1979
     
     
129. Michaelus jebus  ______  BRse
     
     
130. Michaelus thordesa  ______  BRmg
     
     
     Genus PANTHIADES
     
     
131. Panthiades bitias  ______  BRmg
     
     
132. Panthiades hebracus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PARRHASIUS
     
     
133. Parrhasius orgia orgia  ______ ARne  (MM:197)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     VARIABLE HAIRSTREAK 
     AR common name: Orgia
     
     
134. Parrhasius polibetes  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PSEUDOLYCAENA
     
     
135. Pseudolycaena marsyas  ______  BRse  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758) 
     
     
     Genus OENOMAUS: Hairstreaks of North and South America, relatively large and with iridescent colors. Live in lightly wooded areas.
     
      
136. Oenomaus ortygnus ______ (PE:text)
     AQUAMARINE HAIRSTREAK 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
137. Oenomaus rustan ______ (F:260)
     (Range: Honduras to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus TMOLUS: Dimorphic tailed hairstreaks with dark uppers and light undersides. 
     
     
138. Tmolus echion ______ ARne  BRse  (F:278) (K: 119) (MM:206) (PE:13)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1767)
     RED-SPOTTED HAIRSTREAK  (other names: Echion Hairstreak, Four-spotted Hairstreak) 
     AR common name: Tmolos  (Larger Lantana Butterfly) (In mythology, Tmolos was the father of Tantalo.)
     (Mexico to Brazil and northeast Argentina) 
     
     
139. Tmolus cydrara  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus MINISTRYMON:  Hairstreaks of North and South America that have adaptations for living in deserts. Breed on mesquites, spiny trees, and shrubs of the Proposis genus, which grow in deserts, especially by watercourses. The colors of the butterflies are blue, gray, and black.  
     
     
140. Ministrymon azia ______  (K:119) (PE:13)
     GRAY MINISTREAK  (or Azia Hairstreak)
     (Range: south Texas to southern Brazil, also West Indies)
     
     
141. Ministrymon una ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:204)
     PALE HAIRSTREAK
     AR common name: Frotadora Palida  (translates to "Pale Rubber")
     
     
142. Ministrymon cleon  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus OSTRINOTES   genus created in 1997
     
     
143. Ostrinotes sophocles  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:205)  (was Thecla sophocles)
     AR common name: Sofocles  (re the name: Sofocles was 1 of 3 of the most important Greek playwrights 496-406 B.C.) 
     
     
144. Ostrinotes tympania  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus SIDERUS
     
     
145. Siderus tephraeus ______ (PE:text)
     PEARLY-GRAY HAIRSTREAK 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
146. Siderus philmna  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus STREPHONOTA   genus created in 1997
     
     
147. Strephonota elika  ______  BRse
     
     
148. Strephonota sphinx  ______  BRse
     
     
149. Strephonota tephraeus  ______  BRse  
     
     
     Genus ELECTROSTRYMON
     
     
150. Electrostrymon endymion ______ ARne  (MM:201)
     ENDYMION HAIRSTREAK  (re the name: Endymion in Greek mythology was a shepherd who lulled in perpetual sleep.)  
     
     
     Genus STRYMON: SCRUB HAIRSTREAKS:  In both North and South America. Butterflies exhibit seasonal variation. 
     
     
151. Strymon melinus ______ (C:181) (F:274) (K: 93) (PE:15) (S:90)  
     GRAY HAIRSTREAK 
     
     The Gray Hairstreak is widely distributed, southern Canada to South America, living in many different types of open habitat. It has been recorded breeding on over 50 species of plants.
     
     
152. Strymon rufofusca ______ (K:123) (PE:15)
     RED-CRESCENT SCRUB-HAIRSTREAK  (or Reddish Hairstreak) 
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina, also Grenada)
     
     
153. Strymon yojoa  ______  BRse  (K:123) (PE:15)
     YOJOA SCRUB-HAIRSTREAK 
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
154. Strymon istapa  (ph)  ______  (K:121) (PE:14) 
     Strymon istapa istapa  ______  ARne   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     MALLOW SCRUB-HAIRSTREAK 
     (Range: southern US to South America)
     
     
     
     Strymon istapa, or the Mallow Scrub-Hairstreak
     photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
155. Strymon bazochii ______ ARne  (K:123) (MM:207) (PE:15)
     LANTANA SCRUB-HAIRSTREAK  (or Bazochii Hairstreak)
     AR common name: Azul del Camara  (translates to "Smaller Lantana Butterfly", refers to one of the host plant, Lantana camara)  
     (Range: south Texas to Paraguay and northeast Argentina, also in the Greater Antilles)
     
     
156. Strymon mulucha ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:208)
     MOTTLED SCRUB-HAIRSTREAK
     AR common name: Frotadora Linea Blanca  (translates to "White Line Rubber", refers to the white hyphen on the forewings below)
     
     
157. Strymon astiocha ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:209)
     GRAY-SPOTTED SCRUB-HAIRSTREAK
     AR common name: Astiocha
     
     
158. Strymon eurytulus ______ ARne  (MM:210)
     AR common name: Frotadora  (translates to "Rubber", refers to a peculiar behavior as this butterfly drinks)
     
     
159. Strymon megarus ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:211)
     MEGARUS SCRUB-HAIRSTREAK
     AR common name: Taladro de la Pina  (translates to "Pineapple Drill", refers to the host plant) 
     
     
160. Strymon ziba  ______  BRse 
     
     
     Genus SYMBIOPSIS   genus created in 1971
     
     
161. Symbiopsis strenua  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus THEPYTUS
     
     
162. Thepytus thyrea  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus THERITAS
     
     
163. Theritas deniva  ______  BRse
     
     
164. Theritas hemon  (ph)  ______  BRse
     HEMON BLUE HAIRSTREAK
     
     
     
     Hemon Blue Hairstreaks, female and male 
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
165. Theritas triquetra  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus THESTIUS
     
     
166. Thestius azaria  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus ZIEGLERIA   genus crated in 1993
     
     
167. Ziegleria hesperitis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Subfamily POLYOMMATINAE: BLUES
     
     Very small butterflies, mostly blue above. Females of many are browner.
     
     
     Genus LEPTOTES
     
      
168. Leptotes cassius  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (K:127) (PE:16) (S:99) 
     Leptotes cassius cassius  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:215)  subspecies in southeast Brazil northeast Argentina  
     CASSIUS BLUE
     AR common name: Azul Litacea  
     (Range: southern US to South America, also in the West Indies)
     
     The males of Leptotes cassius are a light lilac-blue, the females are mainly white.
     
     
     
     Leptotes cassius, or the Cassius Blue 
     (photos by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     
     
     
     Genus ZIZULA:  A genus of Blues 
     
     
169. Zizula cyna ______ ARne  BRse  (F:279) (K:127) (MM:213) (PE:15)
     CYNA BLUE
     AR common name: Miri  (a Guarani word meaning "small")
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina)
     
     Zizula cyna occurs in dry and scrubby areas. It is one of the smallest butterflies. It sways from side to side when perched.
     
     
     Genus HEMIARGUS: Commonly called "eyed blues", these butterflies occur in both North & South America. 
     This common name is from 2 or 3 eye-spots on the undersides of the hindwings. 
     They breed on a wide variety of members of the pea family, Leguminosae.
     
        
170. Hemiargus ceraunus  (ph)  ______ (K:129) (PE:15)
     CERAUNUS BLUE
     (Range: southern US to South America, also in the West Indies)
     
     
     
     Ceraunus Blue
     (copyrighted photo by Lisa Johnson)
     
     
171. Hemiargus hanno  ______  BRmg   
     Hemiargus hanno hanno  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:214)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     HANNO BLUE
     AR common name: Miri Manchada  (translates to "Spotted Miri", the spots are on the hind wings below)
     
     
     Genus ELKALYCE  (genus created in 1996)
     
     
172. Elkalyce cogina  ______  BRse
     
     
     
     Family RIODINIDAE, Subfamilies EUSELASIINAE and RIODININAE: METALMARKS:  
     Named for the gold, silver, or copper-colored metallic scales on the wings of many of the species 
     About 1,300 species are known, found mainly in the American tropics.
     Habitually, these butterflies land on the undersides of foliage, with their wings spread wide open. 
     
     
     Genus EUSELASIA:  A large group of over 100 species of metalmarks in Central and South America. They often sexually dimorphic, and often have a pattern of lines and waves on their undersides.
     
     
173. Euselasia hygenius occulta  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:216)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Simuladora  (translates to "Pretender")  translates to "Pretender")  (name refers to similarity with some SATYRINAE)
     
     
174. Euselasia utica ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:217)
     AR common name: Nemi Naranja  (translates to "Orange Nemi")  (Nemi translates to "Orange Nemi")  (Nemi is a Guarani word meaning "hidden". The butterfly rests on the underside of leaves, with wings folded.) 
     
     
175. Euselasia eugeon ______ ARne  (MM:218)
     AR common name: Patas Amarillas  (translates to "Yellow Legs")
     
     
176. Euselasia thucydides thucydides  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
     Genus ADELOTYPA
     
     
177. Adelotypa bolena  ______  BRse
     
     
178. Adelotypa leucophaea  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus ANTEROS
     
     
179. Anteros renaldus notius  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus APODEMIA
     
     
180. Apodemia castanea  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus BAEOTIS
     
     
181. Baeotis melanis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus DACHETOLA
     
     
182. Dachetola azora  (ph)  ______  BRse
     
     
     
     Dachetola azora
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
     Genus DETRITIVORA  genus created in 2002
     
     
183. Detritivora gynaea  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus ECHYDNA   genus created in 2002
     
     
184. Echydna chaseba  ______  BRse
     
     
185. Echydna punctata  ______  BRse  
     
     
     Genus PANARA
     
     
186. Panara phereclus  ______  BRse  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
     
     
187. Panara ovifera  ______  BRse
     
     Panara ovifera is an endangered species.
     
     
188. Panara soana soana  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus PEROPTHALMA
     
     
189. Peropthalma tullius ______ (DV2:3)
     TULLIUS METALMARK
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus PIRASCCA   genus created in 1996
     
     
190. Pirascca sagaris satnius  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus LEMONIAS
     
     
191. Lemonias zygia zygia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus LEUCOCHIMONA
     
     
192. Leucochimona icare matatha  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus MESOSEMIA:  More than 60 species in mostly South America, characterized by quite prominent eye-spots on the forewing, giving a face-like appearance. Unusual for butterflies, they tend to hop through vegetation rather than fly.
     
     
193. Mesosemia odice  odice ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:219)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Ojitos  (translates to "Little Eyes")
     
     
194. Mesosemia acuta  ______  BRse
     
     
195. Mesosemia friburgensis  ______  BRse
     
     
196. Mesosemia minos tetrophthalma  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
197. Mesosemia nyctea fluminensis  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
     Genus SEMOMESIA
     
     
198. Semomesia croesus  ______  BRmg
     CROESUS EYEMARK
     
     
     Genus METACHARIS
     
     
199. Metacharis lucius  ______  BRse
     
     
200. Metacharis ptolomaeus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus NAPAEA
     
     
201. Napaea eucharila ______ (DV2:5)
     WHITE-STITCHED METALMARK 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
202. Napaea umbra  ______  BRse  (DV2:5)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
203. Napaea orpheus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus EURYBIA:  dark-colored Neotropical metalmarks with a conspicuous eye-spot on the forewing.
     
     
204. Eurybia unxia  ______ (DV2:6)
     (Range: Costa Rica to Bolivia & Brazil)  
     
     
205. Eurybia elvina ______ (DV2:6)
     BLIND SHEENMARK
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
206. Eurybia tephrias ______ ARne  (MM:221)
     AR common name: Goteada  (translates to "Dripped", the name refers to the butterfly's white spots)
     
     
207. Eurybia molochina molochina  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
208. Eurybia misellivestris  ______  BRse
     
     
209. Eurybia pergaea  ______  BRse  
     
     
     Genus CHORINEA
     
     
210. Chorinea octauius ______ (DV2:7)
     (Range: Guatemala to Brazil)  
     
     
211. Chorinea heliconides  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:224)
     AR common name: Puntilla Negra  (translates to "Black Lace")
     
     
     Genus CREMNA
     
     
212. Cremna thasus  ______ (DV2:7)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
213. Cremna alector  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus NOTHEME
     
     
214. Notheme erota agathon  (ph)  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     Notheme erota angelius  ______ ARne  (DV:2:7) (MM:225)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     EROTA METALMARK
     AR common name: Redondita  (translates to "Small Round")  (refers to the peculiar posture when at rest)
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina) 
     
     
     
     Erota Metalmark
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
     Genus ANCYLURIS:  Mostly South American, up to 20 species.
     Many are black with contrasting red or white bands on the upperwings.  
     
     
215. Ancyluris aulestes  (ph)  ______  BRmg
     AULESTES SWORDTAIL
     
     
     
     Aulestes Swordtail, Ancyluris aulestes
     (copyrighted photo by Sherry Nelson) 
     
     
216. Ancyluris tedea ______ ARne  (MM:222)
     AR common name: Cinta Roja  (translates to "Red Ribbon") 
     
     In the book "Butterflies of Misiones", in 2003: there was the first mention of Ancylurus tedcea in Argentina. 
     
     
     Genus RHETUS:  4 mostly South American species with long hindwings. 
     
     
217. Rhetus dysonii ______ (DV2:8)
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil) 
     
     
218. Rhetus arcius  ______  (DV2:8) (F:268)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1763) 
     Rhetus arcius arcius  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     SWORD-TAILED METALMARK
     (Range: Mexico to Bolivia & Brazil) 
     
     
219. Rhetus periander eleusinus  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (DV2:8) (MM:223)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     VARIABLE BEAUTYMARK  (or Periander Swordtail)
     AR common name: Eleusinian  (re the name: Eleusinian inhabited Eleusis, an Attica port northwest of Athens) 
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)   
     
     
     
     Variable Beautymark (or Periander Swordtail)
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus SYRMATIA:  Mostly South American metalmarks, having an unmistakable shape with incredibly long, drawn-out hindwings.
     
       
220. Syrmatia nyx  ______  BRse  (DV2:9)
     SPOTTED TAILWING
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
221. Syrmatia aethiops ______ (DV2:9)
     WHITE-TIPPED TAILWING
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus ISAPIS
     
     
222. Isapis agyrtus ______ (DV2:9)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus MELANIS :  called "Mulattos" in Argentina
     
     
223. Melanis pixe ______ (C:327) (DV2:9) (K:151) (PE:17)
     RED-BORDERED PIXIE  (or Pixie)
     (Range: Texas, in the lower Rio Grande valley, to Brazil) 
     
     
224. Melanis xenia  ______  ARne  (MM:234)
     AR common name: Mulata Dentada  (translates to "Toothed Mulatto")  translates to "Toothed Mulatto")  ("toothed" refers to the irregular bands on the dorsal surface)  
     
     
225. Melanis smithiae  ______  ARne  (MM:235)
     Melanis smithiae xarifa  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     AR common name: Mulata Puntas Naranja  (translates to "Orange-tipped Mulatto")
     
     
226. Melanis aegates cretiplaga ______ ARne  (MM:236)
     AR common name: Mulata Mancha Blanca  ("White-spotted Mulatto")
     
     
227. Melanis unxia unxia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus MONETHE
     
     
228. Monethe albertus  ______  BRmg
     YELLOW-PATCHED METALMARK  ("the Alberta Clipper") 
     
     
     Genus CARIA
     
     
229. Caria castalia  ______  BRse
     Caria castalia marsyas  ______  ARne  (MM:232)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Brillantina  ("Brilliantine", referring to its brilliant green coloration) 
     
     
230. Caria plutargus ______ ARne  (MM:233)
     AR common name: Brillantina y Naranja  ("Brilliantine and Orange", with orange spots)
     
     
231. Caria trochilus  ______  BRmg
     TROCHILUS METALMARK
     
     
     Genus PARCELLA
     
     
232. Parcella amarynthina  ______ (DV2:10) (MM:226)
     ORANGE-BANDED METALMARK 
     AR common name: Falsa Redondita  ("False Small Round", refers to its similarity with Notheme erota angellus) 
     (Range: Costa Rica to Argentina) 
     
     
     Genus CHAMAELIMNAS
     
     
233. Chamaelimnas tircis  ______  BRmg
     TIRCIS METALMARK
     
     
     Genus CHARIS
     
     
234. Charis anius ______  BRmg  (DV2:11)
     ANIUS SCINTILLANT
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
235. Charis gynaea ______ (DV2:11)
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus CALEPHELIS: SCINTILLANT METALMARKS:  only in the Americas, mostly in the tropics, many species bewilderingly similar 
     
     
236. Calephelis nilius ______ ARne  (MM:227)
     AR common name: Lineas Celestes  (translates to "Sky-blue Lines")
     
     
     Genus ARGYROGRAMMANA
     
     
237. Argyrogrammana venilia  ______  (DV2:13)
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus RIODINA
     
     
238. Riodina lysippus  ______  BRmg
     LYSIPPUS METALMARK
     
     
     Genus LIVENDULA
     
     
239. Livendula huebneri  ______  BRmg
     HUEBNER'S METALMARK
     
     
     Genus MESENE: mostly South American, about 20 species.
     
      
240. Mesene phareus  ______  (DV2:13) (F:255) (S:102)
     CELL-BARRED METALMARK (or CRAMER'S MESENE)
     (Range: Mexico to Peru & Brazil) 
     
     Mesene phareus is strikingly beautiful, the male a deep red with black borders, the female a lighter color and larger.
     
     
241. Mesene monostigma ______ ARne  (MM:250)
     AR common name: Diminuta Manchada  ("Spotted Tiny")
     
     
242. Mesene pyrippe pyrippe  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Mesene pyrippe sanguilenta ______ ARne  (MM:251)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Diminuta Naranja y Parda  ("Orange and Brown Tiny") 
     
     
243. Mesene epaphus  ______  ARne  BRmg  (MM:252)
     Mesene epaphus epaphus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     EPAPHUS METALMARK
     AR common name: Diminuta Narania  (translates to "Orange Tiny")
     
     
244. Mesene simplex celetes ______ ARne  (MM:253)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Diminuta Amarilla  (translates to "Yellow Tiny")
     
     
245. Mesene florus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus SYMMACHIA  
     
     
246. Symmachia accusatrix ______ (DV2:14)
     FEATHERED FIESTAMARK
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
247. Symmachia probetor  ______ (DV2:14)
     RED-LEAD FIESTAMARK 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
248. Symmachia miron  ______  BRmg
     MIRON METALMARK
     
     
249. Symmachia menetas menetas ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:249)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Simaquia Meridional  (translates to "Southern Simaquia") ("Simaquia" refers to the name of the genus)  
     
     In the book, "Butterflies of Missiones", 2003: the first sighting was noted of Symmachia menetas in Argentina.
     
     
     Genus SETABIS
     
     
250. Setabis plagiaria  ______  BRmg
     PLAGIARIA METALMARK
     
     
     Genus STALACHTIS
     
     
251. Stalachtis calliope  ______  BRmg
     CALLIOPE METALMARK
     
     
252. Stalachtis susanna  ______  BRse
       
     
     Genus STICHELIA
     
     
253. Stichelia sagaris ______ (DV2:14)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
254. Stichelia bocchoris suavis  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus SAROTA
     
     
255. Sarota myrtea  ______ (DV2:15)
     WHITE-CHEEKED JEWELMARK
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
256. Sarota psaros  ______ (DV2:15)
     PEARLY JEWELMARK 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
257. Sarota gyas ______ (DV2:15)
     (Range: Honduras to Brazil)
     
     
258. Sarota chrysus  ______  BRse 
     
     
     Genus CHALODETA
     
     
259. Chalodeta lypera  ______ (DV2:15)
     (Range: Guatemala to Brazil)
     
     
260. Chalodeta chaonitis  ______ (DV2:15)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
261. Chalodeta theodora  (ph)  ______  BRse
     Chalodeta theodora theodora  (ph)  ______ ARne  (MM:231)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     THEODORA METALMARK
     AR common name: Lineas Brilliantes  (translates to "Shiny Lines")
     
     
     
     Theodora Metalmark
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
262. Chalodeta chelonis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus LASAIA
     
     
263. Lasaia oileus  ______ (DV2:16)
     (Range: Honduras to Peru and Brazil)
     
     
264. Lasaia agesilas  ______  BRmg 
     Lasaia agesilas agesilas  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Lasaia agesilas esmeralda ______ ARne  (MM:229)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     BLACK-PATCHED METALMARK
     AR common name: Hovy  (the name is a Guarani word meaning "blue", referring to the coloring of the male)
     
     
265. Lasaia arsis ______ ARne  (MM:230)
     AR common name: Hovy Salpicada  ("Splashy Hovy")  (Hovy, as noted above, is a Guarani word meaning "blue".)
     
     
     Genus EMESIS:  a complicated genus of METALMARKS, also known as TANMARKS, that need further work
     
     
266. Emesis tenedia  ______  (DV2:17) (K:151) (PE:text)
     FALCATE EMESIS  (or Falcate Metalmark)
     (Range: south Texas to Brazil) 
     
     
267. Emesis ocypore zelotes  ______  ARne  BRse  (DV2:16) (MM:239)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     DARK EMESIS  (or Dark Tanmark)    
     AR common name: Acrobata Morena  ("Dark Acrobat")
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)  
     
     
268. Emesis mandana  (ph)  ______  (DV2:17)
     GREAT EMESIS  (or Great Tanmark)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
     
     Great Emesis, or Great Tanmark
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
269. Emesis cypria  ______  (DV2:17)
     ORANGE-STRIPED EMESIS  (or Orange-striped Tanmark)
     (Range: Mexico to Bolivia) 
     
     
270. Emesis diogenia ______ ARne  (MM:237)
     AR common name: Diogenia  (Diogenia, in mythology, was Celeo's daughter.)  
     
     
271. Emesis russula ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:238)
     AR common name: Acrobata Rojiza  (translates to "Reddish Acrobat")
     
     
272. Emesis neemias ______ ARne  (MM:240)
     AR common name: Acrobata Brillantina  (translates to "Brilliant Acrobat")
     
     
273. Emesis fatimella fatimella  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
274. Emesis lupina melancholica  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
      
     
     Genus THISBE
     
     
275. Thisbe irenea ______ (DV2:18)
     SAILOR'S LEMMARK (or IRENIA LEMMARK)  
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus CALYDNA
     
     
276. Calydna caieta  ______  BRmg
     CAIETA METALMARK
     
     
     Genus JUDITHA
     
     
277. Juditha molpe  ______  BRmg  (DV2:18)
     MOLPE METALMARK
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
278. Juditha azon azon  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus CATOCYCLOTIS
     
     
279. Catocyclotis aemulius  ______  BRse  (DV2:18)
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus SYNARGIS:  Tailless mostly South American LYCAENIDS, often with an interesting black and white coloration.
     
      
280. Synargis calyce  ______  BRse
     Synargis calyce brennus ______ ARne  (MM:241)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina) 
     AR common name: Nemi    subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Nemi  (Nemi is a Guarani word meaning "hidden")
     
     
281. Synargis victrix ______ ARne  (MM:242)
     AR common name: Nemi Demarcada  ("Demarcated Nemi")
     
     
282. Synargis phliasus phliasus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
283. Synargis pittheus  ______  BRmg
     PITTHEUS METALMARK
     
     
     Genus AUDRE
     
     
284. Audre gauchoana ______ ARne  (MM:244)
     AR common name: Colage Parda  (translates to "Brown Patchwork")
     
     

285. Audre notialis ______ ARne  (MM:245)
     AR common name: Colage Irregular  (translates to "Irregular Patchwork")
     
     

286. Audre chilensis ______ ARne  (MM:246)
     AR common name: Colage Meridional  (translates to "Southern Patchwork")
     
     
     Genus MENANDER
     
     
287. Menander menander nitida  ______  BRse (DV2:20)  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     SHINING-BLUE GRAYLER    
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil)  
     
     
288. Menander pretus pretus  ______  BRse  (DV2:20)   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     GREENISH GRAYLER 
     (Range: Guatemala to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus PERIPLACIS:  Mostly South American LYCAENIDS with strongly angled wings, and with brown and blue coloration.
     
     
289. Periplacis glaucoma splendida ______ (DV2:20) (F:262)
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus NYMPHIDIUM
     
     
290. Nymphidium mantus  ______ (C:357) (DV2:22)
     MANTUS METALMARK  (also called BLUE NYMPHIDIUM)
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
291. Nymphidium azanoides  ______ (DV2:22)
     AZANOIDES METALMARK
     (Range: Costa Rica and Panama, Ecuador and Brazil)  
     
     
292. Nymphidium ascolia ______ (DV2:22)
     CREAMY METALMARK
     (Range: Guatemala to Bolivia and Brazil)
     
     
293. Nymphidium lisimon  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus THEOPE
     
     
294. Theope pedias  ______ (DV2:24)
     EXTROVERTED THEOPE  (also called YELLOW-BOTTOMED THEOPE)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
295. Theope lycaenina  ______ (DV2:25)
     GRAY THEOPE
     (Range: Costa Rica to eastern Brazil)
     
     
     Family NYMPHALIDAE: BRUSHFOOTS
     Cosmopolitan, with subfamilies range from 8 to 25, depending upon taxonomic treatment.
     This is the most diverse family of butterflies, with approximately 6,000 known species worldwide. Brushfoot butterflies appear 4 rather than 6-legged as their 2 front legs are much reduced.  
     
     
     Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE:  SNOUTS
     
     
     Genus LIBYTHEANA
     
     
296. Libytheana carinenta  ______  (C:281) (DV1:20) (F:175) (K:223) (PE:18) (S:146)
     Libytheana carinenta carinenta  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:255)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AMERICAN SNOUT (or SOUTHERN SNOUT)  (or SNOUT BUTTERFLY)
     AR common name: Picuda
     (Range: southern US to Argentina) 
     
     
     Subfamily CHARAXINAE, Tribe PREPONINI
     
     
     Genus AGRIAS
     
     
297. Agrias claudina annetta  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus PREPONA
     
     
298. Prepona pylene  ______  BRmg
     Prepona pylene pylene  ______  ARne  (MM:259)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     MOTTLED PREPONA  (or Pylene)
     
     
299. Prepona deiphile deiphile  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
300. Prepona laertes laertes  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus ARCHAEOPREPONA
     
     
301. Archaeoprepona amphimachus amphimachus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
302. Archaeoprepona demophon  ______  (C:347) (DV1:14)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
     Archaeoprepona demophon demophon  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:256)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
     Archaeoprepona demophon demophon  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:256)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     ONE-SPOTTED PREPONA  
     AR common name: Demofonte  (re the name: Demofonte was a fortune-teller consulted by Alexander the Great.)  
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina) 
     
     
303. Archaeoprepona demophoon  (ph)  ______ 
     Archaeoprepona demophoon antimache  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     Archaeoprepona demophoon demophoon  ______ ARne  (MM:257)  subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     TWO-SPOTTED PREPONA (or Demophoon)  (another name has been Silver King Shoemaker)
     AR common name: Demophoon (re the name, Demophoon in mythology was Teseo's son) 
     (Range: southern Mexico to northern Argentina) 
     
     Archaeoprepona demophoon lives in the canopy of the rainforest. It is probably one of the fastest-flying butterflies in its range (the American tropics). It is said to have a smell like vanilla (maybe from its food source).
     
     A photographer's account: "I have observed and photographed it, but always from a great distance, and always as a solitary butterfly, sitting with its wings open in the sun, like a drop of metallic blue paint on the green foliage high in the trees."    
     
     
     
     Two-spotted Prepona (or Demophoon) (also called Silver King Shoemaker)
     (photo courtesy of Junji Nakamura who sent us this picture of a butterfly that had been her mother's since the 1950s)
     
     
304. Archaeoprepona meander castonna  ______  BRse  (S:119)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     THREE-TONED PREPONA  (or MEANDER PREPONA)  (was called BANDED KING SHOEMAKER)
     
     In flight, Archaeoprepona meander makes a crackling sound.
     
     
305. Archaeoprepona chalciope ______ ARne  (MM:258)
     AR common name: Calciope
     
     
     Subfamily CHARAXINAE, Tribe ANAEINI : LEAF BUTTERFLIES
     
     
     Genus SIDERONE
     
     
306. Siderone marthesis  ______  (DV1:13)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
307. Siderone galanthis galanthis  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
     Genus HYPNA
     
     
308. Hypna clytemnestra huebneri ______  ARne  BRse  (DV1:15) (MM:260)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     SILVER-STUDDED LEAFWING  (another name is JAZZY LEAFWING)
     AR common name: Clitemnestra  (re the name: Clitemnestra was Agamenon's wife.)
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)  
     
     
     Genus CONSUL
     
     
309. Consul fabius  ______  BRmg  (DV1:15) 
     Consul fabius drurii  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:261)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     TIGER LEAFWING
     AR common name: Mbopi  (this name is Guarani word meaning "bat", referring to its peculiar shape when flying near the tops of trees)
     (Range: Mexico to Amazon Basin)  
     
     
     Genera  MEMPHIS and FOUNTAINEA:  
     About 100 species, which occur in Central America. They resemble the genus ANAEA, to which they are closely related.
     These butterflies are with crytic undersides that are leaf-like. They reside in the forest, and are powerful fliers.   
     
     
310. Memphis xenocles   ______  (DV1:17)
     Memphis xenocles marginalis  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
     CAROLINA LEAFWING
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
311. Memphis moruus  (ph)  ______  (DV1:18) 
     Memphis moruus stheno  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     Memphis moruus coerulescens  (ph) ______ ARne  (MM:265)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     BLUE LEAF  (a northern subspecies is called BOISDUVAL'S LEAFWING) 
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)
     
       
     
     Memphis moruus, or the Blue Leaf 
     (photo by Sherry Nelson) 
     
     
312. Memphis acidalia  ______  BRmg
     Memphis acidalia victoria  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     
     
313. Memphis appias  ______  BRse
     
     
314. Memphis basilia drucei  ______  BRse
     
     
315. Memphis leonida editha  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil,  described in 1961)
     
     
316. Memphis otrere  ______  BRse
     
     
317. Memphis philumena corita  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
     
     
318. There is at least one other species of Memphis in southeast Brazil.
     
     
319. Fountainea halice halice  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     
     
320. Fountainea ryphea  (ph)  ______
     Fountainea ryphea phidile  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     RYPHEA LEAFWING
     
     
     
     Fountainea ryphea, the Ryphea Leafwing
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus POLYMORPHA
     
     
321. Polymorpha suprema  ______  BRse   local and rare in southeast Brazil
     
     
322. Polymorpha xenocrates  ______  BRmg
     XENOCRATES LEAFWING
     
     
     Genus ZARETIS
     
     
323. Zaretis isidora isidora  (ph)  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     ISIDORA LEAFWING
     
     
     
     Above & below: the Isidora Leafwing,
     showing upperwings & underwings
     (photos by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     
     
     
324. Zaretis itys itylus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
     Subfamily APATURINAE:  EMPERORS
     
     
     Genus DOXOCOPA
     
     
325. Doxocopa laure ______ (C:285) (DV1:20) (K:225) (PE:24)
     SILVER EMPEROR  (or LAURE)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
326. Doxocopa linda mileta ______ ARne  (MM:266)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     RARE EMPEROR
     AR common name: Linda  (translates to "Cute")
     
     
327. Doxocopa agathina  ______  BRmg
     Doxocopa agathina vacuna ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:267)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     AGATHINA EMPEROR
     AR common name: Turqui  (translates to "Turquoise")
     
     
328. Doxocopa kallina ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:268)
     AR common name: Indigo
     
     

329. Doxocopa laurentia laurentia  (ph) (*) ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:269)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     TURQUOISE EMPEROR  (or SAPPHIRE DOXOCOPA)  
     AR common name: Zafiro  (translates to "Sapphire")
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     A Turquoise Emperor, or Sapphire Doxocopa, Doxocopa laurentia,
     photographed during the FONT tour at Iguazu Falls in August 2008
     (photo by Pamela Sims) 
     
     

330. Doxocopa zunilda zunilda ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:270)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     DINGY EMPEROR
     AR common name: Zunilda
     
     
     Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe NYMPHALINI  
     
     
     Genus COLOBURA
     
     
331. Colobura dirce  (ph)  ______  (C:291) (DV1:21) (S:114)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
     Colobura dirce dirce  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:271)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     SMALL BEAUTY  (also called The Mosaic or the DIRCE BEAUTY)
     AR common name: Cebrita
     (Range: Mexico thru Central & South America, also the West Indies) 
     
     
     
     Small Beauty 
     
     
     Genus SMYRNA
     
     
332. Smyrna blomfildia  (ph)  ______  (DV1:21) (K:225) (PE:26)
     Smyrna blomfildia blomfilda  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:273)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     BLOMFILD'S BEAUTY
     AR common name: Dibujada   
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina) 
     
     
     
     Smyrna blomfildia, or the Blomfild's Beauty
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus HYPANARTIA
     
     
333. Hypanartia lethe  (ph)  ______  BRse  (C:279) (DV1:28) (MM:324)
     ORANGE MAPWING
     AR common name: Lete  (refers to the scientific name; Lethe, in mythology, was Oleno's wife who turned into a stone)  
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     
     Above & below: Hypanartia lethe, or the Orange Mapwing
     (upper photo by Sherry Nelson; lower photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
     
     
     
334. Hypanartia bella  ______  BRse  (MM:325)
     AR common name:  Bella  (translates to "Beautiful")
     
     
     Genus VANESSA: LADY BUTTERFLIES
     
     
335. Vanessa (or Cynthia) cardui  (ph)  ______ (DV1:28) (K:205) (PE:23) (S:141)
     PAINTED LADY
     (Range: worldwide, except for Australia and New Zealand) 
     
     
     
     Painted Lady
     
     
336. Vanessa carye ______ ARne  (MM:321)
     AR common name: Dama Cuatro Ojos  (translates to "Four-eyed Lady")
     
     
337. Vanessa braziliensis ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:322)
     AR common name: Dama Dos Ojos  (translates to "Two-eyed Lady")
     
     
338. Vanessa myrinna ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:323)
     AR common name: Dama Fajada   (translates to "Banded Lady" , referring to the postmedian band on the upper rear wings
     
     
     Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe COEINI
     
     
     Genus HISTORIS
     
     
339. Historis odius  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (DV1:21) (PE:text) 
     Historis odius odius  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:272)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     ORION CECROPIAN  (also called Stinky Leaf Wing) 
     AR common name: Popeno: (a Guarani word meaning "gigantic") 
     (Range: throughout Central & South America; in North America, a rare stray to Florida)  
     
     
     
     Historis odius, or the Orion Cecropian
     
     
340. Historis acheronta acheronta  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
     Genus BAEOTUS
     
     
341. Baeotus aeilus  ______  BRmg
     AMAZON BEAUTY
     
     Baeotus aeilus was Baeotus amazonicus. 
     
     
     Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe BIBLIDINI
     
     
     Genus BIBLIS
     
     
342. Biblis hyperia  (ph)  ______  (C:319) (DV1:21) (F:124) (K:215) (PE:25)
     Biblis hyperia hyperia  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Biblis hyperia nectanabis  (ph) (*)  ______  ARne  (MM:291)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     RED RIM
     AR common name: Alas Sangrantes  ("Crimson-banded Black")
     (Range: Mexico to the Argentina, also the West Indies) 
     
     
     
     Red Rim
     
     
     Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe AGERONIINI:  CRACKERS and allies
     
     
     Genus HAMADRYAS: CRACKERS: species in this genus are called "crackers" because of the noise the males make in flight; in general CRACKERS are also called CALICOS. 
     
     
343. Hamadryas februa  (ph) (*)  ______  BRmg  (DV1:21) (F:158) (K:217) (PE:26) 
     Hamadryas februa februa  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:284)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     GRAY CRACKER  (or simply "The Cracker", or the Common Calico)  
     AR common name: Pororo Ocelos Rojos  ("Red eye-spotted Pororo")  ("Pororo" is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles".)  
     (Range: southern US to Argentina) 
     
     Hamadryas februa occurs along forest edges. Not at flowers, but at rotting fruit, dung, and mud. 
     
     
     
     Hamadryas februa, or the Gray Cracker
     
     
344. Hamadryas feronia  (ph)  ______ (C:259) (DV1:21) (K:217) (PE:26)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
     Hamadryas feronia feronia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil    
     VARIABLE CRACKER  (also called Blue Cracker)
     (Range: southern US to Brazil) 
     
     
     
     A Variable Cracker photographed during a FONT South American tour 
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
345. Hamadryas ipthime  ______ (DV1:21) (PE:26)
     Hamadryas ipthime ipthime  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     BROWNISH CRACKER  (also called Ringless Blue Cracker)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)  
     
     
346. Hamadryas fornax  ______  (DV1:21) (F:158)
     Hamadryas fornax fornax  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:287)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     YELLOW CRACKER  (or Yellow-skirted Cracker) 
     AR common name: Pororo Mancha Ocre  ("Ochre-spotted Pororo") ("Pororo" is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles")
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina) 
     
     Hamadryas fornax is smaller than other crackers, and with a number of subspecies. In moist rainforest, it occurs along trails and rivers.
     
     
347. Hamadryas amphinome  (ph)  ______  (DV1:22) (F:157) (PE:26)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1767)
     Hamadryas amphinome amphinome  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:286)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     RED CRACKER 
     AR common name: Pororo Mancha Roja  ("Red-spotted Pororo") ("Pororo" is a  Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles") 
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)  
     
     Hamadryas amphinome occurs in rainforests.
     
     
     
     Red Cracker (red is on the other side of the wings)
     
     
348. Hamadryas epinome ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:285)
     AR common nmae: Pororo  (a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles") 
     
     
349. Hamadryas arete  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:288)
     AR common name: Pororo Azul  ("Blue Pororo")  ("Pororo" is a Guarani word meaning "that crackles" or "that sparkles")
     
     
     
     Hamadryas arete
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro) 
     
     
350. Hamadryas laodamia  ______  BRmg
     Hamadryas laodamia laodamia  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     STARRY NIGHT CRACKER
     
     
     Genus ECTIMA
     
     
351. Ectima thecla thecla ______ ARne  (MM:289)
     AR common name: Pororo Mini  (referring to the similarity with the butterflies of the genus HAMADRYAS called "Pororo"; "Mini" relates to its smaller size.)
     
     
     Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe EPICALLINI:  PURPLEWINGS and allies
     
     
     Genus EUNICA
     
     60 species in Central & South America that live in primary forest
     
      
352. Eunica tatila  (ph)  ______  (DV1:22) (K:215) (PE:25) 
     Eunica tatila bellaria  ______  ARne  (MM:317)  subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     FLORIDA PURPLE WING  (or Large Purple Wing, or simply Purple Wing)
     AR common name: "Dulce"  (translates to "Sweet")  translates to "Sweet")   
     (Range: southern US to northern Argentina, also West Indies) 
     
      
     
     Eunica tatila, the Florida Purplewing
     
     
353. Eunica monima ______ (DV1:22) (K:215) (PE:25)
     DINGY PURPLE WING
     (Range: US and Mexico thru Central and South America, also the Antilles and the Bahamas) 
     
     
354. Eunica alpais  ______  BRmg
     ALPAIS PURPLEWING
     
     
355. Eunica mygdonia  ______  BRmg
     MYGDONIA PURPLEWING
     
     
356. Eunica pusilla  ______  BRmg
     PUSILLA PURPLEWING
     
     
357. Eunica maja maja  (ph)  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:316)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Maja
     
     
     
     the female Maja Purplewing, Eunica maja maja
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)  
     
     
358. Eunica eburnea ______ ARne  (MM:318)
     AR common name: Marfil  (translates to "Ivory")  (The scientific name, eburnea, means "ivory, or like it") 
     
     
     Genus NESSAEA
     
     
359. Nessaea obrinus  ______  BRmg
     BLUE-AND-ORANGE OLIVEWING
     
     
     Genus CYBDELIS
     
     
360. Cybdelis phaesyla ______  ARne  (MM:309)
     AR common name: Abanderada  (translates to "Standard-bearer", alluding to the pattern on the upper fore wings, like Argentina's flag)
     
     
     Genus CATONEPHELE 
     
     
361. Catonephele numilia  (ph)  ______  (DV1:25) (S:139)
     Catonephele numila penthia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil   
     Catonephele numila neogermanica  ______ ARne  (MM:292)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     STOPLIGHT CATONE  (or BLUE-FROSTED CATONE)  (has also been called Grecian Shoemaker)  
     AR common name: Terciopelo Manchado ("Spotted Velvet")
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil and Argentina) 
     
     
     
     A Spotlight Catone, or Blue-frosted Catone,   
     or Grecian Shoemaker, or "Spotted Velvet"
     (photographed during the FONT August 2009 tour in southeast Brazil) 
     
     
362. Catonephele acontius caeruleus ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:293)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina, described in 1985
     AR common name: Terciopelo Fajado  (translates to "Banded Velvet") 
     
     
363. Catonephele sabrina  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus MYSCELIA
     
     
364. Myscelia orsis  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:315)
     AR common name: Yin-Yang  (This name is because the male & female are very different, but yet they are of course complimentary, as in the universal principle of the yin and the yang in Taoism.) 
     
     
     Subfamily CYRESTINAE: DAGGERWINGS
     
     
     Genus MARPESIA: DAGGERWINGS
     
     A genus of mostly Central and South American butterflies, but also occurs in Africa. Called "daggerwings" after the long tail on each hindwing. 
     
     
365. Marpesia coresia (or zerynthia) (ph)  ______  (DV1:23) (K:219) (PE:25)
     Marpesia coresia zerynthia  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     WAITER DAGGERWING
     (Range: southern US thru Central and South America) 
     
     
     
     A Waiter Daggerwing photographed during a FONT South American tour 
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
366. Marpesia merops ______ (DV1:23)
     SPOT-BANDED DAGGERWING
     (Range: Guatemala to Brazil)
     
     
367. Marpesia petreus  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (DV1:23) (F:177) (K:219) (PE:25) (S:123)
     Marpesia petreus petreus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:320)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     RUDDY DAGGERWING  (also called Southern Daggertail)
     AR common name: Daga
     (Range: southern US thru Central and South America)  
     
     Marpesia petreus visits flowers and mud-puddles.
     
     
     
     Ruddy Daggerwing
     
     
368. Marpesia berania  ______  BRmg
     TANGERINE DAGGERWING
     
     
369. Marpesia orsilochus  ______  BRmg
     WHITE-BANDED DAGGERWING 
     
     
370. Marpesia chiron  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (C:273) (DV1:23) (K:219) (PE:25)
     Marpesia chiron marius  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:319)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     MANY-BANDED DAGGERWING
     AR common name: Mario  (refers to the subspecific name; the only race found in Argentina)
     BR common name: Cambaxirra 
     (Range: southern US, Central and South America, also West Indies) 
     
     
     
     the Many-banded Daggerwing, Marpesia chiron
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
371. Marpesia themistocles narica  ______  BRmg  subspecies in Mato Grosso, Brazil
     Marpesia themistocles themistocles  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     NORICA DAGGERWING
     
     
     Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe EUBAGINI:  SAILORS 
     
     
     Genus DYNAMINE
     
     
372. Dynamine agacles  ______  (DV1:24)
     Dynamine agacles agacles  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:303)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     PALE SAILOR
     AR common name: Gota Ribeteada  (translates to "Edged Drop")
     (Range: Costa Rica to Argentina)  
     
     
373. Dynamine mylitta ______ (DV1:24)
     (Range: Mexico thru Central and South America)  
     
     
374. Dynamine artemisia  ______  (C:289) 
     Dynamine artemisia artemisia ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:308)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     SMALL-EYED SAILOR
     AR common name: Gota de Monoculo  (translates to "Drop with Monocle", has a large "eyespot" with a band, like a monocle)
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina) 
     
     
375. Dynamine glauce ______ (DV1:24)
     (Range: Mexico thru Central and South America)
     
     
376. Dynamine myrrhina ______ ARne  (MM:301)
     AR common name: Gota de Luz  (translates to "Light Drop")
     
     
377. Dynamine coenus coenus ______ ARne  (MM:302)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Gota Blanca  (translates to "White Drop")
     
     
378. Dynamine athemon maeon  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     Dynamine athemon athemaena ______ ARne  (MM:304)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Gota con Linea  (translates to "Drop with Line")
     
     
379. Dynamine tithia tithia  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:305)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     BLUE SAILOR
     AR common name: Gota Ciega  (translates to "Blind Drop")
     
     
     
     Above & below: the Blue Sailor
     (photos courtesy of Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     
     
     
380. Dynamine postverta postverta  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:306)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     FOUR-SPOTTED SAILOR  (a northern subspecies is called MEXICAN SAILOR)  
     AR common name: Gota Ocelada  (translates to "Eye-spotted Drop") 
     
     
381. Dynamine aerata ______ ARne  (MM:307)
     AR common name: Gota de Anteokos  (translates to "Drop with Glasses")
     
     
     Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe EPIPHILINI:  BANNERS and allies
     
     
     Genus PYRRHOGYRA
     
     
382. Pyrrhogyra amphira  ______  BRmg
     AMPHIRO REDRING
     
     
383. Pyrrhogyra neaerea  ______ 
     Pyrrhogyra neaerea ophni  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     Pyrrhogyra neaerea arge  ______  ARne  (MM:310)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Pore Pyta   
     
     
     Genus SEA   genus created in 1950
     
     
384. Sea sophronia  ______  BRse  
     
     
     Genus TEMENIS
     
     
385. Temenis laothoe  ______  (DV1:24)
     Temenis laothoe bahiana  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Temenis laothoe santina  ______ ARne  (MM:313)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     ORANGE BANNER 
     AR common name: Mocha  (translates to "Blunt")
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina) 
     
     
     Genus NICA
     
     
386. Nica flavilla flavilla ______ ARne  (DV1:24) (MM:314)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     LITTLE BANNER 
     AR common name: Aritos  (translates to "Small Rings")
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)  
     
     
     Genus EPIPHILE
     
     
387. Epiphile orea orea  ______  ARne  BRse  (DV1:24) (MM:311)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Marcada Azul  (translates to "Blue Marked")
     (Range: Costa Rica to northern Argentina)  
     
     
388. Epiphile hubneri ______ ARne  (MM:312)
     AR common name: Marcada Anaranjada  (translates to "Orange Marked")
     
     
     Subfamily BIBLIDINAE, Tribe CALLICORINI:  "EIGHTY-EIGHT" BUTTERFLIES
     
     
     Genus DIAETHRIA
     
     
389. Diaethria clymena  ______  BRmg  (C:317)
     Diaethria clymena janeira  (ph) (*)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:294)   subspecies in southern Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     WIDESPREAD EIGHTY-EIGHT
     AR common name: Ochenta y Ocho  (translates to "Eighty-Eight") 
     (Range: subtropical & tropical Latin America) 
     
     
     
     An "Eighty-eight Butterfly", Diaethria clymena, 
     photographed during the FONT tour in southeast Brazil in August 2009    
     
     
390. Diaethria eluina eluina  (*)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:295)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Ochenta y Ocho Azul  (translates to "Blue Eighty-Eight")
     
     
391. Diaethria candrena candrena  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:296)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     CANDRENA EIGHTY-EIGHT
     AR common name: Ochenta   (translates to "Eighty")
     
     
     
     A Candrena Eighty-eight, or more appropriately "Eighty"
     Diaethria candrena
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
392. Diaethria marchalii ______ (DV1:25)
     (Range: Nicaragua to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus CALLICORE
     
     
393. Callicore pygas pygas  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Callicore pygas thamyras  (ph) (*)  ______ ARne  BRmg  (MM:297)  subspecies in northeast Argentina and part of Brazil 
     PYGAS EIGHTY-EIGHT
     AR common name: Para Guasu  (re the name: "Para" are "Guasu" are Guarani words meaning, respectively, "full of colors" and "big") 
     
     
     
     Pygas Eighty-eight, photographed at Iguazu Falls
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
394. Callicore hydaspes  (ph) (*)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:298)
     HYDASPES EIGHTY-EIGHT 
     AR common name: Para Mini  (re the name: "Para" & "Mini" are Guarani words meaning, respectively, "full of colors" and "small")
     
     
     
     Hydaspes Eighty-eight, photographed at Iguazu Falls
     on a person's thumb
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
395. Callicore hystaspes  ______  BRam  BRmg
     HYSTASPES EIGHTY-EIGHT  (or HYSTASPES NUMBERWING)
     (Range: parts of Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, in the upper Amazonian region)
     
     
396. Callicore texa  ______  BRmg
     TEXA EIGHTY-EIGHT
     
     
397. Callicore sorana sorana  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:299)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Para Zigzag  ("Zigzag Para")
     
     
398. Callicore astarte codomannus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
399. Callicore hydarnis  ______  BRse
     
     Callicore hydarnis is an endangered species. 
     
     
     Genus PAULOGRAMMA
     
     
400. Paulogramma pyracmon  ______  BRmg
     Paulogramma pyracmon pyracmon  ______  ARne  (MM:300)
     PYRACMON EIGHTY-EIGHT
     AR common name: Para Mediana  ("Medium Para")
     
     
     Genus HAEMATERA
     
     
401. Haematera pyrame  ______  (DV1:25)
     Haematera pyrame pyrame ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:290)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Llamarada  (translates to "Blaze")
     (Range: Nicaragua to northern Argentina)  
     
     
     Subfamily LIMENITIDINAE, Tribe LIMENITIDINI: SISTERS
     
     Adults often characterized by flap-and-glide flight. 
      
     
     Genus ADELPHA
     
     
402. Adelpha zea ______ ARne  (DV1:27) (MM:282)
     AR common name: Zea
     (Range: Mexico to the Argentina)  
     
     
403. Adelpha lycorias lycorias  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:274)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     PINK-BANDED SISTER
     AR common name: Mancha Bermellon  (translates to "Vermilion Spot")
     
     
     
     the Pink-banded Sister, but for this subspecies Adelpha lycorias lycorias,
     the name "Vermilion Spot" is appropriate.
     That is the English translation of the Spanish name, Mancha Bermellon.
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro) 
     
     
404. Adelpha syma  (*) ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:275)
     AR common name: Syma
     
     
405. Adelpha mythra ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:276)
     AR common name: Mithra  (re the name: Mithra was a Persian god.)
     
     
406. Adelpha malea goyama  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:277)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Goyama
     
     
407. Adelpha abia  (ph)  ______ ARne  (MM:278)
     ABIA SISTER
     AR common name: Abia
     
     
     
     the Abia Sister, Adelpha abia
     
     
408. Adelpha mesentina  ______  BRmg
     ORANGE SISTER
     
     
409. Adelpha barnesia barnesia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
410. Adelpha cocala  ______  BRmg 
     Adelpha cocaia didia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     COCALA SISTER
     
     
411. Adelpha cytherea aea  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
412. Adelpha erotia erotia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
413. Adelpha iphiclus  (ph)  ______  BRmg
     Adelpha iphiclus ephesa  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     IPHICLUS SISTER  (or POINTER SISTER)
     
      
     
     the Iphiclus Sister, Adelpha iphiclus 
     
     
414. Adelpha plesaure  ______  BRmg
     Adelpha plesaure plesaure  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     PLESAURE SISTER
     
     
415. Adelpha radiata radiata  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil   
     
     
416. Adelpha serpa serpa  (ph)  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:279)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     a northern subspecies, from Mexico to Venezuela, A. s. celerio, is called CELERIO SISTER 
     CELADON SISTER 
     AR common name: Serpa
     
     
     
     the Celadon Sister, Adelpha serpa serpa 
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
417. Adelpha falcipennis ______ ARne  (MM:280)   
     AR common name: Adelfa Ocre
     
     
418. Adelpha thessalia indefecta  ______  ARne  (MM:281)  subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Tesala del Nordeste  ("Northeastern Tesela")    
     
     
419. Adelpha melona pseudarete  ______ ARne  (MM:283)  subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     MELLONA SISTER
     AR common name: Melona 
     
     
     Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe VICTORININI
     
     
     Genus SIPROETA (or METAMORPHA)
     
     
420. Siproeta (or Metamorpha) stelenes  (ph)  ______  (DV1:28) (F:202) (K:209) (PE:26)
     Siproeta stelenes meridionalis  (*)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:329)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     MALACHITE
     an AR common name: Itaovy guasu  (translates to "Large Emerald") (from Guarani words, alluding to its color, size, and beauty)  
     (Range: southern US to northern Argentina, and in the West  Indies)  
     
     The Malachite is on the wing all year in the tropics. It feeds on fermenting fruit.  
     
     
     
     Above & below: Malachites
     
     The photo below was taken during the FONT tour in Brazil in May 2011.
     (photo by Patricia Yoder) 
     
     
     
     
     
421. Siproeta epaphus trayja  (ph) (*)   ______  ARne  BRse  (DV1:28) (K:209) (MM:320) (S:136)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     RUSTY-TIPPED PAGE (or Brown Siproeta) 
     AR common name: Epafos Moreno ("Dark Epafos")  (referring to Epafos who in mythology, was Jupiter's son.)
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina) 
     
      
     
     Siproeta epaphus, or the Rusty-tipped Page
     (photo by Rosemary Lloyd during a FONT tour)
     
     
     Genus ANARTIA
     
     
422. Anartia amathea  (ph)  ______  (C:311) 
     Anartia amathea roesella  (*) ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:327)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     RED PEACOCK 
     AR common name: Princesa Roja  (translates to "Red Princess")
     (Range: Panama to Argentina, also: Trinidad & Tobago, Grenada, Barbados, Antigua) 
     
     
     
     A Red Peacock photographed during a FONT tour
     in Ecuador in April 2014
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
423. Anartia jatrophae  (ph)  ______  (C:309) (DV1:28) (K:209) (PE:24) (S:107) (species described by Linnaeus in 1763)
     Anartia jatrophae jatrophae  (*) ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:326)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     WHITE PEACOCK
     AR common name: Princesa Perlada  (Princesa, or Princess, is the common Spanish name for the ANARTIA genus butterflies; "Perlada" refers to the wing coloring.)  
     (Range: southern US thru Central and South America, also West Indies)  
     
     
     
     Anartia jatrophae, or the White Peacock
     
     
     Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe JUNONIINI
     
     
     Genus JUNONIA: BUCKEYES 
     
     
424. Junonia evarete  (ph)  ______  (K:207) (PE:23) 
     Junonia evarete evarete  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     Junonia evarete hilaris  ______  ARne  (MM:328)   subspecies in northeast Argentina  
     TROPICAL BUCKEYE
     AR common name: Pavo Real  ("Peacock") (another name: Genoveva)  
     (Range: southern US to Argentina) 
     
     
     
     Junonia evarete, or the Tropical Buckeye
     (photo by Sherry Nelson) 
     
     
     Genus HYPOLIMNAS
     
     
425. Hypolimnas misippus  (ph)  ______ (DV1:28) (F:164)
     THE MIMIC (other names: Diadem Butterfly, Six-continent Butterfly, Danaid Butterfly) 
     (Range: distributed worldwide) 
     
     The female of Hypolimnas misippus resembles Danaus chrysippus of the Old World, with coloration similar to Danaus glippus, the Queen.
     
     
     Subfamily NYMPHALINAE, Tribe MELITAEINI
     
     
     Genus CHLOSYNE: PATCHES
     
       
426. Chlosyne lacinia  (ph) (*)  ______  (C:265) (DV1:29) (K:189) (PE:21)
     Chlosyne lacinia saundersi  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:337)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     BORDERED PATCH
     AR common name: Naranjita 
     (Range: US to northern Argentina)  
     
     Chlosyne lacinia has a very variable pattern. It prefers sunny places and feeds on nectar. 
     
     
     
     the Bordered Patch, the subspecies Chlosyne lacinia saundersi  
     This subspecies, in southeast Brazil and the Iguazu area, has more orange in the upperwings than other subspecies, hence the common name there of "Naranjita".  
     (above photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
     Genus TEGOSA
     
     
427. Tegosa serpia  ______  BRmg
     SERPIA CRESCENT
     
     
428. Tegosa teletusa burchelli  ______  BRmg   subspecies in Mato Grosso, Brazil
     BURCHELL'S CRESCENT 
     
     
429. Tegosa frisia hermas ______ ARne  (MM:331)
     AR common name: Salpicada  (translates to "Splashy")
     
     
430. Tegosa claudina ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:332)
     AR common name: Claudina
     
     
     Genus TELENASSA   genus created in 1981
     
     
431. Telenassa teletusa teletusa  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus ORTILIA: CRESCENTS 
     
     
432. Ortilia ithra  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:333)
     AR common name: Mbatara  (a Guarani word meaning "lead-colored, with short white lines")
     
     
433. Ortilia velica durnfordi  ______ ARne  (MM:334)
     AR common name: Marroncita  (translates to "Small Brown")
     
     
434. Ortilia dicoma  ______  ARne  (MM:335)
     AR common name: Alitas Largas  (translates to "Long Wings")  
     
     
     Genus ERESIA
     
     
435. Eresia clio  ______  BRmg
     CLIO CRESCENT
     
     
436. Eresia eunice eunice  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
437. Eresia lansdorfi ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:336)
     AR common name: Falsa Erato ("False Erato")  (name refers to its resemblance to Heliconius erato phyllis) 
     
     
     
     Above & below: Eresia lansdorfi. the "False Erato",
     photographed at Iguazu Falls
     (photos by Sherry Nelson) 
     
     
     
     
     
     Subfamily HELICONIINAE: LONGWINGS
     
     Mostly in the American tropics. Adults of some species are long-lived, and several are distasteful. Various other species mimic the distasteful butterflies of this group.  
     
     
     Genus PHILAETHRIA:  2 nearly identical species which may be differentiated only by comparing their underwings.
     
     
438. Philaethria dido ______  (DA:92)
     (Range: southern Mexico to Brazil; also Trinidad)
     
     The costal margins and the transverse band of the hindwings of Philaethria dido are chocolate-colored.  
     
     
439. Philaethria wernickei ______  ARne  (DA:text) (MM:340)
     AR common name: Itaovy Rabona  (translates to "Tailess Itaovy") (Itaovy is a Guarani word meaning "emerald".)   
     (Range: southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina)
     
     The costal margins and the transverse band of the hindwings of Philaethria wernickei are gray.
     
     
     Genus DIONE
     
     
440. Dione moneta  (ph)  ______  (C:267) (DV1:31) (F:143) (K:155) (PE:19)
     MEXICAN SILVERSPOT (or Mexican Silver-spotted Fritillary)
     (Range: southern US thru Central and South America) 
     
     
441. Dione juno  ______  (DV1:31) (S:161) 
     Dione juno juno  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Dione juno suffumata ______  ARne  (MM:343)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     JUNO LONGWING  (or SILVER SPOT)  
     AR common name: Juno Oscura  (translates to "Dark Juno") (Juno in mythology was a Greek goddess, and dark is in comparison with another Argentine subspecies.)
     (Range: thru Central and South America, also the Lesser Antilles) 
     
     Dione juno is closely related to Dryas iulia. It often occurs in the same places as the very similar Gulf Fritillary, and is said to be attracted to red and blue flowers.
     
     
     Genus AGRAULIS:  a single well-known species which occurs in a number of races throughout its vast range.
     
     
442. Agraulis vanillae  (ph)  ______  (C:269) (DA:93) (DV1:31) (F:144) (K:157) (PE:19) (S:160)
     Agraulis vanillae maculosa  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:341)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     GULF FRITILLARY (another name, particularly in the West Indies: Silver-spotted Flambeau)
     AR common name: Espejitos  (translates to "Mirrors", referring to the silver spots on the ventral side, that appear as fragments of a mirror)
     BR common name: Pingos de Prata  
     (Range: southern US thru American tropics to South America, also West Indies) 
      
     Agraulis vanillae is a widespread, familiar butterfly that visits gardens to drink nectar.
     Its fiery orange upperside is distinguished from Dryas iulia by the presence of numerous black dots on the forewing and a silver spotted underside. 
     
     
     
     
     
     
     Two photographs of the Gulf Fritillary, with the upper photo showing the "mirrors" 
     (upper photo by Doris Potter; lower photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
     Genus DRYADULA
     
     
443. Dryadula phaetusa  (ph)  ______ ARne  (DV1:31) (K:155) (MM:344) (PE:19) (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
     BANDED LONGWING (or BANDED ORANGE HELICONIAN, or Banded Orange)
     AR common name: Faetusa  (referring to Phaetusa, who in mythology was the Sun's daughter, and Phaeton's sister.) 
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)
     
     
     
     A Banded Longwing, or Banded Orange Heliconian photographed during a FONT tour in Brazil
     
     
     Genus DRYAS
     
     
444. Dryas iulia  (ph)  ______  BRmg(*)  (C:301) (DA:94) (DV1:31) (F:145) (K:157) (PE:19) (S:159) 
     Dryas iulia alcionea  ______  ARne(*)  (MM:342)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     JULIA HELICONIAN  (or Julia) 
     AR common name: Julia 
     (Range: southern US thru American tropics to Brazil, also West Indies) 
     
     Dryas iulia visits open sunny and flowery areas, often wet ground. It breeds on the passion flower. 
     
     
     
     Two photos of Julia Heliconians; the lower photo during a FONT tour in Brazil
     
     
     
     
     Genus EUEIDES: a genus of about a dozen species that's remarkable for the lack of conformity of its members. Some resemble DANAIDAE (Ituna), ACRAEIDAE (Actinote), ITHOMIIDAE (Mechanitis) and the genus HELICONIUS.  
     
     
445. Eueides aliphera  (ph)  ______  BRmg  (DA:94) (DV1:31) (S:161) 
     Eueides aliphera aliphera  ______  ARne  BRam  BRse  (MM:348)  subspecies in much of Brazil and in northeast Argentina
     FINE-LINED LONGWING  (or LEAST HELICONIAN. or SMALL JULIA)
     AR common name: Pequena Julia  (translates to "Small Julia")  (A miniature of Dryas julia, both in wing shape and the variations of markings.)   
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina, including Trinidad & Tobago) 
     
     As indicated above, Eueides aliphera is a miniature replica of Dryas iulia, and so is sometimes called the "Juliette". 
     
      
     
     The Fine-lined Longwing, or Small Julia
     
     
446. Eueides isabella  (ph)  ______  (DV1:31) (K:155) (PE:20) (S:159) 
     Eueides isabella dianasa  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:349)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina)
     ISABELLA'S LONGWING  (or ISABELLA'S HELICONIAN or Isabella, or Isabella Tiger) 
     AR common name: Isabel Meridional  (translates to "Southern Isabel")
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina, also West Indies) 
     
     
     
     Isabella's Longwing
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
447. Eueides pavana  ______  BRse
     
     
448. Eueides vibilia  ______ (DV1:31)
     Eueides vibilia vibilia  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     VIBILIA LONGWING
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus HELICONIUS: LONGWINGS
     
      
449. Heliconius ricini  ______  BRam  (S:163)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758) (was thought fro a long time to belong in the genus Eueides) 
     RICINI LONGWING
     (Range: the Amazon basin in northern Brazil, and in other nearby countries) 
     
     Heliconius ricini is a relatively small Heliconius with short antennae. It prefers more open, savanna-type habitats than most Heliconius species.
     Unlike many Heliconius species, H. ricini does not have any sympatric congeners that closely resemble it, although it does have a superficial resemblance to the allopatric Heliconius himera and Heliconius clysonymus.    
     
     
450. Heliconius hecale ______  (DA:100) (DV1:31) (F:160)
     HECALE LONGWING  (also called HEART-SPOTTED HELICONIAN) 
     (Range: Mexico to the Guianas, Amazonas, & the eastern side of the Andes in Bolivia; throughout Central & South America, with a number of races)   
     
     Members of a color/pattern mimicry system with Heliconius hecale include: Charonias Eurytele (in the PIERIDAE), Dismorpha eunoe (in the PIERIDAE), Napeogenes peredia (in ITHOMIINI in the NYMPHALIDAE), Eresia coela (in the NYMPHALIDAE), and a diurnal moth.  
     
     
     
     Helcale Longwing
     
     
     
451. Heliconius melpomene ______ (C:307) (DA:101) (DV1:32) (F:161) (S:162)
     MELPOMENE LONGWING  (also called POSTMAN HELICONIAN or the POSTMAN)
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     Heliconius melpomene is slightly larger than its close relative & nearly identical butterfly, Heliconius erato. Many species in this genus have forms matching so closely that they very difficult to distinguish. 
     Heliconius melpomene flies with Heliconius erato.
     
     Parallel races of the two species Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius erato mimic each other throughout the Neotropics, sharing the same patterns in the same geographic areas. 
     The length of the yellow ray in the hindwing can be used to differentiate the two species. It does not reach the edge of the wing in Heliconius melpomene.     
     
     
     
     The Postman, or the Melpomene Longwing
     
     
     
452. Heliconius erato  (ph)  ______  (DA:103,104) (DV1:32) (F:160) (K:155) (PE:19)
     Heliconius erato luscombei  ______  BRmg   subspecies in Mato Grosso, Brazil
     Heliconius erato phyllis  ______  ARne(*)  BRse  (MM:345)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina  
     CRIMSON-PATCHED LONGWING  (also called ERATO HELICONIAN, or the SMALL POSTMAN) 
     AR common name: Erato  (Erato was, in mythology, one of the nine muses; she presided over erotic poetry.)
     a BR common name: Castanha Vermelha     
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)  
     
     Heliconius erato flies close to the ground, along forest margins and in open areas. It roosts communally at night.
     
     
     
     Crimson-patched Longwing 
     
     
453. Heliconius charithonia  (ph)  ______  (C:303) (DA:105) (DV1:32) (F:160) (K:155) (PE:19) (S:160)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1767)
     ZEBRA LONGWING  (also called ZEBRA HELICONIAN or the ZEBRA)
     (Range: southern US thru Central & South America, also the West Indies)
     
     The Zebra Heliconian is a graceful butterfly is a common sight in gardens and at roadside flowers. It roosts in small to large clusters, returning to the same roost night after night. It is very familiar to visitors of butterfly houses as it is easy to rear.
     
     
     
     A Zebra Longwing photographed during a FONT tour 
     (photo by Doug Johnson)
     
     
454. Heliconius besckei ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:346)
     TAWNY-STRIPED LONGWING
     AR common name: Alemana  (translates to "German")  translates to "German")  (in that the coloring of the butterfly is like the German flag)  
     
     
455. Heliconius ethilla narcaea  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:347)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     ETHILIA LONGWING
     AR common name: Arcoiris  (translates to "Rainbow") 
     BR common name: Maria Boba
     
     
456. Heliconius numata robigus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
457. Heliconius sara apseudes  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
458. Heliconius wallacei  ______  BRmg  subspecies in Mato Grosso, Brazil 
     WALLACE'S LONGWING  (or WALLACE'S HELICONIAN)
     
     
459. Heliconius doris  (or now Laparus doris)  (ph)  ______  BRmg
     DORIS LONGWING (or RAYED HELICONIAN) 
     
     
     Subfamily HELICONIINAE, Tribe ARGYNNINI: FRITILLARIES
     
     
     Genus EUPTOIETA
     
     
460. Euptoieta claudia hortensia  (ph)  ______  ARne  (D1:32) (K:157) (MM:338) (PE:20)
     VARIEGATED FRITILLARY
     AR common name: Hortensia  (the subspecific epithet)  
     (Range: Canada thru Central & South America, also the West Indies) 
     
     
     
     Variegated Fritillary
     (photo by Howard Eskin)  
     
     
461. Euptoieta hegesia  (ph)  ______  (DV1:32) (K:157) (PE:29) (PW:23)
     Euptoieta hegesia meridiania  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:339)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)
     MEXICAN FRITILLARY
     AR common name: Falsa Hortensia  ("False Hortensia") (alluding to its resemblance to Euptoieta claudia hortensia, with the common name Hortensia)   
     
     
     Subfamily HELICONIINAE, Tribe ACRAEINI
     
     
     Genus ACTINOTE
     
     
462. Actinote surima surima ______ ARne  (MM:350)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Perezosa Anaranjada  (translates to "Orange Lazy")  (name refers to its type of flight)
     
     
463. Actinote thalia pyrrha ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:351)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Perezosa Base Amarilla  (translates to "Yellow Base Lazy")  (name refers to its type of flight)
     
     
464. Actinote melanisans ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:352)
     AR common name: Perezosa Base Translucida  (translates to "Translucent Base Lazy")  (name refers to its type of flight)
     
     
465. Actinote pellenea pellenea  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     Actinote pellenea calymma  ______  ARne  (MM:353)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Perezosa  (translates to "Lazy")  (name refers to its type of flight)
     
     
466. Actinote mamita elena ______ ARne  (MM:354)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Perezosa de Elena  ("Elena's Lazy")  (name refers to its type of flight)
     
     
467. Actinote carycina  ______  BRse
     
     
468. Actinote conspicua  ______  BRse
     
     
469. Actinote dalmeidai  ______  BRse  (species described in 1996)
     
     
470. Actinote parapheles  ______  BRse
     
     
471. Actinote quadra  ______  BRse
     
     Actinote quadra is an endangered species.
     
     
472. Actinote rhodope  ______  BRse  
     
     
473. There is at least 1 undescribed species of Actinote in southeast Brazil. 
     
     
     Subfamily DANAINAE: MILKWEED BUTTERFLIES
     
     
     Genus ITUNA: a single species, distinctive 
     
     
474. Ituna ilione lamira ______  (DA:79)
     (Range: Central America to northern Argentina)
     
     The Ituna ilione sexes are similar. The semi-transparent wings are similar to ITHOMIIDS, but this species has a much greater size. It is often seen floating effortlessly for long distances, at a uniform height above the ground, until a shrub with flowers distracts it from its reverie. Then, it becomes immediately ensconced, oblivious to all else, as it spends long minutes refreshing itself.    
     
     
     Genus LYCOREA:  Remarkable HELICONID MIMICS. They resemble Heliconius ethilla, but can be distinguished by their larger size in both sexes, and in the male, the presence of a tuft of extrusible "hair-pencils" at the tip of the abdomen.
     
     
475. Lycorea ilione  ______  (DV1:33)
     Lycorea ilione ilione  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:415)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina) 
     CLEARWING MIMIC-QUEEN
     AR common name: Reina Cristalina  (translates to "Crystalline Queen")
     BR common name: Grande Vitral
     translates to "Crystalline Queen")
     BR common name: Grande Vitral
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)  
     
     
476. Lycorea halia (formerly cleobaea)  (ph)  ______
     Lycorea halia cinnamomea  ______  BRam  subspecies in Amazonas, Brazil
     Lycorea halia transiens  ______  BRam  subspecies in Amazonas, Brazil  
     Lycorea halia pales  ______  BRmg   subspecies in part of Brazil, and Peru
     Lycorea halia discreta  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:414)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     TIGER MIMIC-QUEEN 
     AR common name at Iguazu: Halia del Noreste  (translates to "Northeastern Halia", in mythology, Halia was a Nereid.)
     
     
     
     A Tiger Mimic-Queen photographed during a FONT tour 
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
     Genus DANAUS: ROYALTY
     
     
477. Danaus plexippus  (ph)  ______  (C:37) (DA:80) (DV1:33) (F:143) (K:227) (PE:27) (S:184)
     Danaus plexippus erippus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:416)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     MONARCH
     AR common name: Monarca  (Another Spanish common name is: Oruga de las Asclepias) 
     (Another Spanish common name is: Oruga de las Asclepias) 
     (Range: a truly cosmopolitan species, occurring in North and South America, Australia, and the East Indies.) 
     
     The Monarch is a very strong flier with strong migratory tendencies in temperate regions, but not in the tropics where it is usually a solitary flier. 
     
     
     
     Monarch 
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
478. Danaus eresimus plexaure  (ph)  ______  ARne  (C:283) (DV1:33) (F:142) (K:229) (MM:417) (PE:27)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     SOLDIER 
     AR common name: Emperatriz  (translates to "Empress")
     (Range: southern US to northern Argentina, also in the Antilles) 
     
     
     
     A Soldier photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)
     
     
479. Danaus gilippus  (ph)  ______  (D1:33) (F:143) (K:229) (PE:27) (S:183)
     Danaus gilippus gilippus  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:418)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     QUEEN
     AR common name: Reina  (translates to "Queen")  
     (Range: southern US to northern Argentina)  
     
     
     
     A Queen
     (photo by Howard Eskin)
     
     
     Subfamily ITHOMIINAE  
     this highly diverse group has been considered as a separate family, or (now by most) as a subfamily of NYMPHALIDAE.  
     
     
     Genus AERIA
     
     
480. Aeria olena  ______  BRse  
     
     
     Genus CALLITHOMIA
     
     
481. Callithmia lenea methonela  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     
     
     Genus TITHOREA:  a Neotropical genus of about 15 species
     
     
482. Tithorea tarricina ______ (DV1:34) (F:207)
     CREAM-SPOTTED TIGER-CLEARWING (or CREAM-SPOTTED TIGERWING) 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)  
     
     
483. Tithorea harmonia  ______  (C:367) (DV1:34) (S:180)
     Tithorea harmonica pseudonyma  ______  ARne  (MM:397)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     HARMONIA TIGER-CLEARWING  (also called Tiger Butterfly, or the Tiger)
     AR common name: Armoniosa 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus THYRIDIA:  4 species, 3 of which strongly resemble species in the genus  METHONA. These species are separated from those in that genus by the presence of white marginal spots on both surfaces of the hindwing. In METHONA they only occur on the underside. THYRIDA species are generally larger than METHONA.  
     
     
484. Thyridia hippodamia cetoides ______  (DA:85)
     (Range: Peru, Brazil) 
     
     Thyridia hippodamia can be difficult to separate from Methonia species.
     
     
485. Thyridia psidii  ______  (DV1:34)
     Thyridia psidii hippodamia  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
     Thyridia psidii pallida  ______  ARne (MM:401)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Palida  (translates to "Pale")
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)  
     
     
     Genus MECHANITIS:  8 to 10 species of distinctively shaped ITHOMIIDS, some of which have extremely long wings and abdomens, making them look rather like dragonflies. 
     
     
486. Mechanitis isthmia ______ (S:180)
     COMMON MECHANITIS
     
     Mechanitis isthmia flies in bright sunlight, attracted to flowers.
     
     
487. Mechanitis lysimnia  ______  (DA:85) (DV1:34) 
     Mechanitis lysimnia lysimnia  ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:399)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina & southeast Brazil) 
     LYSIMNIA TIGERWING
     AR common name: Multicolor  (translates to "Multicolored")
     translates to "Multicolored")
     (Range: Honduras to northern Argentina)   
     
     
488. Mechanitis polymnia casabranca  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus MELINEA
     
     
489. Melinea ethra  ______  BRse
     
     
490. Melinea ludovica paraiya  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     
     
     Genus METHONA
     
     
491. Methona themisto  ______  BRse 
     
     
     Genus HETEROSAIS
     
     
492. Heterosais edessa  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus HYPOLERIA
     
     
493. Hypoleria adasa adasa  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus HYPOTHYRIS:  8 to 10 species of CLEARWINGS, with some species showing delicate combinations of yellows & Orange-browns especially at the anal angle of the hindwings. 
     
     
494. Hypothyris euclea laphria  ______  ARne  (DV1:34) (MM:406)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     EUCLEA TIGERWING
     AR common name: Yvoty  (a Guarani word for "flower")
     (Range: Mexico to northern Argentina)  
     
     
495. Hypothyris ninonia daeta ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:407)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Yvoty Moroti  (Guarani words are Yvorty meaning "flower" and Moroti meaning "white") 
     
     
     Genus ITHOMIA:  40 to 45 species of clear-winged butterflies with the most beautiful opalescent reflections when viewed in an oblique light.
     
     
496. Ithomia agnosia zikani   ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:404)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Cristalina Mancha Blanca  (translates to "White-spotted Crystalline") 
     
     
497. Ithomia drymo ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:405)
     AR common name: Cristalina Guion Negro  (translates to "Black Hyphen Crystalline")
     
     
     Genus DIRCENNA
     
     
498. Dircenna dero  ______  (DV1:35)
     Dircenna dero rheo  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil) 
     Dircenna dero celtina  ______  ARne  (MM:409)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     DERO CLEARWING
     AR common name: Celtina  (In mythology, Celtina had a baby with Hercules called Celto, that gave rise to the Celts) 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus EPITYCHES
     
     
499. Epityches eupompe  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:403)
     AR common name: Filigrana  (translates to "Watermark")
     
     
     
     Genus EPISCADA:  15 to 18 species of mostly clearwinged butterflies, with 1 or 2 with orange-brown and yellow colored opaque qualities.
     
     
500. Episcada carcinia ______ (DA:89)
     (Range: southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, & Uruguay)
     
     
501. Episcada hymenaea hymenaea  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:410)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Cristalina  (translates to "Crystalline")
     
     
502. Episcada clausina striposis  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
503. Episcada philoclea  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus GRETA 
     
     
504. Greta polissena  (ph)  ______  (DV1:36)
     POLISSENA CLEARWING
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil)  
     
     
     
     Polissena Clearwing
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus NAPEOGENES
     
     
505. Napeogenes rhezia yanetta  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus OLERIA
     
     
506. Oleria aquata  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PLACIDINA
     
     
507. Placidina euryanassa  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PTERONYMIA
     
     
508. Pteronymia euritea  ______  BRse
     
     
509. Pteronymia sylvo  ______  ARse  BRse  (MM:411)
     AR common name: Sylvo  (referring to the scientific name)
     
     
     Genus PSEUDOSCADA
     
     
510. Pseudoscada erruca  ______  ARba,ne  BRse  (BB:321) (MM:412)
     AR common name: Cristalina Azulada  ("Bluish Crystalline")
     
     Near Buenos Aires, Argentina, Pseudoscada erruca has been seen flying together with the similar Episcada hymenaea.
     
     
     Genus SCADA
     
     
511. Scada karschina karschina  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     
     
     Subfamily MORPHIDAE: 
     there are about 150 species of this grouping in tropical Central & South America
     
     Genus MORPHO:  about 80 showy species. These Central & South American species have always drawn much attention, as the large, obvious males are a very bright metallic blue.   
     
        
512. Morpho achilles  ______  BRam  BRmg
     Morpho achilles achilles  (ph) (*)  ______  ARne  BRse(*)  (MM:355)  subspecies in northeast Argentina and southern Brazil 
     ACHILLES MORPHO  (also called Blue-banded Morpho, or Banded Blue Morpho)
     AR common name: Pora  (this name is a Guarani word meaning "beautiful".)
     BR common name: Capitao do mato
     (Range: in nearly all of Neotropical South America)
     
     
     
     Morpho achilles, photographed during the FONT tour in Brazil in March 2009.
     (photo by Patricia Yoder)
     
     
     
     Another photo of Morpho achilles, taken during the FONT tour in southeast Brazil in August 2009.
     This time with a mango on which it had been feasting.
     
     
513. Morpho aega aega  ______  ARne(*)  BRse  (MM:356)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     AEGA MORPHO  (another name is BLUE SILK)
     AR common name: Vera   
     BR common names: Seda Azul, Corcovado, Telao de Seda, Azulao
     (Range: in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay)
     
     
514. Morpho epistrophus epistrophus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil  
     Morpho epistrophus argentina  ______ ARne  (MM:357)  subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     EPISTROPHUS WHITE MORPHO
     AR common name: Moroti  (this name: is a Guarani word meaning "white".)   
     
     
515. Morpho helenor  (ph)  ______ 
     Morpho helenor achillaena  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Morpho helenor violacea  (ph) (*)  ______  BRse   subspecies in southern Brazil
     COMMON MORPHO  (also called HELENOR MORPHO)
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)   
     
     
     
     A Helenor, or Common Morpho photographed during a FONT tour in Brazil in May 2011
     (photo by Patricia Yoder)
     
     
516. Morpho cisseis  ______  BRmg
     CISSEIS MORPHO
     
     
517. Morpho deidamia  ______  BRmg
     DEIDAMIA MORPHO 
     
     
518. Morpho telemachus  ______  BRmg
     TELEMACHUS MORPHO
     
     
519. Morpho anaxiba  ______  BRse
     
     
520. Morpho athena  ______  BRse  (species described in 1966)
     
     
521. Morpho hercules  ______  BRse
     
     
522. Morpho menelaus  ______  BRmg
     Morpho menelaus coeruleus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     MENELAUS MORPHO
     
     
523. Morpho portis portis  ______  BRe   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus ANTIRRHEA
     
     
524. Antirrhea archaea  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus BLEPOLENIS
     
     
525. Blepolenis batea batea  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Subfamily BRASSOLIDAE
     
     Genus BRASSOLIS  (this genus & others that follow here:  "The OWLS")
     
     
526. Brassolis astyra astyra  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
527. Brassolis sophorae vulpeculus  ______  ARne  (MM:360)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Zorra  ("Fox", derived from the scientific name of the subspecies, vulpeculus)
     BR common name: Borboleta do Coqueiro 
     
     
     Genus DYNASTOR:  3 magnificent species
     
      
528. Dynastor darius stygianus  ______  (DV1:41)   subspecies from Guatemala to Ecuador
     Dynastor darius ictericus  ______  ARne  (MM:361)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     DARING OWL-BUTTERFLY
     AR common name: Dario  (derived from the scientific name, darius)
     (Range: Mexico to the Amazon Basin)  
     
     
     Genus DASYOPHTHALMA:  3 species in central & southern Brazil
     
     
529. Dasyophthalma creusa creusa  ______  BRse  (DA:140)   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     (Range: central and southern Brazil, maybe adjacent Paraguay)
     
     Dasyopthhalma creusa can only be encountered in the first few months of the year, in the deepest forest. It is one of the most commonly taken butterflies on baits. Moth collectors have reported it coming to bait even at night.  
     
     
530. Dasyophthalma delanira  ______  BRse
     
     Dasyophthalma delanira is an endangered species.
     
     
531. Dasyophthalma rusina principesa  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus NAROPE
     
     
532. Narope cyllene ______ ARne  (MM:358)
     AR common name: Cilenia  (the Cilenos, in mythology, were the inhabitants of Mount Cilene.)
     
     
533. Narope cyllastros  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus OPOPTERA
     
     
534. Opoptera syme  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus OPSIPHANES:  13 species, all with stout bodies, and thick scaled wings. Occur from Mexico to Paraguay (& in Trinidad). The male wingshape reminiscent of the Afrotropical CHARAXES. The behavior is much like that of other BRASSOLIDS. Most of the species in this genus strongly resemble each other. Most of these species are not common.  
     
     
535. Opsiphanes invirae  ______  (DV1:42) 
     Opisphanes invirae pseudophilon  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus ______ ARne  (MM:359)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     LOWLAND OWL-BUTTERFLY 
     AR common name: Fantasma  (translates to "Ghost")
     (Range: Honduras to northern Argentina)  
     
     
536. Opsiphanes cassiae crameri  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
537. Opisiphanes quitera meridionalis  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus CATOBLEPIA
     
     
538. Catoblepia berecynthia  ______  BRmg
     BERECYNTHIA OWLET
     
     
539. Catoblepia soranus  ______  BRmg
     SORANUS OWLET
     
     
540. Catoblepia amphirhoe  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:363)
     AR common name: Fantasma Grande  (translates to "Big Ghost")
     
     
     Genus ERYPHANIS:  6 species with "owl eyes" in Central & South America. Breeds on bamboo.
     
     
541. Eryphanis reevesii  ______ ARne  (MM:366)
     Eryphanis reevesii reevesii  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     AR common name: Sombra Azul  (translates to "Blue Shadow")
     
     
542. Eryphanis automedom amphimedom  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus CALIGO:  20 to 30 species of among the largest and most striking butterflies in the world. The species in this genus can usually be distinguished from each other by the pattern and coloration of the upper wings
     
     Butterflies in the genus CALIGO avoid bright sunlight. They often fly in the late afternoon and at dusk. They are attracted to fermenting fruit.   
     
     
543. Caligo eurilochus  ______  BRam  BRmg
     FOREST GIANT-OWL  (or EURILOCHUS OWL-BUTTERFLY)
     (Range: from Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
544. Caligo brasiliensis  (ph)  ______  BRse
     Caligo brasiliensis brasiliensis  ______  ARne  (DA:1430 (DV1:45)  (MM:367)   subspecies in Brazil
     BRAZILIAN OWL (or ALMOND-EYED OWL)  
     AR common name: Lechucita de Brazil  ("Brazilian Little Owl") 
     (Range: Guatemala to northern Argentina) 
     
     
     
     An Owl Butterfly in Brazil
     
     
545. Caligo illioneus  ______  (DA:text) (DV1:46)
     Caligo illioneus illioneus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     Caligo illioneus pampeiro ______ ARne  (MM:368)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     DUSKY OWL-BUTTERFLY
     AR common name: Lechucita  (translates to "Little Owl")
     (Range: Costa Rica to northern Argentina)
     
     
546. Caligo arisbe fulgens  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Subfamily SATYRINAE: SATYRS
     a large group represented strongly in Central and South America
     
     
     Genus AMPHIDECTA
     
     
547. Amphidecta calliomma  ______  BRmg
     CALLIOMMA SATYR 
     
     
     Genus ARCHEUPTYCHIA   genus created in 1964
     
     
548. Archeuptychia cluena  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CAPRONNIERIA  genus created in 1964
     
     
549. Capronnieria galesus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CHLOREUPTYCHIA  genus created in 1964
     
     
550. Chloreuptychia arnaca  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus ETEONA
     
     
551. Eteona tisiphone  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus EUPTYCHIA
     
     
552. Euptychia mollina  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus FORSTERINARIA   genus created in 1973
     
     
553. Forsterinaria necys  ______  BRse
     
     
554. Forsterinaria quantius  ______  BRse
     
     
555. Forsterinaria stelligera  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus GODARTIANA  genus created in 1964
     
     
556. Godartiana byses  ______  BRse 
     
     
     Genus HAETERA
     
     
557. Haetera piera  ______  BRmg
     PIERA SATYR
     
     
     Genus HERMEUPTYCHIA
     
     
558. Hermeuptychia hermes ______ ARne  BRse  (D1:41: Cissia hermes) (MM:385)  
     HERMES SATYR
     AR common name: Hermes
     
     The Hermes Satyr is closely related to the Carolina Satyr, of North America, Hermeuptychia sosybius  (K:231) (PE:28) 
     
     
     Genus MAGNEUPTYCHIA  (genus created in 1964)
     
     
559. Magneuptychia libye  ______  BRse  (species described by Linnaeus in 1767, in a different genus) 
     
     
     Genus MANATARIA
     
     
560. Manataria maculata ______ (D1:47)
     WHITE-SPOTTED SATYR
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
561. Manataria hercyna hercyna ______ ARne  (MM:369)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     AR common name: Franja Crema  (translates to "Cream Band")
     
     
     Genus MONEUPTYCHIA   genus created in 1964
     
     
562. Moneupychia griseldis  ______  BRse
     
     
563. Moneupychia paeon  ______  BRse
     
     
564. Moneupychia soter  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PARYPHTHIMOIDES   genus created in 1964
     
     
565. Paryphthimoides undulata  ______  BRmg
     UNDULATA SATYR
     
     
566. Paryphthimoides phronius  ______  BRse
     
     
567. Paryphthimoides poltys  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PHARNEUPYTCHIA  genus created in 1964
     
     
568. Pharneupytchia innocentia  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PIERELLA
     
     
569. Pierella lamia  ______  BRmg 
     Pierella lamia lamia  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     LAMIA SATYR
     
     
570. Pierella nereis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PRAEPEDALIODES   genus created in 1964
     
     
571. Praepedaliodes phanias  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus SPLENDEUPTYCHIA   genus created in 1964
     
     
572. Splendeuptychia ambra  ______  BRse
     
     
573. Splendeuptychia doxes  ______  BRse
     
     
574. Splendeuptychia hygina  ______  BRse
     
     
575. A yet undescribed species of Splendeuptychia has been found in southeast Brazil.      
     
     
     Genus TAYGETIS:  About 25 species of browns in Central and South America. With brown or gray upperparts, and with false eyes on the underside. Mostly, they prefer shaded rainforest understory.  
     
     
576. Taygetis mermeria ______ (D1:47)
     GREAT SATYR
     (Range: Mexico to Bolivia & Brazil) 
     
     
577. Taygetis virgilia ______  BRse  (D1:47)
     STUB-TAILED SATYR 
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
578. Taygetis celia ______ (D1:47)
     (Range: Nicaragua to Bolivia & Brazil) 
     
     
579. Taygetis kerea ______ (D1:47)
     (Range: Guatemala to Paraguay)
     
     
580. Taygetis andromeda ______ (D1:48)
     (Range: Mexico thru Central and South America)
     
     
581. Taygetis cleopatra  ______  BRmg
     CLEOPATRA SATYR
     
     
582. Taygetis sylvia ______ ARne  (MM:370)
     SYLVIA'S SATYR
     AR common name: Silvia  (referring to the scientific name, sylvia)
     
     
583. Taygetis rufomarginata ______ ARne  (MM:371)
     RUSTY-MARGINED SATYR
     AR common name: Rojiza  (translates to "Reddish")
     
     (translates to "Reddish")
     
     
584. Taygetis acuta ______ ARne  (MM:372)
     AR common name: Puntiguda  (translates to "Pointed")
     
     
585. Taygetis ypthima ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:373)
     AR common name: Ganchuda  (translates to "Hook-shaped")
     
     
586. Taygetis laches marginata ______ ARne  BRse  (MM:374)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Andromeda  (refers to an erroneously applied scientific name)
     
     
587. Taygetis sosis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus POSTTAYGETIS
     
     
588. Posttaygetis penelea  ______  BRmg
     YELLOW-SPIKED SATYR
     
     
     Genus CISSIA:  butterflies in this genus were formerly all placed in EUPTYCHIA  
      
     
589. Cissia palladia ______ (D1:48)
     PALLADIA SATYR  (or BUTLER'S SATYR)
     (Range: Nicaragua to Brazil, also Trinidad)
     
     
590. Cissia terrestris  ______  BRmg
     CRYPTIC SATYR
     
     
591. Cissia thobiei ______ ARne  (MM:392)  (may be a subspecies of Cissia myncea)
     AR common name: Cisea
     
     
     Genus PAREUPTYCHIA   genus created in 1964
     
     
592. Pareuptychia (formerly Cissia) metaleuca  ______  (D1:48)
     ONE-BANDED SATYR
     (Range: Mexico to Brazil)
     
     
593. Pareuptychia ocirrhow interjecta  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil, described in 1952 
     
     
     Genus YPHTHIMOIDES   genus created in 1964
     
     
594. Yphthimoides borasta  ______  BRse
     
     
595. Yphthimoides maepius maepius  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
     Genus ZISCHKAIA   genus created in 1964
     
     
596. Zischkaia pronophila  ______  BRse  
       
     
     
     Family HESPERIIDAE: SKIPPERS 
     
     A very large family (3,000 species throughout the world) of stout-bodied short-winged butterflies that resemble day-flying moths. The adult butterfly's flight resembles a 'skipping' motion when going from flower to flower. Their forewings are closed above their back when they are settled.
     
     
     Subfamily EUDAMINAE
     
     
     Genus PHOCIDES
     
     
597. Phocides pigmalion  ______  (K:267) (PE:30) 
     Phocides pigmalion hewitsonius  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:37)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     MANGROVE SKIPPER
     AR common name: Saltain de Hewitson  ("Hewitson's Skipper")  
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, also Florida & West Indies) 
     
     
598. Phocides palemon (formerly polybius) ______ (C:253) (K:267) (PE:30) (S:42)
     GUAVA SKIPPER
     
     Phocides palemon has a striking plumage. It feeds on Guava and related species. 
     
     
599. Phocides pialia pialia  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     Phocides pialia maximus  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     
     
600. Phocides charon ______ ARne  (MM:38)
     AR common name: Charon
     
     
601. Phocides polybius polybias  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)  
     Phocides polybius phanius  ______ ARne  (MM:39)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Phanias
     
     
     Genus PHANUS
     
     
602. Phanus australis  ______  BRse  (species described in 1965)
     
     
603. Phanus vitreus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:40)
     AR common name: Vitrea
     
     
     Genus POLYTHRIX
     
     
604. Polythrix octomaculata  ______  (K:271) (PE:30)
     Polythrix octomaculata octomaculata  ______  ARne  (MM:47)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina) 
     EIGHT-SPOTTED LONGTAIL (or Polythrix)
     AR common name: Tuju  (a Guarani word, referring to the brown coloration of the butterfly, allowing it to be camouflaged when it rests on mud) 
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, also Haiti) 
     
     
605. Polythrix caunus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PROTEIDES
     
     
606. Proteides mercurius  (ph)  ______  BRse  (K:273) (PE:30)
     Proteides mercurius mercurius  ______  ARne  (MM:41)   subspecies in northeast Argentina 
     MERCURIAL SKIPPER
     AR common name: Mercurio
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, and West Indies. Strays north to the southern US.) 
     
     
     
     Mercurial Skipper
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus EPARGYREUS
     
     
607. Epargyreus socus socus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
608. Epargyreus clavicornis clavicornis  ______  ARne  (MM:42)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     SMALL-SPOTTED SILVERDROP
     AR common name: Saltarin Coloso  (translates to "Colossus Skipper")
     
     
609. Epargyreus edxadeus ______ (K:273) (PE:text) 
     BROKEN SILVERDROP  (or Exadeus Skipper)
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
     Genus POLYGONUS  
     
     
610. Polygonus leo  ______  (K:267) (PE:30) 
     Polygonus leo leo  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:43)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     HAMMOCK SKIPPER
     AR common name: Leo
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, also Florida and the West Indies)
     
     
611. Polygonus manueli manueli  ______  ARne  (MM:44) (PE:text)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     MANUEL'S SKIPPER
     AR common name: Manuel
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, and West Indies)
     
     
612. Polygonus savigny savigny  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus CHIOIDES
     
     
613. Chioides catillus ______ (C:377) (K:271) (PE:30) 
     Chioides catillus catillus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     WHITE-STRIPED LONGTAIL
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina, and West Indies, in Jamaica) 
     
     
     Genus AGUNA 
     
     
614. Aguna asander  ______  (K:273) (PE:30) 
     Aguna asander asander  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:45)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     GOLD-SPOTTED AGUNA
     AR common name: Asander
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, and West Indies)
     
     
615. Aguna metophis ______ (K:273) (PE:30) 
     TAILED AGUNA  
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
616. Aguna williamsi  ______  ARne  (MM:46)
     WILLIAM'S LONGTAIL 
     AR common name: Coludo de Williams
     
     
     Genus ANASTRUS
     
     
617. Anastrus ulpianus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus TYPHEDANUS 
     
     
618. Typhedanus undulatus ______  BRse  (K:271) (PE:30) 
     MOTTLED LONGTAIL
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
     Genus CODATRACTUS
     
     
619. Codatractus aminias  ______  ARne  (MM:48)
     AR common name: Jetapa  (a Guarrani word, meaning "scissors", referring to the tails) 
     
     
     Genus URBANUS: LONG-TAILED SKIPPERS
     
     
620. Urbanus proteus  (ph)  ______  BRmg   (K:269) (PE:30) (S:36)  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758) 
     Urbanus proteus proteus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:49)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     (COMMON) LONG-TAILED SKIPPER
     AR common name: Coludo Verdoso  (translates to "greenish-tailed")
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina, also Florida & West Indies)
     
     
     
     Above & below: the Common Long-tailed Skipper.
     The lower photo is the nominate subspecies, Urbanus proteus proteus
     (upper photo by Rise Hill; lower photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
     
     
     
621. Urbanus pronus ______ (PE:text)
     PRONUS LONGTAIL
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
622. Urbanus esmeraldus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:50) (PE:text)
     ESMERALDA LONGTAIL  
     AR common name: Coludo Esmeralda  (translates to "Emerald Longtail")
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
623. Urbanus dorantes  (ph)  ______  (K:269) (PE:30) 
     Urbanus dorantes dorantes  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:51)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     DORANTES LONGTAIL  (or Skipper)
     AR common name: Coludo Manchas Doradas  (translates to "Lilac-banded Longtail") 
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina, also Florida & West Indies)
     
     
     
     A Dorantes Longtail photographed during a FONT tour 
     (photo by Rise Hill)
     
     
624. Urbanus teleus  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (K:269) (MM:53) (PE:30)
     TELEUS LONGTAIL
     AR common name: Coludo Linea Blanca  (referring to the white line on the forewings) 
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina)
     
     
     
     A Teleus Longtail photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Marie Gardner)  
     
     
625. Urbanus simplicius  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:52) (PE:text)
     PLAIN LONGTAIL
     AR common name: Coludo Simple  (translates to "Simple Longtail")
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
     
     A Plain Longtail photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Rise Hill)
     
     
626. Urbanus procne ______  BRse  (K:269) (PE:30)
     BROWN LONGTAIL
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina, strays elsewhere in the southwest US)
     
     
627. Urbanus doryssus albicuspis  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:54) (PE:30)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina  
     WHITE-TAILED SKIPPER
     AR common name: Punta Blancas   (translates to "White Tips")
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
628. Urbanus tanna  ______  BRmg
     TANNA LONGTAIL 
     
     
629. Urbanus belli  ______  BRse
     
     
630. Urbanus esta  ______  BRse  (species described in 1952)
     
     
     Genus ASTRAPTES: FLASHERS
     
     
631. Astraptes fulgerator  (ph)  ______  (K:279) (PE:30)
     Astraptes fulgerator fulgerator  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:55)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     TWO-BARRED FLASHER  (or Flashing Astraptes)
     AR common name: Relampagueante  (meaning "he who throws out light", referring to the bright blue coloration)
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina)
     
     
     
     The Two-barred Flasher, Astraptes fulgerator
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
632. Astraptes alardus  ______  (K:279) (PE:text)
     Astraptes alardus alardus  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil   
     FROSTED (or WHITE) FLASHER
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, also Cuba, rarely north to southern Texas)
     
     
633. Astraptes anaphus  ______  (K:279) (PE:text) 
     Astraptes anaphus anaphus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:59)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     YELLOW-TIPPED (or YELLOW) FLASHER
     AR common name: Cola Amarilla  (translates to "Yellow Tail")
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, rarely north to southern Texas)
     
     
634. Astraptes naxus  ______  BRse
     
     
635. Astraptes talus  ______  BRse
     
     
636. Astraptes fulviluna  ______  ARne  (MM:56)
     AR common name: Brillante  (translates to "Flashy")
     
     
637. Astraptes creteus siges  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:57)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     WHITENED FLASHER
     AR common name: Mancha de Tiza  (translates to "Chalk Spot")  
     
     
638. Astraptes elorus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:58)  
     AR common name: Elorus
     
     
     Genus AUTOCHTON
     
     
639. Autochton bipunctatus  ______  BRse
     
     
640. Autochton longipennis  ______  BRse
     
     
641. Autochton neis  ______  BRse
     
     
642. Autochton reflexus  ______  BRse
     
     
643. Autochton sulfureolus  ______  BRse
     
     
644. Autochton zarex  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:60)
     SHARP BANDED-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Saltarin Franja Blanca  (translates to "White-banded Skipper")
     
     
     Genus SARMIENTOLA
     
     
645. Sarmientoia haywardi  ______  ARne  (MM:61)  (species described in 1967)
     AR common name: Dormilona Zigzag  (translates to "Zigzag Sleepyhead")
     
     
646. Sarmientola phaselis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus NASCUS
     
     
647. Nascus phocus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:62)
     AR common name: Foco  (from the scientific name)
     
     
     Genus BUNGALOTIS
     
     
648. Bungalotis astylos  ______  BRse
     
     
649. Bungalotis midax  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CELAENORRHINUS
     
     
650. Calaenorrhinus similis  ______  BRse 
     Calaenorrhinus similis similis  ______  ARne  (MM:63)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name:  Terca  (meaning "obstinate", referring to the "obstinate habit" of always resting in the same places that are used to sunbathe)
     
     
     Genus TELEMIADES:  the FLATS
     
     
651. Telemiades laogonus laogonus  ______  ARne  (MM:64)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Laogono  (from the scientific name)
     
     
652. Telemiades amphion marpesus  ______  ARne  (MM:65)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     AR common name: Anfion    
     
     
     Genus DYSCOPHELLUS
     
     
653. Dyscophellus euribates ______ (PE:text)
     EURIBATES SKIPPER
     (Range: Costa Rica to Brazil, rarely north to Texas)
     
     
654. Dyscophellus ramusis damias  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus SPATHILEPIA 
     
     
655. Spathilepia clonius  ______  BRse  (K:277) (PE:31)
     FALCATE SKIPPER
     (Range: south Texas & Mexico to Argentina) 
     
     
     Genus COGIA 
     
     
656. Cogia calchas  ______  BRse  BRmg  (K:265) (PE:31)
     MIMOSA (or CALCHAS) SKIPPER
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina)
     
     
657. Cogia hippalus______ (K:259) (PE: text)
     ACACIA SKIPPER 
     (Range: southwest US to Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus RIDENS
     
     
658. Ridens fulima  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus SALATIS
     
     
659. Salatis salatis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Subfamily PYRGINAE 
     
     
     Genus PYRRHOPYGE
     
     
660. Pyrrhopyge thericles rileyi  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
661. Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis  _____  ARne  (MM:32)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Diablito  (translates to "Little Devil")
     BR common name: Diabinho
     
     
662. Pyrrhopyge pelota  ______  ARne  (MM:33)
     AR common name: Monsenor  (translates to "Monsignor")
     
     
     Genus SARBIA
     
     
663. Sarbia damippe  ______  BRse
     DAMIPPE FIRETIP
     
     
664. Sarbia xanthippe spixii  ______  BRse
     XANTHIPPE FIRETIP   
     
     
     Genus JEMADIA
     
     
665. Jemadia fallax  ______  BRmg
     FALLAX SKIPPER
     
     
666. Jemadia gnetus  ______  BRmg
     GNETUS SKIPPER
     
     
667. Jemadia hewitsonii  (ph)  ______  BRmg
     HEWITSON'S SKIPPER  (or HEWITSON'S SABRE-WING)
     
     
     
     the Hewitson's Skipper   (photo by Sherry Nelson)  
     
     
668. Jemadia hospita  ______  BRmg
     HOSPITA SKIPPER
     
     
     Genus ELBELLA   genus created in 1951
     
     
669. Elbella intersecta losca  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus MIMONIADES
     
     
670. Mimoniades montana  ______  BRse
     
     
671. Mimoniades ocyalus  ______  BRse
     
     
672. Mimoniades versicolor versicolor  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus MYSORIA
     
     
673. Mysoria sejanus  ______  BRmg
     BLACK-VEINED FIRETIP
     
     
674. Mysoria barcastus barta  ______  ARne  (MM:34)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Obispo  (translates to "Bishop")
     
     
     Genus MYSCELUS
     
     
675. Myscelus epimachia epimachia  (ph)  ______  BRse
     EPIMACHIA GLORY
     
     
     
     The Epimachia Glory, or Myscelus epimachia
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
676. Myscelus santhilarius  ______  BRse
     
     
677. Myscelus amystis epigona  ______  ARne  (MM:35)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Epigono
     BR common name: Leque  (translates to "Fan")   
     
     
     Genus GRANILLA
     
     
678. Granilla paseas paseas  ______  ARne  (MM:36)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Paseas 
     
     
     Genus POLYCTOR
     
     
679. Polyctor polyctor polyctor  (ph)  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     POLYCTOR TUFTED SKIPPER 
     
     
     
     The Polyctor Tufted Skipper. Polyctor polyctor
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus CYCLOGLYPHA
     
     
680. Cycloglypha enega  ______  BRse
     
     
681. Cycloglypha thrasibulus thrasibulus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
682. Cycloglypha tisias  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus DIACUS
     
     
683. Diacus lacaena  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus NISONIADES
     
     
684. Nisoniades rubescens ______ (K:275) (PE:text)
     PURPLISH-TUFTED SKIPPER  (or Purplish-black Skipper)
     (Range: northern Mexico to Brazil) 
     
     
685. Nisoniades bipuncta  ______  BRse
     
     
686. Nisoniades macarius  ______  ARne  (MM:66)
     MACARIUS TUFTED-SKIPPER 
     AR common name: Macario
     
     
     Genus NARCOSIUS
     
     
687. Narcosius colossus granadensis  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus NOCTUANA
     
     
688. Noctuana diurna  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus OECHYDRUS
     
     
689. Oechydrus chersis evelinda  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus PACHYNEURIA
     
     
690. Pachyneuria inops  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PELLICIA 
     
     
691. Pellicia dimidiata ______ (PE:text)
     MORNING GLORY TUFTED-SKIPPER  (or MORNING GLORY PELLICIA)
     (Range: north Mexico to Argentina)
     
     
692. Pellicia costimacula costimacula  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
693. Pellicia vecina  ______  BRmg
     Pellicia vecina vecina  ______  ARne  (MM:67)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     VECINA TUFTED-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Vecina
     
     
     Genus VIOLA
     
     
694. Viola violella  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:68)  
     AR common name: Manchadita  (translates to "Little Spotted")
     
     
     Genus BOLLA
     
     
695. Bolla catharina  ______  BRse
     
     
696. Bolla atahualpai  ______  ARne  (MM:69)
     ATAHUALPAI SOOTYWING
     AR common name: Atahualpa
     (Range: Panama to Argentina) 
     
     
     Genus SOSTRATA
     
     
697. Sostrata bifasciata bifasciata  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:81) (PE:text)   subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina 
     METAL-STUDDED SKIPPER  (another names is BLUE-STUDDED SKIPPER) 
     AR common name: Saltarin Lavanda  (translates to "Lavander Skipper")  
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, rare stray to far-southern Texas)
     
     
     Genus STAPHYLUS
     
     
698. Staphylus ascalon  ______  ARne  (MM:70)
     AR common name: Ascalonita
     
     
699. Staphylus melaina  ______  ARne  (MM:71)
     AR common name: Oscura  (translates to "Dark")
     
     
700. Staphylus incisus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:72)
     AR common name: Saltarin Ocraceo  (translates to "Ochraceus Skipper")  
     
     
     Genus THEAGENES
     
     
701. Theagenes dichrous  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus TRINA
     
     
702. Trina geometrina geometrina  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:73)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Geometrica  (translates to "Geometrical") 
     
     
     Genus GORGOPAS
     
     
703. Gorgopas petale  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus GORGYTHION
     
      
704. Gorgythion begga begga  ______  ARne  BRse  (K:275) (MM:74) (PE:text)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     VARIEGATED (or BEGGA) SKIPPER
     AR common name: Beggina
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, strays to far-southern Texas)
     
     
705. Gorgythion beggina escalophoides  ______  ARne  (MM:75)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     BEGGINA SKIPPER
     AR common name: Beggina
     
     
     Genus OULEUS
     
     
706. Ouleus fridericus riona  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:76)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Kamba  (a Guarani word meaning "a dark-skinned person")
     
     
     Genus ZERA
     
     
707. Zera zera zera  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     
     
708. Zera tetrastigma erisichthon  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil   
     
     
709. Zera hyacinthinus servius  ______  ARne  (MM:77)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     BRUISED SKIPPER
     AR common name: Jacinto  
     
     
     Genus QUADRUS
     
     
710. Quadrus cerialis  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:78)
     COMMON BLUE-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Saltarin de Ceres  ("Ceres' Skipper")   
     
     
     Genus PYRDALUS
     
     
711. Pyrdalus corbulo corbulo  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus PYTHONIDES
     
     
712. Pythonides jovianus fabricii  ______  BRse
     
     
713. Pythonides lancea  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:79)
     AR common name: Lanza  (translates to  "Lance") 
     
     
     Genus MILANION
     
     
714. Milanion leucaspis  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:80)
     AR common name: Escudo Blanco  (translates to "White Shield") 
     
     
     Genus MYLON
     
     
715. Mylon simplex  ______  BRmg
     UNADORNED MYLON
     
     
716. Mylon pelopidas  (ph)  ______  BRse
     PALE MYLON
     
     
     
     Pale Mylon
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
717. Mylon menippus  ______  ARne  (MM:82)
     AR common name: Menipo
     
     
     Genus CARRHENES
     
     
718. Carrhenes canescens pallida  ______  ARne  (K:295) (MM:83) (PE:31)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     HOARY SKIPPER
     AR common name: Encanecida
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina)
     
     
     Genus XENOPHANES 
     
     
719. Xenophanes tryxus  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (K:295) (MM:84) (PE:32)
     GLASSY-WINGED SKIPPER
     AR common name: Jenofanes
     (Range: north Mexico to Argentina, periodically in far-south Texas)
     
     
     
     The Glassy-winged Skipper, Xenophanes tryxus
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus ANASTRUS
     
     
720. Anastrus neaeris  (ph)  ______  BRmg
     BRILLIANT ANASTRUS
     
     
     
     Brilliant Anastrus
     (photo by Sherry Nelson)
     
     
     Genus ANTIGONUS
     
     
721. Antigonus erosus  (ph)  ______  BRse
     COMMON SPURWING
     
     
     
     A Common Spurwing photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Rise Hill) 
     
     
722. Antigonus liborius areta  ______  ARne  (MM:85)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Areta
     
     
     Genus AETHILLA
     
     
723. Aethilla eschina coracina  ______  ARne  (MM:86)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Coracina  (a word meaning "a small reinforcement covering the heart on the left-side of an armor")  
     
     
     Genus ANISOCHORIA
     
     
724. Anisochoria sublimbata  ______  ARne  (MM:87)
     AR common name: Ala Cortada  (translates to "Cut Wing", referring to shape of the forewing apex)   
     
     
     Genus ACHLYODES  (or now EANTIS)
     
     
725. Achlyodes (or now Eantis) busirur rioja  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:88)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Busiris
     
     
726. Achlyodes (or now Eantis) thraso ______  ARne  BRse  BRmg  (C:251) (K:275) MM:89) (PE:31)  (formerly Achlyodes mithridates)
     SOUTHERN SICKLEWING  
     AR common name: Saltarin Gancho  (translates to "Hooked Skipper", referring to the shape of the forewing apex)
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina; also West Indies)
     
     
     Genus GRAIS
     
     
727. Grais stigmaticus stigmaticus  ______  ARne  (K:277) (MM:90) (PE:32)  (subspecies in northeast Argentina)
     HERMIT SKIPPER
     AR common name: Ermitano  (translates to "Hermit") 
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, periodic stray into North America)   
     
     
     Genus TIMOCHARES
     
     
728. Timochares trifascita trifasciata  ______  ARne  (MM:91)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     MANY-BANDED SKIPPER
     AR common name: Tres Franjas  (translates to "Three Bands")
     
     
     Genus CYCLOGLYPHA
     
     
729. Cycloglypha enega  ______  BRmg
     ENEGA BENT-SKIPPER
     
     
730. Cycloglypha thrasibulus  ______  BRmg
     WIDESPREAD BENT-SKIPPER
     
     
     Genus EBRIETAS
     
     
731. Ebrietas infanda  ______  BRse
     
     
732. Ebrietas anacreon  ______  BRmg
     Ebrietas anacreon anacreon  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:92)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     COMMON BENT-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Anacreonte
     
     
     Genus HELIAS
     
     
733. Helias phalaenoides  ______  BRmg
     Helias phalaenoides phalaenoides  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     Helias phalaenoides palpalis  ______  ARne  (MM:93)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     FABRICUS' BENT-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Falsa Polilla  ("False Moth") (the scientific name "phalaenoides" means "like a moth") 
     
     
     Genus CHIOMARA
     
     
734. Chiomara asychis  (ph)  ______   (K:295) (PE:32)
     WHITE-PATTERNED SKIPPER  (or Asychis Skipper)  
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina, also West Indies)
     
     
     
     White-patterned Skipper
     (photo courtesy of Michiel Koomen)
     
     
     
735. Chiomara mithrax  ______  BRse  BRmg
     MITHRAX DUSKYWING
     
     
     Genus GESTA
     
     
736. Gesta gesta ______  BRse  (K:287) (PE:32)  (formerly Erynnis gesta)
     IMPOSTOR DUSKYWING
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina, also West Indies)
     
      
     Genus ERYNNIS: TRUE DUSKYWINGS
     
     
737. Erynnis funeralis  (ph)  ______  ARne  (K:281) (MM:94) (PE:32)
     FUNEREAL DUSKYWING
     AR common name: Saltarin Funebre
     (Range: southwest US to Argentina, wanders further north)
     
     
     
     A Funereal Duskywing photographed during a FONT tour
     (photo by Rosemary Lloyd)
     
     
     Genus PYRGUS: CHECKERED SKIPPERS
     
      
738. Pyrgus orcynoides  ______  
     (Range: Argentina)
     
     
739. Pyrgus orcas  (ph)  ______  ARse  BRse  (MM:96)   
     ORCAS CHECKERED-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Cuadriculada de Pluton  ("Pluto's Checkered Skipper")
     (Range: southern US to Argentina)
     
     The Orcas Checkered Skipper was a subspecies of the now more-northerly Tropical Checkered Skipper.
     
     
     
     Above & below: Orcas Checkered Skippers
     photographed during a FONT tour
     Above: a male; below: a female
     (photos by Rise Hill)
     
     
     
     
     
     Genera HELIOPYRGUS & HELIOPETES: LARGE WHITE SKIPPERS
     
     
740. Heliopyrgus americanus bellatrix  ______  ARne  (MM:95)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Cuadriculada Belicosa  (translates to "Checkered Warrior")
     
     
741. Heliopyrgus (formerly Heliopetes) domicella ______ (K:293) (PE:33)
     ERICHSON'S WHITE-SKIPPER
     (Range: northern Mexico to Argentina, strays north into the US) 
     
     
742. Heliopetes laviana libra  ______  ARne  (K:293) (MM:98) (PE:33)
     LAVIANA WHITE-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Libra
     (Range: south Texas to Argentina) 
     
     
743. Heliopetes macaira ______ (K:293) (PE:33)
     TURK'S-CAP WHITE-SKIPPER  (or Macaira Skipper)
     (Range: south Texas to Paraguay)
     
     
744. Heliopetes arsalte  (ph)  ______  BRse  BRmg  (species described by Linnaeus in 1758)
     Heliopetes arsalte arsalte  ______  ARne  (MM:97)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     VEINED WHITE-SKIPPER 
     AR common name:  Arsalte  ("Arsalte Skipper") 
     
     
     
     The Veined White-Skipper, Heliopetes arsalte
     (photo by Jorge Bizarro)
     
     
745. Heliopetes alana  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:99)
     ALANA WHITE-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Alano
     
     
746. Heliopetes randa  ______  ARne  (MM:100)
     AR common name:  Randa  (translates to "Lace Trimming")  
     
     
747. Heliopetes omrina  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:101)
     STAINED WHITE-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Omrina
     
     
     
     Subfamily HESPERIINAE: BRANDED SKIPPERS
     
     This group is comprised of more than 2,000 species worldwide. 
     
     
     Genus ARITA   genus created in 1955  
     
     
748. Arita epictetus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CALLIMORMUS
     
     
749. Callimormus corades  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CARYSTOIDES
     
     
750. Carystoides basoches  ______  BRse
     
     
751. Carystoides noseda  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CARYSTUS
     
     
752. Carystus phorcus claudianus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus COBALOPUS
     
     
753. Cobalopus miaba  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus COBALUS
     
     
754. Cobalus virbius hersilia  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus CYMAENES
     
      
755. Cymaenes tripunctus theogenus  ______  BRse  (K:309) (PE:34)  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     THREE-SPOTTED SKIPPER
     (Range: central Mexico to Paraguay, also south Florida & West Indies) 
     
     
756. Cymaenes odilia ______ (K:309) (PE:34)
     FAWN-SPOTTED SKIPPER 
     (Range: north Mexico to Argentina, rarely strays in the US to south Texas)
     
     
757. Cymaenes uruba uruba  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
758. There is another yet unidentified species of Cymaenes in southeast Brazil. 
     
     
     Genus CYNEA   genus created in 1955
     
     
759. Cynea bistrigula  ______  BRse
     
     
760. Cynea diluta  ______  BRse
     
     
761. Cynea trimaculata  ______  BRse   
     
     
     Genus SYNAPTE
     
     
762. Synapte malitiosa ______ (K:309) (PE:33)
     MALICIOUS (SHADY) SKIPPER
     (Range: far-southern Texas to southern Brazil and Paraguay, also Cuba) 
     
     
763. Synapte silius  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:102)
     RAIN-FOREST FACETED-SKIPPER
     AR common name: Silius
     
     
     Genus LENTO
     
     
764. Lento krexoides krexoides  ______  ARne  (MM:103)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Saltarin Anaranjado  (translates to "Orange Skipper")
     
     
     Genus LEVINA   genus created in 1955
     
     
765. Levina levina  ______  BRse  
     
     
     Genus ZARIASPES
     
     
766. Zariaspes mys  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:104) 
     MYS SKIPPER 
     AR common name: Amarillita  (translates to "Small Yellow")
     
     
     Genus ANTHOPTUS
     
     
767. Anthoptus epictetus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:105)
     TRAILSIDE SKIPPER
     AR common name: Epicteto
     
     
     Genus CORTICEA
     
     
768. Corticea corticea  ______  BRse  (K:311) (PE:33) 
     Corticea corticea noctis  ______  ARne  (MM:106)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     REDUNDANT SKIPPER
     AR common name: Manchas Amarillas  (translates to "Yellow Spots")
     (Range: Mexico to southern Brazil)
     
     
     Genus VINIUS
     
     
769. Vinius pulcherrimus  ______  ARne  (MM:107)  
     AR common name: Saltarin Bello  (translates to "Beautiful Skipper")
     
     
     Genus VIRGA
     
     
770. Virga austrinus  ______  ARne  (MM:108)  
     AR common name: Orias Manchadas  (translates to "Spotted Fringes")
     
     
     Genus LUDENS
     
     
771. Ludens ludens  ______  ARne  (MM:109)
     LUDENS SKIPPER
     AR common name: Aranada  (translates to "Clawed", referring to the yellow lines on the hindwings)
     
     
     Genus SODALIA
     
     
772. Sodalia dimassa  ______  BRse
     
     
773. Sodalia coler  ______  ARne  (MM:110)
     AR common name: Saltarin Pardo  (translates to "Brown Skipper")
     
     
     Genus PARPHORUS
     
     
774. Parphorus decora  ______  ARne  (MM:111)
     AR common name: Elegante  (translates to "Elegant")
     
     
     Genus VEHILIUS
     
     
775. Vehilius clavicula  ______  BRse
     
     
776. Vehilius inca  ______  BRse
     
     
777. Vehilius stictomenes stictomenes  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:112)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     PASTURE SKIPPER
     AR common name: Nervaduras Amarillas  (translates to "Yellow Veins")
     
     
778. Vehilius vetula  ______  BRse
     
     
779. There is another yet unidentified species of Vehilius in southeast Brazil. 
     
     
     Genus VETTIUS
     
     
780. Vettius fantasos ______ (PE:text)
     FANTASTIC SKIPPER
     (Range: north Mexico to Paraguay, strays to far-southern Texas)
     
     
781. Vettius diversa lyrcea  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil  
     
     
782. Vettius phyllus prona  ______  BRse  (subspecies described in 1955)
     
     
783. Vettius triangularis  ______  BRse
     
     
784. Vettius umbrata  ______  BRse
     
     
785. Vettius marcus marcus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:113)
     MARCUS SKIPPER
     AR common name: Marcos
     
     
786. Vettius artona  ______  ARne  (MM:114)
     WHITE-VEINED SKIPPER
     AR common name: Grisacea   (tanslates to "Grayish")
     
     
     Genus PARACARYSTUS
     
     
787. Paracarystus hypargyra  ______  ARne  (MM:115)
     HYPARGYRA SKIPPER
     AR common name: Hombro Naranja  (translates to "Orange Shoulder")
     
     
     Genus JUSTINIA
     
     
788. Justinia kora  ______  ARne  (MM:116)
     AR common name: Kora
     
     
     Genus ENOSIS
     
     
789. Enosis schausi  ______  BRse  (species described in 2002)
     
     
     Genus EUTYCHIDE
     
     
790. Eutychide physcella  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:117)  
     AR common name: Saltarin Punto Blanco  (translates to "White Dot Skipper")
     
     
     Genus EVANSIELLA 
     
     
791. Evansiella cordela  ______  ARne  (MM:119)
     AR common name: Saltarin Ocre  (translates to "Ochre Skipper")  
     
     
     Genus ARGON
     
     
792. Argon lota (or argus)  ______  ARne  (MM:120)
     ARGON SKIPPER
     AR common name: Argos
     
     
     Genus LYCHNUCHOIDES
     
     
793. Lychnuchoides ozias ozias  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:121)
     AR common name: Franja Ambar  (translates to "Amber Bend") 
     
     
     Genus LYCHNUCHUS
     
     
794. Lychnuchus celsus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus METHIONOPSIS
     
     
795. Methionopsis ina  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus MILTOMIGES
     
     
796. Miltomiges cinnamomea  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:118)
     AR common name: Saltarin Bermejo  (translates to "Reddish Skipper")
     
     
     Genus MNASITHEUS
     
     
797. Mnasitheus ritans  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus MOERIS
     
     
798. Moeris striga striga  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus NAEVOLUS
     
     
799. Naevolus orius orius  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus ONOPHAS
     
     
800. Onophas columbaria columbaria  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus ORSES
     
     
801. Orses itea  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PAPIAS
     
     
802. Papias phainis  ______  BRse 
     
     
     Genus PERICHARES
     
     
803. Perichares philetes adela  ______  BRse  (K:357) (PE:text)  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     Perichares philetes aurina  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil 
     GREEN-BACKED RUBY-EYE
     (Range: north Mexico to Paraguay, also West Indies, and strays north to the US in far-southern Texas)
     
     
804. Perichares seneca seneca  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:122)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     SENECA RUBY-EYE 
     AR common name: Seneca
     
     
805. Perichares lotus  ______  ARne  (MM:123)
     LOTUS RUBY-EYE 
     AR common name: Ojos Rojos  (translates to "Red Eyes") 
     
     
     Genus PHANES
     
     
806. Phanes aletes  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PHERAEUS
     
     
807. Pheraeus unia  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus LYCAS
     
     
808. Lycas argentea  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:124)
     SILVERED RUBY-EYE
     AR common name: Saltarin Plateado  (translates to "Silvery Skipper")
     
     
     Genus TALIDES
     
     
809. Talides sinois  ______  BRmg
     SINOIS RUBY-EYE
     
     
     Genus DECINEA
     
     
810. Decinea dama  ______  BRse
     
     
811. Decinea mubevensis  ______  ARne  (MM:125)
     AR common name: Perforada  (translates to "Perforated", referring to the hyaline spots on the forewing)
     
     
     Genus CONGA
     
     
812. Conga chydaea  ______  (K:311) (PE:text)
     HIDDEN-RAY SKIPPER  (or CHYDEA SKIPPER)
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, as a stray to far-southern Texas)
     
     
     Genus HYLEPHILA
     
     
813. Hylephila phylaeus phylaeus  (ph)  ______  ARne  BRse  (K:303) (MM:126) (PE:35)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     FIERY SKIPPER
     AR common name: Saltarin Leonado
     (Range: southern US to Argentina, wanders north in the US)
     
     
     
     Fiery Skipper
     (photo by Rise Hill)
     
     
     Genus POLITIES
     
     
814. Polites vibex catilina  ______  ARne  BRse  (K:303) (MM:127) (PE:35)  (subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina) 
     WHIRLABOUT
     AR common name: Saltarin Dorado
     (Range: southeast US to Argentina)
     
     
     Genus WALLENGRENIA
     
     
815. Wallengrenia otho ______ (K:327) (PE:36)
     SOUTHERN BROKEN-DASH
     (Range: southeast US to Argentina, also West Indies)
     
     
816. Wallengrenia premnas  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:128)
     AR common name: Saltarin Mancha Roja  (translates to "Red Spot Skipper")
     
     
     Genus VACERRA
     
     
817. Vacerra evansi  ______  ARne  (MM:129)
     AR common name: Saltarin de Evans  ("Evans' Skipper")
     
     
     Genus PROPERTIUS
     
     
818. Propertius propertius  ______  ARne  (MM:130)
     AR common name: Franjas Amarillas Grande  (translates to "Big Yellow Bands")
     
     
     Genus ZENIS
     
     
819. Zenis jebus jebus  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:131)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Jebuseo
     
     
     Genus TIRYNTHIA
     
     
820. Tirynthia conflua  ______  ARne  BRe  (MM:132)
     CONFLUA SKIPPER
     AR common name: Linea Blanca  (translates to "White Line")
     
     
     Genus ATALOPEDES
     
     
821. Atalopedes campestris  (ph)  ______ (K:303) (PE:37)
     SACHEM
     (Range: southern US to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus QUASIMELLANUS
     
     
822. Quasimellanus eulogius ______ (PE:46)  (formerly Mellana eulogius)
     MEXICAN MELLANA
     (Range: north Mexico to Paraguay, periodically strays to far-south Texas)
     
     
     Genus LERODEA
     
     
823. Lerodea eufala  (ph)  ______ (K:353) (PE:39)
     Lerodea eufala eufala  ______  BRse  subspecies in southeast Brazil
     EUFALA SKIPPER
     (Range: southern US to southern Argentina, also Cuba)
     
     
     
     Above & below: the Eufala Skipper
     Above, the butterfly; below, the caterpillar
     (these three photos courtesy of Michiel Koomen) 
     
     
     
     Below, again the butterfly of the Eufala Skipper 
     
     
     
     
     
     Genus CALPODES 
     
     
824. Calpodes ethlius  ______  BRmg  (K:357) (PE:39) (S:44)
     BRAZILIAN SKIPPER
     (Range: southern US to Argentina, also West Indies)
     
     Calpopes ethlius is also called the CANNA SKIPPER, as it is common in gardens where Cannas are grown, on which the larva feeds.   
     
     
     Genus AIDES
     
     
825. Aides aegita  ______  BRmg
     AEGITA SILVERPATCH
     
     
     Genus PANOQUINA
     
     
826. Panoquina ocola ______ (K:355) (PE:39)
     Panoquina ocola ocola  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     OCOLA SKIPPER
     (Range: southern US to Paraguay, also West Indies)
     
     
827. Panoquina hecebola ______ (K:355) (PE:39)
     HECEBOLUS SKIPPER
     (Range: north Mexico to Paraguay, regular stray to far-southern Texas) 
     
     
828. Panoquina sylvicola ______ (K:357) (PE:39)
     PURPLE-WASHED (or Sylvicola) SKIPPER
     (Range: north Mexico to Argentina, also West Indies, and regular stray to south Texas)
     
     
829. Panoquina fusina ______ (K:357) (PE:39)
     WHITE-BARRED SKIPPER  (another name has been Evan's Skipper) 
     (Range: central Mexico to Paraguay, also Jamaica; periodic stray to far-southern Texas)
     
     
830. Panoquina lucas lucas  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil)
     
     
     Genus NYCTELIUS
     
     
831. Nyctelius nyctelius  ______  (K:357) (PE:39)
     Nyctelius nyctelius nyctelius  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:133)   (subspecies in southeast Brazil & northeast Argentina)
     VIOLET-BANDED (or Nyctelius) SKIPPER  
     AR common name: Nyctelios 
     (Range: Mexico to Argentina, also West Indies)
     
     
     Genus POMPEIUS  (genus created in 1955)
     
     
832. Pompeius amblyspila  ______  BRse
     
     
833. Pompeius pompeius  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus PSORALIS
     
     
834. Psoralis stacara  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus REMELLA
     
     
835. Remella remus  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus SALIANA  (genus created in 1955)
     
     
836. Saliana esperi esperi  ______  BRse  (subspecies in southeast Brazil, described in 1955)
     
     
837. Saliana longirostris  ______  BRse
     
     
838. Saliana mamurra  ______  BRse
     
     
839. Saliana salius  ______  BRse
     
     
840. Saliana salona  ______  BRse  (species described in 1955)
     
     
841. Saliana triangularis  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus SANIBA   genus created in 2003
     
     
842. Saniba sabina  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus SATURNUS
     
     
843. Saturnus reticulata conspicuus  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus TALIDES
     
     
844. Talides sinois  ______  BRse 
     
     
     Genus  THESPIEUS
     
     
845. Thespieus dalmon  ______  BRse
     
     
846. Thespieus ethemides  ______  ARne  (MM:134)
     AR common name: Tespio Punta Oscura   (translates to "Dark-tipped Tespio")
     
     
847. Thespieus aspernatus  ______  ARne  (MM:135)
     ASPERNATUS SKIPPER
     AR common name: Tespio Punta Clara  (translates to "Light-tipped Tespio")
     
     
     Genus TIRYNTHOIDES
     
     
848. Tirynthoides virilis  ______  BRmg
     VIRILIS SKIPPER
     
     
     Genus TISIAS
     
     
849. Tisias lesueur lesueur  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus NICONIADES
     
     
850. Niconiades cydia  ______  BRse
     
     
851. Niconiades merenda  ______  ARne  (MM:136)
     AR common name: Cuatro  (translates to "Four") 
     
     
     Genus VENAS   genus created in 1955
     
     
852. Venas caerulans  ______  BRse
     
     
     Genus VERTICA   genus created in 1955
     
     
853. Vertica verticalis verticalis  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
     Genus XENIADES
     
     
854. Xeniades chalestra chalestra  ______  BRse   subspecies in southeast Brazil
     
     
855. Xeniades orchamus orchamus  ______  ARne  (MM:137)   subspecies in northeast Argentina
     SMEAR-SPOTTED SKIPPER
     AR common name: Orchamus
     
     
     Genus THRACIDES
     
     
856. Thracides phidon  ______  BRse
     
     
857. Thracides cleanthes cleanthes  ______  ARne  BRse  (MM:138)  subspecies in southeast Brazil and northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Cleanto
     
     
     Genus PYRRHOPYGOPSIS
     
     
858. Pyrrhopygopsis socrates socrates  ______  ARne  (MM:139)  subspecies in northeast Argentina
     AR common name: Socrates
     
      
     
     
     A Moth:
     
     
     
     
     This photograph of a large moth taken during the FONT tour in southeast Brazil in August 2009.