Wildflowers and other plants of Eastern North America Mid-Atlantic Part 2

PO Box 9021, Wilmington, DE 19809, USA
E-mail: font@focusonnature.com
Phone: Toll-free in USA 1-888-721-3555
or 302/529-1876

Wildflowers
and some other plants
of Eastern
North America
in the
Mid-Atlantic
Region

from Pennsylvania and New Jersey
to North Carolina

Part 2:
by Families alphabetically
from Knotweed
to Yellow-eyed Grass

including plants seen during Focus On Nature Tours noted with an (*)
during tours thru 2015 in the months of May, June, July, August, September, October

In this list, there are some notes relating to MEDICINAL, EDIBLE, & POISONOUS PLANTS.

The compilation of this two-part list of Plants of Eastern North America by Armas Hill

Photo at upper right: ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW

Among the sources for list here are the books:
"Wildflowers in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey", by Howard Boyd, published in 2001,
"Wildflowers of Delaware and the Eastern Shore", by Claude Phillips, published in 1978.
including those in Delaware, and parts of Maryland and Virginia.
"Wildflowers of Pennsylvania", by Mary Joy Haywood and Phyllis Monk, published in 2001
"Wildflowers in Color", by Arthur Stupka and Donald Robinson, published in 1965,
referring to those in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, particularly in the Shenandoah and Great Smoky National Parks.

More books used as informational sources follow here, after the codes.

Families below in: Wildflowers and Other Plants of Eastern North America, Mid-Atlantic, Part 1

Acanthus    Agave    Amaranth    Aralia (or Ginseng)    Arum (or Calla)    Balsam    Barberry

Beech (incl. Oaks)    Bellflower (or Bluebell)    Bignonia    Birch    Bittersweet (or Staff-vine)

Bladderwort (or Birthwort)    Bloodwort    Bogbean    Bogmoss    Borage (or Forget-me-not)

Broomrape    Buckthorn    Bunchflower    Bur-reed    Buttercup (or Crowfoot)    Cactus    Caltrop

Camellia (or Tea)    Cattail    Custard-apple    Cypress    Cyrilla    Daisy (or Aster)    Diapensia

Dogbane    Dogwood    Duckweed    Ebony    Elm   Evening Primrose (or Willow Herb)    Ferns

Fig-marigold (or Carpetweed)    Figwort (or Snapdragon)    Flax    Flowering-rush    Four o'clock

Fumitory (or Earthsmoke)    Gentian    Geranium    Gooseberry    Goosefoot    Gourd    Grape

Greenbriar    Heath    Hemp    Holly    Honeysuckle    Hydrangea    Hypoxis (or Daffodil)    Iris

Among the Plant Families here in part 2 of this list, links to these:

Knotweed (or Dock, Buckwhat, Swartweed)    Laurel    Legume (or Pea)    Lichen    Lily

Lizard's-tail    Logania    Loosestrife    Lopseed    Lotus    Madder    Magnolia    Mallow

Meadow-beauty    Milkweed    Milkwort    Mint    Moonseed    Morning Glory    Mulberry    Mustard

Nettle    Nightshade (or Potato)    Olive    Orchid    Palm    Parnassus-grass    Parsley (or Celery)

Passionflower    Phlox (or Polemonium)    Pickerelweed (or Water Hyacinth)    Pine    Pineapple

Pink (or Carnation)    Pipewort    Pitcher-plant    Plantain    Plumbago (or Sea Lavender)

Pokeweed    Pondweed    Poppy    Primrose    Purslane    Rockrose    Rose    Rue (or Citrus)    Rush

Sandalwood (with Mistletoe)    Saxifrage    Sedge    Soapberry (incl. Maples)    Spiderwort    Spurge

St John's Wort    Stonecrop    Storax    Sumac (or Cashew)    Sundew    Sweetleaf    Sweetshrub

Sycamore    Teasel    Valerian    Vervain    Violet    Walnut    Waterleaf    Water-lily    Water-milfoil

Water-plantain    Wax-myrtle    White Alder   Willow    Witch-hazel    Wood-sorrel    Yam

Yellow-eyed Grass

AN ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY OF PLANT GENERA IN THIS WEBSITE NOTING FAMILIES

Additional Links:

Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours in:

North Carolina, and Delaware, Maryland & Virginia Elsewhere

In this website, Other Lists & Photo Galleries of Eastern North American:

Butterflies Moths Dragonflies & Damselflies Amphibians & Reptiles Mammals

A List & Photo Gallery of North American Birds, in 6 parts North Carolina Birds

In this website, Other Lists & Photo Galleries relating to Plants:

Desert Plants of the Southwest US & northern Mexico

Northern Plants in Alaska, Iceland, and Hokkaido, Japan

Tropical Plants in the Americas (in two parts, including the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America)

Plants of the West Indies Fruiting Plants and Others in Brazil Wild Orchids of the Americas

Other Photo Galleries of Plants Directory of Photos in this Website

HERE'S A LINK TO CHAD KREMP'S WEBSITE RELATING TO POISONOUS PLANTS:

http://www.kremp.com/the-hikers-guide-to-poisonous-plants-articles.htm

Codes:

DP:   Delmarva Peninsula (including Delaware and parts of Maryland and Virginia)
NJ:    New Jersey, including in southern New Jersey, the Pine Barrens
PA:   Pennsylvania
SA:   southern Appalachians (including in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia and
         the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina)

(ph): species with a photo or drawing in the FONT website

Numbers noted as (NA:xx) refer to photo numbers in the "National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region" - Revised Edition (2001) Revising author: John Thierer. Original author: William Niering.

Numbers noted as (NW:xx) refer to pages with photos in the "National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Wildflowers of North America" by David Brandenburg, 2010.

Numbers noted as (SP:xx) refer to the numbers of the photos in "The Smithsonian Guide to Seaside Plants of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts" by Wilbur and Marion Duncan, 1987.

Numbers noted as (ST:xx) refer to the page with an illustration in "The Sibley Guide to Trees" by David A. Sibley, 2009.

Numbers noted as (WP:xx) refer to the page with a photograph in the book "Wildflowers of Pennsylvania" by Mary Joy Haywood & Phyllis Monk, 2001. Overall, the photographs in that book are excellent.

An enjoyable and informative book to read is "Wild Plants of America: A Select Guide for the Naturalist and Traveler" by Richard M. Smith, 1989.
Among the places covered in the book, also included in the scope of this list, are the New Jersey Pine Barrens, the Southern Appalachians, the pinelands of North Carolina, and coastal North Carolina.
Some of the interesting information in the book has been incorporated into this list. Line drawings in the list are from that book.

Another good book, filled with info and used here as a source, is "The Backyard Wilderness, from the Canadian Maritimes to the Florida Keys", by Vincent Abraitys, 1975.
A historical book, good as a reference, is "The Plants of Southern New Jersey: Report of the New Jersey State Museum Part 2", by Witmer Stone, 1911.
Among sources for info given here relating to the host plants of butterflies and moths are:
"Butterflies of the East Coast, an Observer's Guide", by Rick Cech and Guy Tudor, 2005, and
the "Peterson Field Guide to Moths of Northeastern North America" by David Beadle and Seabrook Leckie, 2012.
The book "Wild America" by Roger Tory Peterson and James Fisher, 1955 is also referred to in this list.
And yet another fine book has been a good source of information: "The Appalachians" by Maurice Brooks, 1965.




Part 2 of a List of Wildflowers & some Other Plants
of Eastern North America in the Mid-Atlantic Region:

Knotweed to Yellow-eyed Grass


      Knotweed, Smartweed, or Buckwheat, or Dock Family, ACANTHACEAE

Water Smartweed ______ (NA:494) (NW:431)
Persicaria (or Polygonum) amphibia

Another name for Polygonum amphibia is Swamp Swampweed.
Halberd-leaved Tearthumb ______ (WP:62) DP PA Occasional, north to New Brunswick. Jul-first frost.
Polygonum arifolium
Coast Jointweed ______ (NW:430) (SP:14) DP NJ Generally common, north to ME. Aug-Nov.
Polygonella articulata

Other names for Polygonella articulata are Northern Jointweed and Sand Jointweed.
Knotweed ______ (SP:8) Generally common. north to Newfoundland, common northward, rare southward. Jun-Nov.
Polygonum aviculare
Small's Knotweed ______ NJ
Polygonum busiforme

In New Jersey, Polygonum busiforme is rare.
Long-bristle Smartweed ______ (NA:492) DP
Polygonum caespitosum
Carey's Smartweed ______ DP
Polygonum careyi
Fringed Black-bindweed ______ NJ
Polygonum cilinode

In New Jersey, Polygonum cilinode is rare.
Swamp Smartweed ______ DP
Polygonum coccineum
Black Bindweed ______ (SP:13) DP Rare, north to Greenland. May-Nov.
Polygonum convolvulus
Japanese Knotweed ______ (NA:97) (NW:592) (WP:62) DP PA Aug-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from eastern Asia)
Polygonum cuspidatum (or now Fallopia japonica)

Another name for Polygonum cuspidatum, or Fallopia japonica is Japanese Fleece-flower.
Dense-flowered Knotweed ______ NJ Rare, NC-NJ. Jun-first frost.
Polygonum densiflorum

Polygonum densiflorum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Erect Knotweed ______ NJ
Polygonum erectum
Seaside Knotweed ______ NJ Occasional, north to MA. Jul-Nov.
Polygonum glaucum

Another name for Polygonum glaucum is Sea-beach Knotweed. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Waterpepper ______ DP
Polygonum hydropiper
Mild Waterpepper ______ (SP:11) DP NJ Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. May-first frost.
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Polygonum hydropiperoides (var. opelousanum) ______ Opelousas Water-pepper NJ where rare
Curl-top Smartweed ______ DP
Polygonum lapathifolium

Another name for Polygonum lapathifolium is Pale Smartweed.
Pennsylvania Smartweed ______ (NA:491) (SP:10) (WP:61) DP PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Jun-first frost.
Polygonum pensylvanicum

Another name for Polygomum pensylvanicum is Pink Knotweed.
Lady's Thumb ______ (NA:493) (WP:63) DP PA Occasional, north to Nova Scotia. Jun-first frost. (not native to eastern North America)
Polygonum persicaria

Another name for Polygonum persicaria is Redleg.
October Flower ______ (NW:430)
Polygonella polygama

The October Flower occurs in pinelands north to eastern North Carolina
Water Smartweed ______ (SP:9) DP Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Jun-first frost.
Polygonum punctatum
Robust Smartweed ______ (NW:430) DP
Polygonum robusta

Another name for Polygonum robusta is Large-flowered Jointweed.
Arrow-leaved Tearthumb ______ (SP:12) (WP:64) DP PA Generally common, north to Newfoundland. Jul-first frost.
Polygonum sagittatum
Climbing False Buckwheat ______ (WP:64) DP PA Generally common, VA north to Nova Scotia. Jul-Nov.
Polygonum scandens (var. scandens)
Bristly Smartweed ______ NJ Occasional, north to NY. May-first frost.
Polygonum setaceum (var. setaceum)

In New Jersey, Polygonum setaceum (var. setaceum) is rare.
Field Sorrel ______ (NA:412) (SP:3) (WP:65) PA Perennial. Generally common. NC north to Greenland. (not native to eastern North America, From Europe)
Rumex acetosella

Another name for Rumex acetosella is Sheep Sorrel.

Sheep Sorrel and Curled Dock (below) are host plants for the butterfly Lycaena phlaeas, the American Copper.
Curled Dock ______ (NA:411) (NW:592) (SP:6) (WP:65) PA Perennial. Generally common. north to Newfoundland. Mar-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Rumex crispus

Curled Dock is a host plant for the moth Argyrogramma verruca, the Golden Looper.
Sour Dock ______ (NW:429) NJ
Rumex hastatulus

Other names for Rumex hastatulus are Heart-wing Sorrel and Englemann's Sorrel.
In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Golden Dock ______ Occasional. NJ north to Nova Scotia. Jul-Aug.
Rumex maritimus
Water Dock _____ (SP:7) Occasional. NJ north to Newfoundland. Jun-Aug.
Rumex orbiculatus

Water Dock is a host plant for the butterfly Lycaena hyllus, the Bronze Copper.
Swamp Dock ______ (NW:429) (SP:5) Generally common. SC north to New Brunswick. Apr-Jul.
Rumex verticilatus
Jumpseed ______ DP
Tovara virginiana

Laurel Family, LAURCEAE
Common Spicebush ______ (NA:346) SA
Lindera benzoin

Lindera benzoin is the primary host plant for the butterfly Papilio troilus, the Spicebush Swallowtail.
Swamp Bay ______ (ST:90) Generally common, north to VA. Flowers May-Jun.
Persea palustris
Sassafras (ph) ______ (SP:482) (ST:89) Generally common, north to ME. Flowers Mar-Jun.
Sassafras albidum

Sassafras

Legume, or Pea, or Bean Family, LEGUMINOSAE or FABACEAE

What was CAESALPINIACEAE is now included in LEGUMINOSAE.

The seeds of many species in the LEGUMINOSAE, or FABACEAE are eaten by various birds, including Mourning Doves and Bobwhite Quail.
Joint-vetch ______ (SP:82) Occasional, north to NC, Jul-Oct.
Aeschynomene indica
Sensitive Joint-vetch ______ NJ Occasional, north to sNJ, Jul-Oct.
Aeschynomene virginica

Aeschynomene virginica is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Indigo-bush ______ (NA:571) (SP:506) Occasional, north to NY. Rare north of NC. Flowers Apr-Jun.
Amorpha fruticosa
Hog-peanut ______ (NA:520) (NW:226) (WP:143) DP PA Aug-Sep.
Amphicarpa bracteata
Groundnut ______ (NA:426) (NW:242) (WP:143) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Apios americana

Other names for Apios americana are Potato-bean and Indian-potato.
Canadian Milk-vetch ______ (NW:238) NJ
Astragalus canadensis (var. canadensis)
Blue False Indigo ______ (NW:233)
Baptisia australis
Yellow False Indigo ______ (NA:314) (NW:233) (SP:69) (WP:144) DP PA Occasional, VA north to ME. Apr-Sep.
Baptisia tinctoria

Other names for Baptista tinctoria are Rattleweed or Wild Indigo.

Baptisia tinctoria is a host plant for the butterfly Callophrys irus, the Frosted Elfin.
Climbing Butterfly Pea ______ (NA:567) (NW:228) (SP:92) DP Generally common, north to sNJ. Mar-Sep.
Centrosema (or Bradburya) virginianum

Centrosema virginianum has also been called Spurred Butterfly Pea.
Redbud ______ (SP:505) NJ SA Occasional, north to NC. Mar-Apr.
Cercis canadensis
Cercis canadensis (var. canadensis) ______ NJ where classified as endangered

Redbud is a host plant of the butterfly Callophrys henrici, the Henry's Elfin.
Partridge Pea ______ (NW:248) (SP:57) (WP:155) DP PA SA Generally common, north to MA. Jun-Sep.
Chamaecrista fasciculata

The Partridge Pea is a host plant for the butterfly Phoebis sennae, the Cloudless Sulphur.

Chamaecrista fasciculata has previously been in the genera Cassia and Senna.
Sensitive Partridge-pea ______ (NW:248) DP
Chamaecrista nicitans

Another name for Chamaecrista nicitans is Wild Sensitive-plant.

Chamaecrista nicitans was previously in the genus Cassia.
Yellowwood ______ SA
Cladrastis lutea
Butterfly Pea ______ (NA:568) (NW:228) (SP:91) NJ Generally common, north to NY, Jun-Aug.
Clitoria mariana

Another name for Clitoria mariana is Atlantic Pigeon-wings. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Crown Vetch ______ (NA:531) (WP:145) DP PA Jun-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Coronilla varia

Another name for Coronilla varia is Axseed.
Arrowhead Rattlebox ______ (NW:234) DP
Crotalaria sagittalis

Crotalaria sagittalis is a host plant for the butterfly Callophrys irus, the Frosted Elfin.
Summer-farewell ______ (NW:243)
Dalea aurea

Dalea aurea is also called Eastern Prairie-clover.
Rattle-bush ______ (SP:508) Occasional, north to NC. Flowers Jun-Sep.
Daubentonia (or Sesbania) punicea
Showy Tick-trefoil ______ (NA:484) (NW:230) (WP:145) DP PA Jul-Aug.
Desmodium canadense

Other names for Desmodium canadense are Canadian Tick-trefoil and Beggar-ticks.
Hoary Tick-trefoil ______ DP
Desmodium canescens
Small-leaved Tick-trefoil ______ DP
Desmodium ciliare
Toothed Tick-trefoil ______ NJ
Desmodium cuspidatum (var. cuspidatum)

In New Jersey, Desmodium cuspidatum is rare.
Pointed-leaved Tick-trefoil ______ DP
Desmodium glutinosum
Trailing Tick-trefoil ______ NJ
Desmodium humifusum

Desmodium humifusum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Smooth Tick-trefoil ______ NJ
Desmodium laevigatum
Desmodium lineatum ______ Occasional, north to VA, May-Aug.
Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil ______ DP SA
Desmodium nudiflorum
Nuttall's Tick-trefoil ______ NJ
Desmodium nuttallii

In New Jersey, Desmodium nuttalli is rare.
Cream-flowered Tick-trefoil _____ NJ
Desmodium ochroleucum
Panicled Tick-trefoil ______ (NW:230) (SP:84) DP Generally common, north to NY, May-Oct.
Desmodium paniculatum
Few-flowered Tick-trefoil ______ (NW:230) NJ
Desmodium pauciflorum

Desmodium pauciflorum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Prostrate Tick-trefoil ______ DP
Desmodium rotundifolium
Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil ______ NJ
Desmodium sessilifolium

Desmodium sessilifolium is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Stiff Tick-trefoil ______ DP NJ
Desmodium strictum

Another name for Desmodium strictum is Pineland Tick-trefoil. In New Jersey, it is rare.
Velvety Tick-trefoil ______ NJ
Desmodium viridiflorum

In New Jersey, Desmodium viridiflorum is rare.
Eastern Milk Pea ______ (NW:226)
Galactia regularis

Another name for Galactia regularis is Trailing Milk Pea.
Hairy Milk Pea ______ (NW:226) (SP:94) DP Generally common, north to sVA, Jun-Sep.
Galactia volubilis (or macreei)

Another name for Galactia volubilis is Twining Milk Pea.
Carolina Indigo ______ (NW:244)
Indigofera caroliniana

Another name for Indigofera caroliniana is Wild Indigo.
Beach Pea ______ (NA:526) (NW:244) (SP:90) Generally common, NJ North to Newfoundland, May-Sep.
Lathyrus japonicus (or maritimus)

Another name for Lthyrus japonicus is Sea-vetchling.
Everlasting Pea ______ (NW:582) (WP:146) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Lathyrus latifolius
Marsh Pea ______ (NW:245)
Lathyrus palustris

Another name for Lathyrus palustris is Marsh Vetchling.
Long-stalked Bush Clover ______ DP
Lespedeza angustifolia
Round-headed Bush Clover ______ (NW:231) (SP:85) DP Generally common, north to ME, Jul-Oct.
Lespedeza capitala
Chinese Bush Clover ______ DP
Lespedeza cuneata

Another name for Lespedeza cuneata is Sericea Lespedeza.
Hairy Bush Clover ______ (NW:231) DP Occasional, north to ME, Jul-Oct.
Lespedeza hirta
Wand-like Bush Clover ______ (WP:146) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Lespedeza intermedia
Nuttall's Bush Clover ______ DP
Lespedeza nuttallii
Trailing Bush Clover ______ DP Occasional, VA north to NH, Jun-Sep.
Lespedeza procumbens
Creeping Bush Clover ______ (NA:525) (NW:231) (SP:86) DP Rare, north to NY, Jun-Sep.
Lespedeza repens
Violet Bush Clover ______ (NW:231) DP
Lespedeza violacea
Slender Bush Clover ______ (NA:480) (NW:231) DP
Lespedeza virginica
Birdfoot Trefoil ______ (NA:340) (NW:584) (WP:147) DP PA May-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Lotus corniculatus
Spanish Lotus ______ (NW:247)
Lotus unifoliatatus

Another name for Lotus unifoliatus is Spanish-clover.
Sundial Lupine ______ (NA:634) (NW:235) (SP:72) (WP:147) DP NJ PA Occasional, VA north to ME, Apr-Jul.
Lupinus perennis
Lupinus perennis (var. occidentalis) ______ Hairy Sundial Lupine NJ where rare
Lupinus perennis (var. perennis) ______ NJ

Another name for Lupinus perennis is the Perennial Lupine.

Lupinus perennis is a host plant for the butterfly Callophrys irus, the Frosted Elfin.
Black Medick ______ (NW:583) DP Occasional, north to Nova Scotia, Mar-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Medicago lupulina
Alfalfa ______ (NW:582) (WP:148) DP PA May-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Medicago sativa

Alfalfa is a host plant for the butterfly Colias eurytheme, the Orange Sulphur, and for the moth Caennurgina erechtea, the Forage Looper.
White Sweet Clover ______ (NA:143) (NW:583) (WP:148) DP PA Occasional, NC north to Newfoundland, Apr-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Melilotus albus

Melilotus albus is a host plant for the butterfly, Colias eurytheme, the Orange Sulphur.
Yellow Sweet Clover ______ (NA:328) (NW:583) (WP:149) DP PA Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Melilotus officinalis

Melilotus offinalis is used as hay, but when molded it can cause internal bleeding and even death.
Little-leaved Sensitive-Briar ______ (NW:250)
Mimosa microphylla
Sampson's Snakeroot ______ (NW:237)
Orbexilum pedunculatum
Wild Bean ______ (WP:149) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Phaseolus polystachios
Kudzu ______ (NA:570) (not native to eastern North America, from Asia)
Pueraria montana
Hairy Snout-bean ______ (NW:229)
Rhynchosia tormentosa
Bristly Locust ______ (WP:150) (ST:128) PA SA Rare in the wild. Occasionally cultivated. (not native in Pennsylvania, it is further south)
Robinia hispida
Black Locust ______ (SP:507) (ST:127) SA Occasional, north to Nova Scotia. Flowers May-Jun.
Robinia pseudoacacia

Young growth of the Black Locust is a host plant for the butterfly Eparagyreus clarus, the Silver-spotted Skipper.
Black Locust is also a host plant for another skipper, Erynnis zarucco, the Zarucco Duskywing.
Clammy Locust ______ (ST:128) Rare in wild. Rarely cultivated. Hybridizes with other locusts.
Robinia viscosa

As of 1996, the largest known Clammy Locust in the US has been in Macon, North Carolina.
Its circumference: 23 inches. Height: 23 feet.

What has been Senna fasiculata, the Partridge-pea, is in this list as Chamaecrista fasciculata.
Wild Senna ______ (NA:357,372) (WP:155) DP PA Jul-Aug.
Senna hebecarpa

Senna hebecarpa was in the genus Cassia.
Maryland Senna ______ (NW:248)
Senna marilandica

Senna marilandica is also called Southern Wild Senna, or simply Wild Senna.

The Maryland Senna is a host plant for the butterfly Phoebis sennae, the Cloudless Sulphur.
Senna nictitans ______ Generally common, north to MA,

Senna nictitans was in the genus Cassia.
Coffee-weed ______ (NW:584) (SP:68) Generally common, north to NC, June-first frost. (not native to eastern North America, from tropical America)
Senna obtusifolia

Coffee-weed, or Sickle-pod is a host plant for the butterfly Phoebis sennae, the Cloudless Sulphur.

Senna obtusifolia was in the genus Cassia. Other names for the species are Sickle-pod, as just noted, and Blunt-leaved Senna.
Bigpod Sesbania ______ (NW:246)
Sesbania herbacea
Bagpod ______ (NW:246)
Sesbania vesicaria
Trailing Wild Bean _____ (NW:227) (SP:97) DP Generally common, north to ME, Jun-Sep.
Strophostyles helvola

Another name for Strophostyles helvola is Annual Wild Bean.
Pink Wild Bean ______ (NW:227) DP Occasional, north to NY, Jun-Sep.
Strophostyles umbrellata
Pencil Flower ______ (NW:229) (SP:83) (WP:150) DP NJ PA Generally common, north to VA, May-Sep.
Stylosanthes biflora
Decumbent Pencil Flower ______ DP
Stylosanthes riparia
Goat's Rue ______ (NA:479) (NW:241) (WP:151) DP NJ PA May-Aug.
Tephrosia virginiana

Other names for Tephrosia virginiana are Hoary Pea or Devil's Shoestrings.
Large Hop Clover ______ DP
Trifolium agrarium
Rabbitfoot Clover ______ (NA:535) (NW:583) (SP:75) (WP:151) DP NJ PA Can be common locally, north to Nova Scotia, Apr-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Trifolium arvense
Yellow Clover ______ (NA:356) (NW:583) (SP:76) (WP:152) PA Occasional, VA north to Newfoundland, Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America)
Trifolium aureum

Other names for Trifolium aureum are Large Hop Clover, or simply Hop Clover. The plant looks much like the Medicks, Medicago sp.
Trifolium campestre ______ Occasional, north to Nova Scotia, Mar-Oct.
Low Hop Clover ______ DP Occasional, north to Nova Scotia, Mar-Sep.
Trifolium dubium
Alsike Clover ______ (SP:77) DP Occasional, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Oct.
Trifolium hybridum
Crimson Clover ______ (NW:583) DP Can be common locally, north to ME, Apr-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Trifolium incarnatum
Red Clover (ph) ______ (NA:532) (NW:583) (SP:79) (WP:152) DP PA Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Trifolium pratense

Trifolium pratense is a host plant for the butterfly Colias philodice, the Clouded Sulphur.

Red Clover
White Clover ______ (NA:185) (NW:583) (SP:78) (WP:142) DP PA Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Trifolium repens

Another name for Trifolium repens is Dutch Clover.

Trifolium repens is a host plant for the butterflies Colias eurytheme, and Colias philodice, the Orange Sulphur and the Clouded Sulphur.

Trifolium repens is also in the list in this web-site of "Northern plants", in Iceland.
Kate's Mountain Clover ______ (WP:153) PA May-Jun.
Trifolium virginicum

In Pennsylvania, Kate's Mountain Clover occurs in only 3 counties in the south-central part of the state.
American Vetch ______ (NW:245) (WP:153) PA May-Jul.
Vicia americana

Other names for Vicia americana are Purple Vetch and Tare.
Narrow-leaved Vetch ______ (SP:87) DP Generally common, north to ME, Mar-Oct.
Vicia angustifolia (or Vicia sativa nigra)
Wood Vetch ______ (NW:245) SA
Vicia caroliniana

Another name for Vicia caroliniana is Carolina Vetch.
Bird Vetch ______ (NA:574) (WP:154) DP PA Occasional, MD north to Newfoundland, May-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Vicia cracca

Vicia cracca is also called Cow Vetch, Blue Vetch, or Tufted Vetch.
Smooth Vetch ______ (SP:89) Occasional, NC north to ME, May-Sep.
Vicia dasycarpa (or Vicia villoa varia)
Showy Vetch ______ DP
Vicia grandiflora
White Small-flower Vetch ______ DP
Vicia hirsuta
Blue Small-flower Vetch ______ DP
Vicia lathyroides
Winter Vetch ______ DP
Vicia salvia
Purple Small-flower Vetch ______ DP Occasional, north to Newfoundland, Mar-Jun.
Vicia tetrasperma
Hairy Vetch ______ (NA:575) (NW:581) Generally common, VA north to ME, May-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Vicia villosa
American Wisteria ______ (NW:241)
Wisteria frutescens
Viperina ______ (NW:229)
Zornia bracteata

Another name for Zornia bracteata is Bracted Zornia.

Lichen - various families
Reindeer Lichen ______ NJs
Cladonia (or Cladina, or Lichen) rangiferina (in the family Cladoniaceae in the order Lecanorales)

Lily Family, LILIACEAE

Including here family ASPARGACEAE, Snakeberry (or Canadian Mayflower) in genus Maianthemum
Colic-root ______ (NA:141) (NW:297) (WP:337) DP NJ PA SA May-Aug.
Aletris farinosa

Colic-root has tall, slender spikes. Other names for it are White Stargrass and Unicorn-root.
Golden Colic-root ______ (NW:297)
Aletris aurea
Wild Onion ______ (NA:503) (NW:321) (SP:336) (WP:337) DP PA SA Occasional, north to ME. Mar-Jul.
Allium canadense

Other names for Allium canadense are Meadow Garlic, Canada Garlic, or Wild Garlic.
Nodding Wild Onion ______ (NA:505) (NW:321)
Allium cernuum
Wild Leek ______ (NA:176) (NW:323) (WP:338) DP PA SA Jun-Jul.
Allium tricoccum

Another name for Allium tricoccum is Ramp. In late April, before the species comes into flower, people of the Great Smoky Mountains gather the plants for their annual Ramp Festival.
The foliage and bulbs can be used in salads and soups with juice from the crushed bulbs.
Field Garlic ______ (NW:587) DP Occasional, NC north to MA. May-Jul. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Allium vineale
Fly-poison ______ (NA:111) (NW:299) (WP:339) DP NJ PA SA May-Jul.
Amianthium muscaetoxicum

As indicated in both its common and scientific names, Amianthium muscaetoxicum is poisonous.
Blazing-star ______ (NA:103) (NW:296) (WP:340) PA SA May-Jul.
Chamaelirium luteum

Other names for Chamaelirium luteum are Devil's Bit and Fairy Wand.
Bluebeard-lily (ph) ______ (NA:226,343) (NW:327) (WP:340) PA SA May-Jul.
Clintonia borealis

Clintonia borealis is also called Yellow Clintonia.

Bluebeard-lily
Speckled Wood-lily ______ (NW:327) (WP:341) PA SA May-Jul.
Clintonia umbellulata

Clintonia umbellulata is also called White Clintonia.
American Lily-of-the-Valley ______ (NW:302) SA
Convallaria majuscula

Convallaria species are poisonous.
European Lily-of-the-Valley ______ SA (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Convallaria majalis (was Convallaria montana)
White Trout Lily ______ (NW:313) (WP:342) PA Apr-Jun.
Erythronium albidum

In Pennsylvania, the White Trout Lily is limited to the Susquehanna River Valley and the southwestern part of the state.
Yellow Trout Lily ______ (NA:266) (NW:312) (WP:342) DP PA SA Mar-May.
Erythronium americanum

Other names for Erythronium americanum are Yellow Adder's Tongue and Dogtooth-violet.
Swamp Pink ______ (NA:488) (NW:320) DP NJ
Helonias bullata

The Swamp Pink is a handsome and rare wetland plant. Its flowers should not be picker, nor should the plant be removed from its natural habitat.
Orange Day Lily (or simply Day Lily) (ph) ______ (NA:370) (NW:588) (WP:343) DP PA SA Jun-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from eastern Asia)
Hemerocallis fulva

Hemerocallis fulva is also known as the Tawny Day Lily.

Orange Day Lilies in southern Pennsylvania in July 2015
(photo by Armas Hill)
Canada Lily ______ (NA:361) (NW:309) (WP:344) DP PA Jun-Aug.
Lilium canadense canadense

Other names for Lilium canadense are Meadow Lily and Wild Yellow Lily.
Pine Lily ______ (NW:311) NC
Lilium catesbaei

Another name for Lilium catesbaei is Catesby's Lily.
Carolina Lily ______ (NW:310) SA
Lilium michauxii
Wood Lily ______ (NA:362) (NW:311) (SP:338) (WP:345) NJ PA SA Rare, PA north to ME. Jun-Aug.
Lilium philadelphicum
Lilium philadelphicum (var. philadelphicum) ______ NJ where rare

Lilium philadelphicum is also called the Philadelphia Lily.
Turk's-cap Lily ______ (NA:363) (NW:310) (WP:345) DP NJ PA SA Jul-Aug.
Lilium superbum

The Turk's-cap Lily is the largest and most spectacular of the lilies native to eastern North America. Up to 40 flowers can be found on a single plant.
Canada Mayflower ______ (NA:147) (NW:303) (SP:340) (WP:346) DP NJ PA SA Generally common, DE &PA north to Newfoundland. May-Jun.
Maianthemum canadense
Maiahthemum canadense (var. interius) ______ Western False Lily-of-the-Valley NJ where it is classified as endangered

Another name for Maianthemum canadense is False Lily-of-the -Valley. The plant is a common forest herb that spreads by rhizomes and frequently forms carpet-like colonies.
It is an unusual member of the lily family in that it has only two petals, two sepals, and 4 stamens instead of the usual 3-3-6 pattern.
Feathery False Solomon's Seal ______ (NW:303)
Maianthemum racemosum

Other names for Maianthemum racemosum are False Spikenard, Solomon's-plume.
Starry False Solomon's Seal ______ (NW:303)
Maianthemum stellatum

Another name for Maianthemum stellatum is Wild Lily-of-the-Valley.
Three-leaved False Solomon's Seal ______ (NW:303) NJ
Maianthemum trifolium

Another name for Maianthemum trifolium is False Mayflower. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Indian Cucumber-root ______ (NA:1) (NW:319) (WP:346) DP PA SA May-Jun.
Medeola virginiana

The root of Medeola virginiana, 2 or 3 inches long, has a brittle texture, and smells somewhat like a cucumber.
It was used by Native Americans for food, but digging it for such purposes today is not recommended as the plant is scarce.
Birds are attracted to the fruit of the Indian Cucumber-root.
At the time that the berries turn bluish-purple, the bases of the leaves whorled below them turn red.
Virginia Bunchflower ______ (WP:347) DP NJ PA Jun-Jul.
Melanthium virginicum

Melanthium virginicum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Grape-hyacinth ______ DP
Muscari botryoides
Bluebottle ______ DP
Muscari racemosum
Bog Asphodel ______ NJ
Narthecium americanum

Narthecium americanum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
False-garlic ______ (NW:323) (SP:337) Generally common, north to VA. Mar-May.
Nothoscordum bivalve
Nodding Star-of-Bethlehem ______ DP
Ornithogalum nutana
Common Star-of-Bethlehem ______ (NW:588) (WP:347) DP PA Apr-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Ornihogalum umbellatum

Another name for Ornihogalum umbellatum is Nap-at-Noon.
Smooth Solomon's Seal ______ (NA:4) (NW:304) (WP:348) DP PA SA May-Jul.
Polygonatum biflorum (var. biflorum)

MEDICINAL USE:

By native Americans, a root tea from Polygonatum biflorum was used to treat stomach ailments and general debility.

AN EDIBLE PLANT:

The dried roots of Polygonatum biflorum were beaten and used as flour.
Great Solomon's Seal ______ DP PA
Polygonatum canaliculatum
Hairy Solomon's Seal ______ (NW:304) DP
Polygonatum pubescens
Yellow Mandarin ______ (NW:305) SA
Prosartes lanuginosa

Another name for Prosartes lanuginosa is Yellow Fairybells.
Spotted Mandarin ______ (NW:305) SA
Prosartes maculata

Another name for Prosartes maculata is Nodding Mandarin.
False Solomon's Seal ______ (NA:116) (WP:349) DP PA SA May-Jul.
Smilacina racemosa
Smilacina racemosa (var. cylindrata)

Smilacina racemosa is also called Solomon's Plume or False Spikenard.
Starry False Solomon's Seal ______ (SP:339) (WP:350) PA Occasional, PA & NJ north to Newfoundland. May-Aug.
Smilacena stellata
Osceola's Plume ______ (NW:300)
Stenanthium densum

Other names for Stenanthium densum are Crow-poison and Black-snakeroot.
Feather-bells ______ (NA:98) (NW:300)
Stenanthium grammineum
White Twisted-stalk ______ NJ
Streptopus amplexifolius (var. amplexifolius)

Streptopus amplexifolius is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Rosy Twisted-stalk ______ (NA:464) (NW:304) (WP:351) NJ PA SA Apr-Jul.
Streptopus lanceolatus (or Streptopus roseus (var. roseus))

Streptopus lanceolatus is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
White Featherling ______ (NW:298)
Tofieldia glabra
Coastal False Asphodel ______ (NW:298) NJ
Tofieldia (or Triantha) racemosa

Tofieldia racemosa is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Catesby's Trillium ______ (NA:38)
Trillium catesbaei

The Catesby's Trillium is a beautiful pink flower of the southeastern Piedmont and adjacent Appalachian slopes .
Nodding Trillium ______ (NA:39) (NW:318) (WP:352) DP PA May-Jul.
Trillium cernuum (var. cernuum)
Red Trillium ______ (NA:405) (NW:318) (WP:353) DP PA SA Apr-Jun.
Trillium erectum (var. erectum)

Other names for Trillium erectum are Purple Trillium, Erect Trillium, Wake-robin, Ill-scented Wake-robin, and Stinking-Benjamin.
The Red Trillium has foul-smelling flowers that attract carrion flies that act as pollinators.
Large White Trillium (or Large-flowered Trillium) _______ (NA:37) (NW:318) (WP:336) DP NJ PA SA Apr-Jun.
Trillium grandiflorum

Trillium grandiflorum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Snow Trillium (*) ______ (NW:318) (WP:353) PA Mar-May.
Trillium nivale
Little Trillium ______ DP
Trillium pusillum
Sessile Trillium ______ (NA:375) (NW:319)
Trillium sessile

Another name for Trillium sessile is Toadshade.
Painted Trillium (ph) ______ (NA:40) (NW:318) (WP:354) NJ PA SA Apr-Jun.
Trillium undulatum

In New Jersey, Trillium undulatum is rare. The attractive Painted Trillium is easily recognized by the splash of pink in the center of the white flower.

Painted Trillium
Large Flowering Bellwort ______ (WP:355) SA PA Apr-Jun.
Uvularia grandiflora
Perfoliate Bellwort ______ (WP:355) DP NJ PA May-Jun.
Uvularia perfoliata
Uvularia perfoliata (var. nitida) ______ Pine Barren Bellwort NJ where it is classified as endangered
Sessile-leaved Bellwort ______ (NA:78,265) (NW:306) (WP:356) DP PA May-Jun.
Uvularia sessilifolia

Other names for Uvularia sessilifolia are Merrybells and Wild Oats.
Virginia Bunchflower ______ (NW:301)
Veratrum virginicum

Veratrum species are poisonous.
Green False Hellebore ______ (NA:16) (NW:301) (WP:356) DP PA SA May-Jun.
Veratrum viride

Other names for Veratrum viride include American White Hellebore and Indian Poke. The ribbed yellow-green leaves of this wetland species are unmistakable in the spring. The plant withers away before summer.
Turkey-beard ______ (NA:181) (NW:302) NJ SA
Xerophyllum asphodeloides
Atamasco Lily ______ (NW:307)
Zephyranthes atamasca
Camas ______ (NA:132)
Zigadenus leimanthoides
Sandbog Death-Camas ______ (NW:299)
Zigadenus glaberrimus

This and other Death Camas are poisonous.

Lizard's-tail Family, SAURURACEAE
Common Lizard's-tail ______ (NA:102) (NW:496) (SP:1) (WP:12) DP PA Herbaceous, perennial. Generally common, north to RI. Apr-Jul.
Saururus cernuus

Another name for Saururus cernuus is Water-dragon. It occurs in swamps, marshes, margins of streams, ponds.

Logania or Pinkroot Family, LOGANIACEAE
Yellow Jasmine ______ (NA:267) (SP:570) Generally common, north to sVA. Flowers Jan-Mar.
Gelsemium sempervirens
Lax Hornpod ______ (NW:333)
Mitreola petiolata
Polypremum ______ (SP:164) NJ Generally common, north to NY. May-Oct.
Polypremum procumbens

Another name for Polypremum procumbens is Juniper-leaf. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Indian-pink ______ (NA:421) (NW:333) SA
Spigelia marilandica

Another name for Spigelia marilandica is Pinkroot. It is so-named in another list in this website, in "Texas Wildflowers".

Loosestrife Family, LYTHRACEAE
Blue Waxweed ______ (NW:334) (WP:157) DP PA Jun-Sep.
Cuphea petiolata (or viscossima)

Another name for Cuphea petiolata is Clammy Cuphea.
Swamp Loosestrife ______ (NA:529) (NW:334) (SP:542) (WP:156) DP NJ PA Occasional, north to Nova Scotia. Jul-Sep.
Decondon verticillatus

Another name for Decondon verticillatus is Water-willow.
Winged Loosestrife ______ (NW:334) NJ
Lythrum alatum
Lythrum alatum (var. alatum) ______ NJ where rare
Saltmarsh Loosestrife ______ (NW:334) (SP:128) DP NJ Generally common, north to NY. Jul-Oct.
Lythrum lineare

Another name for Lythrum lineare is Narrow-leaved Loosestrife.
Purple Loosestrife ______ (NA:569) (NW:588) (SP:127) (WP:157) DP PA Can be common locally. NJ north to Newfoundland. Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Lythrum salicaria

Another name for Lythrum salicaria is Spiked Loosestrife.

Lopseed Family, PHRYMACEAE
American Lopseed ______ (NW:406) DP
Phryma leptostachya

Lotus Family, NELUMBONACEAE
American Lotus ______ (NA:260) (NW:352) (WP:15) PA Jul-Sep.
Nelumbo lutea

Madder Family, RUBIACEAE

RUBIACEAE has been called the BLUET FAMILY.

Some notable plants in the family RUBIACEAE include Coffee (Coffea spp.) and Quinine (Cinchoa spp.).
Closely related is the cultivated Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides).
Buttonbush ______ (NA:182) (SP:578) (WP:267) NJ PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Jun-Aug.
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Rough Buttonweed ______ (NW:493) (SP:231) DP Generally common, north to DE. May-first frost.
Diodia teres

Another name for Diodia teres is Poor Joe.
Virginia Buttonweed ______ (NW:493) (SP:232) DP Generally common, north to sNJ. May-first frost.
Diodia virginiana
Cleavers ______ (NA:195) (NW:491) (SP:233) (WP:268) DP PA Generally common, north to Greenland. Apr-Jul.
Galium aparine

Galium aparine has also been called Common Bedstraw. It was used in mattresses carried on covered wagons.
Other names for Galium aparine are Catchweed Bedstraw and Goosegrass.
Rough Bedstraw ______ DP
Galium asprellum
Northern Bedstraw ______ (NA:129) (NW:492) (WP:268) DP NJ PA Jun-Aug.
Galium boreale
Licorice Bedstraw ______ (NW:491) DP
Galium circaezana

Other names for Galium circaezana are Forest Bedstraw and Wild-licorice.
Shining Bedstraw ______ NJ
Galium concinnum
Purple Galium ______ (SP:235) NJ Generally common, north to sNJ. Jun-Aug.
Galium hispidulum

Another name for Galium hispidulum is Coast Bedstraw. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Labrador Marsh Bedstraw ______ NJ
Galium labradoricum

Galium labradoricum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Lance-leaved Bedstraw ______ (NW:492)
Galium lanceolatum
Wide-leaved Bedstraw ______ (NW:492)
Galium latifolium

Another name for Galium latifolium is Purple Bedstraw.
Hedge Bedstraw ______ (NA:194) (NW:595) DP (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Galium mollugo

Galium mollugo is also known as Wild Madder.
Blunt-leaved Bedstraw ______ DP Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Mar-Jul.
Galium obtusum
Marsh Bedstraw ______ NJ
Galium palustre
Galium pilosum ______ Occasional, north to NH. May-Aug.
Blunt-leaved Rough Bedstraw ______ (SP:234) DP Generally common, north to Newfoundland. Apr-Sep.
Galium tinctorium

Another name for Galium tinctorium is Dye Bedstraw.
Small Bedstraw ______ NJ
Galium trifidum (var. trifidum)

In New Jersey, Galium trifidum is rare.
Fragrant Bedstraw ______ (NW:491) DP Occasional, VA north to Greenland. Apr-Sep.
Galium triflorum

Another name for Galium triflorum is Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
Yellow Bedstraw ______ (NW:595) DP (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Galium verum
Common Bluets ______ (NA:615) (NW:490) (SP:227) (WP:266) DP PA SA Generally common, VA north to Nova Scotia. Apr-Jun.
Houstonia caerulea

Another name for Houstonia caerulea is Quaker Ladies. Another scientific name for the species has been Hedyotis caerulea.

The Common Bluets is a lovely, delicate flowering plant that often form striking patches of light blue.
Long-leaved Bluets ______ (NW:490) SA
Houstonia longifolia
Purple Bluets ______ (NW:490) DP SA
Houstonia purpurea

Other names for Houstonia purpurea are Broad-leaved Bluets and Large Houstonia.
Small Bluets ______ (NW:490)
Houstonia pusilla
Slender-leaved Bluets ______ SA
Houstonia tenuifolia
Partridgeberry ______ (NA:76,438) (NW:489) (WP:268) DP PA SA Jun-Jul.
Mitchella repens
Clustered-bluets ______ (NW:491) (SP:229) Generally common, north to NY. Jun-Oct.
Oldenlandia uniflora (has been Hedyotis uniflora)

Other names for Oldenlandia uniflora are Clustered Mille-graines or Oldenlandia.

Magnolia Family, MAGNOLIACEAE
Tuliptree (ph) ______ (ST:100) SA
Liriodendron tulipifera

Liriodendron tulipifera has also been called Yellow-poplar. By whatever name, it is a host plant for the butterfly Papilio glaucus, the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail.
The Tuliptree is also the host plant for some species of moths as their names indicate:
Callosamia angulifera, the Tulip-tree Silkmoth
Epimecis hortaria, the Tulip-tree Beauty (a geometer moth), and
Paralobesia liriodendrana, the Tulip-tree Leaftier Moth.

There is only one other species in the Liriodendron genus. It is native to Asia.

As of 2007, the largest known Tuliptree in the US has been in Chesapeake, Virginia.
Its circumference: 359 inches. Height: 115 feet.

Tuliptree
Fraser Magnolia ______ (ST:94) SA
Magnolia fraseri

Another name for Magnolia fraseri is Mountain Magnolia.

As of 2011, one of the two largest known Fraser Magnolias in the US has been in Carroll County, Virginia.
Its circumference: 129 inches. Height: 73 feet.
The other of the two largest known Fraser Magnolias has been in Kentucky.
Southern Magnolia (or Bull Bay) ______ (SP:477) (ST:97) NC Generally common, north to NC. Flowers May-Jun.
Magnolia grandiflora

As of 2009, the largest known Southern Magnolia in the US has been in Sussex, Virginia.
Its circumference: 277 inches. Height: 66 feet.
Umbrella Magnolia ______ (ST:96)
Magnolia tripetala
Swamp Magnolia (or Sweet Bay) (ph) ______ (SP:478) (ST:98) NJ Occasional, north to NY. Flowers May-Jun.
Magnolia virginiana

Magnolia virginiana is a host plant of the butterfly Papilio glaucus, the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail.

Swamp Magnolia, or Sweet Bay

Mallow Family, MALVACEAE

Thomas Jefferson was fascinated with members of the Mallow family. He grew hollyhocks, the Marsh Mallow, Alcea officinalis, and Lavatera as well as the Common Mallow, Malva sylvestris (below) - all of them, apparently, for their beautiful flowers rather than for food or medicine.
Velvetleaf ______ (NA:259) (NW:588) (WP:69) DP PA (not native in eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Abutilon theophrasti

Another name for Abutilon theophrasti is Indian Mallow.
Halberd-leaf Rose-mallow ______ (NW:337)
Hibiscus laevis

Another name for Hibiscus laevis is Smooth Rose-mallow.
Swamp Rose-mallow ______ (NA:440) (NW:336) (SP:115) DP Occasional, north to CT. May-Sep
Hibiscus palustris (or moscheutos)
Hibiscus palustris (form peckii) Crimson-eyed Rose-mallow ______ DP Occasional, VA north to MA, Jun-Sep.

Hisiscus palustris (or moscheutos) is also called Common Rose-mallow, or Crimson-eyed Rose-mallow.

The strikingly showy Swamp Rose Mallow is often found along edges of salt marshes, but it is actually more common in upper-valley wetlands.
Flower-of-an-hour ______ (NW:589) (WP:71) DP PA Jul-Sep. (not native in eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Hibiscus trionum
Seashore Mallow (or Salt Marsh Mallow) ______ (NW:339) (SP:116) DP Generally common, north to NY, Jun-Oct.
Kosteletzkya virginica

Other names for Kosteletzkya virginica are Virginia Salt Marsh Mallow and Virginia Fen-rose.
Musk Mallow ______ (NA:439) (NW:589) (WP:69) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native in eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Malva moschata
Common Mallow (so called in the United States) ______ (NA:63) (NW:589) (WP:72) DP PA Apr-Oct. (not native in eastern North America, from Eurasia and North Africa)
Malva neglecta

Another name for Malva neglecta is Cheeses. It is considered a weed in barnyards and waste places, but the flowers and foliage are attractive.
Common Mallow ______ (not native in eastern North America, from Europe and Asia)
Malva sylvestris

The fruits of Malva sylvestris, that develop quickly after the flowers fall, resemble little round cheese, thus, the common name of Cheese Mallow.
Other names for Malva sylvestris are Blue Mallow, High Mallow, Wild Mallow.
Carolina Bristle-mallow ______ (NA:402) (NW:346)
Modiola caroliniana

Other names for Modiola caroliniana are Carolina Mallow and Bristly-mallow.
Virginia Mallow ______ (NW:343)
Sida hermaphrodita
Prickly Sida ______ (NW:344) DP Occasional, north to NC, possibly VA. Jun-Oct
Sida spinosa (or carpinifolia)

Meadow-beauty, or Melastoma Family, MELASTOMATACEAE
Maryland Meadow-beauty ______ (NW:347) DP NJ Generally common, north to NY, May-Oct.
Rhexia mariana (var. mariana)
Rhexia mariana (var. ventricosa) ______ Rare, north to sNJ. Jun-Oct.

Another name for Rhexia mariana is Pale Meadow-beauty.
Yellow Meadow-beauty ______ (NW:348)
Rhexia lutea
Rhexia nashii ______ (SP:130) Generally common, north to sVA. May -Oct.
Fringed Meadow-beauty ______ (NW:348)
Rhexia petiolata
Virginia Meadow-beauty ______ (NA:453) (NW:347) (SP:131) (WP:164) DP NJ PA SA Generally common, north to ME. Jun-Oct.
Rhexia virginica

Other names for Rhexia virginica are Common Meadow-beauty and Handsome Harry.

Milkweed Family, ASCLEPIADACEAE

What has been the family ASCLEPIADACEAE is now the subfamily ASCLEPIADOIDEAE in APOCYNACEAE, the Dogbanes.

Most milkweeds contain contain poisonous glycosides, and the larvae of the butterflies Danaus plexippus, the Monarch, and Danaus gilippus, the Queen, which use plants in the genus Asclepias as their main food source, absorb the chemicals and are therefore toxic to predators.

A famous butterfly that favors Milkweeds, the Monarch
(photographed here on Asclepias, by Howard Eskin)
Green Milkweed ______ (NW:80) DP
Acerates (or Asclepias) viridiflora
Clasping Milkweed ______ (NW:82) DP NJs
Asclepias amplexicaulis

Another name for Asclepias amplexicaulis is Blunt-leaved Milkweed.
Tall Milkweed ______ SA
Asclepias exaltata
Swamp Milkweed (ph) ______ (NA:509) (NW: 81) (SP:173) (WP:200) DP NJ PA Generally common, nNC north to Nova Scotia, Jul-Sep.
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias incarnata (var. pulchra) ______ DP
Asclepias incarnata incarnata _____ PA

Skipper butterflies such as Poanes massasoit, the Mulberry Wing, and Euphyes conspicua, the Black Dash (in the photo below) take nectar from the Swamp Milkweed.

Swamp Milkweed with a butterfly called the Black Dash
(photo by Jonathan Klizas)
Few-flowered Milkweed ______ (NW:82) (SP:169) DP NJ Generally common, north to sNJ. May-Sep. Flowers red.
Asclepias lanceolata

Another name for Asclepias lanceolata is Smooth Orange Milkweed. In New Jersey, it is rare.
Purple Milkweed ______ (NW:80) DP
Asclepias purpurascens
Four-leaved Milkweed ______ (NW:82) (WP:200) NJ PA SA May-Jul.
Asclepias quadrifolia
Red Milkweed ______ NJ
Asclepias rubra

In New Jersey, Asclepias rubra is rare.
Common Milkweed (ph) ______ (NA:510) (SP:172) (WP:199) DP NJ PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Jun-Aug.
Asclepias syriaca

Common Milkweed (photo by Rise Hill)
Butterfly-weed ______ (NA:367) (NW:81) (SP:170) (WP:201) DP NJ PA SA Generally common, north to NH. May-Aug.
Asclepias tuberosa

Other common names for Asiepias tuberosa are Chiggerweed, Pleurisy Bush, or Orange Milkweed.
White Milkweed ______ (NA:175) (NW:82) DP NJ
Asclepias variegata

Other names for Asclepias variegata are White-flowered Milkweed and Red-ringed Milkweed.
In New Jersey, it is rare.
Whorled Milkweed ______ (NW:80) (WP:201) NJ PA Jun-Sep.
Asclepias verticillata

in New Jersey, Asclepias verticillata is rare.
Sand-vine ______ (SP:174) Generally common, north to NC. May-Sep.
Cynanchium angustifolium (or palustre)
Matelea gonocarpa (or suberosa) ______ Occasional, north to sVA. May-Jul.

Another more-southerly Matelea species, M. carolinensis (SP:175) is called Spiny-pod.

Milkwort Family, POLYGALACEAE
Loose-spike Milkwort ______ NJ
Polygala ambigua
Short-leaved Milkwort ______ NJ
Polygala brevifolia
Cross-leaved Milkwort ______ (NW:426) (WP:173) DP NJ PA Jul-Oct.
Polygala cruciata

Other names for Polygala cruciata are Marsh Milkwort and Drum-heads. Its coloration is a dull rose-purple.
Curtis' Milkwort ______ DP NJ
Polygala curtissii

Polygala curtissii is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Pink Milkwort ______ (NW:427) (SP:104) DP NJ Generally common, north to NY. Jun-Nov.
Polygala incarnata

Other names for Polygala incarnata are Slender Polygala and Procession-flower.
In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Orange Milkwort ______ (NA:371) (NW:426) (SP:103) DP NJ Occasional, north to sNJ, Feb-Nov.
Polygala lutea

Other names for Polygala lutea are Candyweed or Polygala. The plant has little round heads of brilliant orange.
Maryland Milkwort ______ DP NJ
Polygala mariana

In New Jersey, Polygala mariana is rare.
Nuttall's Milkwort ______ DP
Polygala nuttallii
Fringed Polygala ______ (NA:564) (NW:427) (WP:172) PA SA May-Jun.
Polygala paucifolia

Another name for Polygala paucifolia is Gay Wings.
Racemed Milkwort ______ NJ
Polygala polygama
Low Pine Barren Milkwort ______ (NW:544) (NW:426) NJ
Polygala ramosa

Another name for Polygala ramosa is Yellow Milkwort.
Purple Milkwort ______ (NA:533) (NW:426) (WP:173) DP PA Jun-Oct.
Polygala sanguinea

Other names for Polygala sanguinea are Purple Candyroot, Field Milkwort, and Rose Polygala.
Seneca Snakeroot ______ (WP:174) NJ PA Jun-Aug.
Polygala senega

Polygala senega is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Whirled Milkwort ______ (NW:426) DP
Polygala verticillata

Mint Family, LAMIACEAE, or LABIATAE
Yellow Giant Hyssop ______ (NW:283) DP
Agastache nepetoides

Agastache nepetoides is also called Catnip Giant Hyssop.
Purple Giant Hyssop ______ DP SA
Agastache scrophulariaefolia
Downy Wood-mint ______ (NW:278)
Blephilia ciliata

Another name for Blephilia ciliata is Downy Pagoda-plant.
Hairy Wood-mint ______ (NW:278)
Blephilia hirsuta

Another name for Blephilia hirsuta is Hairy Pagoda-plant.
Wild Basil ______ (NA:596) (NW:280) (may have been introduced into North America from Europe)
Clinopodium vulgare
Stoneroot ______ (NA:318) (NW:277) (WP:225) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Collinsonia canadensis

Other names for Collinsonia canadensis are Horsebalm and Richweed.
Whirled Stoneroot ______ (NW:277) SA
Collinsonia verticillata

Other names for Collinsonia verticillata are Early Stoneroot and Whorled Horse-balm.
American Dittany ______ (NW:292) (WP:225) DP PA Jul-Oct.
Cunila origanoides

Other names for Cunila origanoides are Stone Mint and Horsemint.
American Dragonhead ______ (NW:280) DP
Dracocephalum parviflorum
Ground Ivy ______ (NA:597) (NW:586) (WP:223) DP PA Apr-Jul. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Glechoma hederacea

Other names for Glechoma hederacea are Gill-over-the-ground and Creeping Charlie.
American Pennyroyal ______ (NW:293) (WP:226) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Hedeoma pulegiodes
Musky Mint ______ (NW:278) (SP:201) Occasional, north to sNC. Jun-Oct.
Hyptis alata

Other names for Hyptis alata are Bitter Mint and Clustered Bush-mint.
Henbit ______ (NA:527) (NW:586) (SP:195) (WP:226) DP PA Generally common, north to Greenland. Mar-Nov, and in mild winters. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Lamium amplexicaule
Purple Deadnettle ______ (NW:586) (WP:227) DP PA Apr-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Lamium purpureum

Another name for Lamium purpureum is Red Henbit.
Common Motherwort ______ (NA:595) (NW:586) (WP:227) DP PA Jun-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Leonurus cardiaca
White Motherwort ______ DP
Leonurus marrubiastrum
American Water-horehound ______ (NA:197) (NW:293) (SP:200) DP NJ Generally common, VA north to Newfoundland. Jun-first frost.
Lycopus americanus
Lycopus americanus (var. longii) ______ Long's Bugleweed NJ where rare

Another name for Lycopus americanus is American Bugleweed.
Sessile-leaved Bugleweed ______ DP
Lycopus amplectens
European Bugleweed ______ DP
Lycopus europaeus
Stalked Water-horehound ______ DP NJ Occasional, north to MA. Jun-first frost.
Lycopus rubellus

In New Jersey, Lycopus rubellus is rare.
Northern Water-horehound ______ (NW:293) DP
Lycopus uniflorus

Another name for Lycopus uniflorus is Northern Bugleweed.
Virginia Bugleweed ______ (WP:228) DP PA Generally common, north to MA. Jul-first frost.
Lycopus virginicus
Carolina Birds-in-a-nest ______ (NW:284)
Macbridea caroliniana
Meehan's Mint ______ (NW:283) SA
Meehania cordata
American Wild Mint ______ (NA:507) (NW:294) (WP:228) PA Jul-Sep.
Mentha arvensis (or canadensis)

Another name for Mentha arvensis (or candensis) is Field Mint.
Peppermint ______ (NA:534) (NW:587) (WP:229) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America)
Mentha x piperita (or Mentha aquatica x spicata)
Round-leaved Mint ______ DP
Mentha rotundifolia

Another name for Mentha rotundfolia is Applemint.
Spearmint ______ (NW:587) (WP:229) DP PA Jun-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Mentha spicata (or crispa)
White Bergamot ______ (NW:290) (WP:230) DP NJ PA Jun-Jul.
Monarda clinopodia

Another name for Monarda clinopodia is Basil Beebalm. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Scarlet Bee-balm ______ (NA:419) (NW:290) (WP:230) NJ PA SA Jun-Sep.
Monarda didyma

Other names for Monarda didyma are Oswego-tea or simply Bee-balm.

Monarda didyma is a favorite of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

In New Jersey, it is rare.
Wild Bergamot (ph) ______ (NA:528) (NW:290) (WP:231) DP PA SA Jul-Aug.
Monarda fistulosa

Like others in its genus, Monarda fistulosa is known as Bee-balm.

Wild Bergamot in southern Pennsylvania in July 2015
(photo by Rise Hill)
Purple Bergamot ______ NJ PA
Monarda media
Spotted Bee Balm ______ (NW:291) (SP:199) DP NJ Generally common, north to NY. Jul-Sep.
Monarda punctata

Another name for Monarda punctata is Spotted Horse Mint.
Catnip ______ (NA:198) (NW:586) (WP:231) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Nepeta cataria
Wild Marjoram ______ DP
Origanum vulgare
Common Perilla ______ (NW:587) DP (not native to eastern North America, from eastern Asia)
Perilla frutescens
False Dragonhead ______ (NA:486) (WP:232) DP PA SA Jun-Sep.
Physostegia virginiana

Another name for Physostegia virginiana is Obediant Plant.
Common Self-heal ______ (NA:638) (NW:279) (SP:193) (WP:232) DP PA SA Generally common, north to Newfoundland. Apr-first frost. (not native to eastern North America)
Prunella vulgaris

Seal-heal is in another list in this website of "Northern Plants", in Iceland.

Self-heal is visited by the butterfly Colias philodice, the Clouded Sulphur.

Another name for Prunella vulgaris is Heal-all.
Hoary Mountain Mint ______ (NA:196) (NW:292) DP
Pycnanthemum incanum
Short-toothed Mountain Mint ______ DP
Pycnanthemum muticum
Narrow-leaved Mountain Mint ______ (NW:292) (WP:233) DP PA SA Jul-Sep.
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium

MEDICINAL USE: especially as a tea drink and a sedative.
Torrey's Mountain Mint ______ (WP:233) PA Jul-Sep.
Pycnanthemum verticillatum
Obedient Plant ______ (NW:284)
Physostegia virginiana

The common name for Physostegia virginiana is because flowers can be rotated on the stalk and will remain in their new position.
Another name for Physostegia virginiana is False Dragonhead.
Lyre-leaved Sage ______ (NA:581) (NW:289) (SP:197) (WP:234) DP PA SA Generally common, north to CT. When frost-free.
Salvia lyrata

MEDICINAL USE:

Native American people used the leaves of the Lyre-leaved Sage to brew a tea as a laxative, and for colds, coughs, and nervousness. It was also mixed with honey to make a syrup for asthma.
Wild Basil ______ (WP:234) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America)
Satureia vulgaris
Hairy Skullcap ______ DP PA
Scutellaria elliptica
Northern Skullcap ______ (SP:191) Occasional, DE north to Nova Scotia. Jun-first frost.
Scutellaria epilobiifolia
Marsh Skullcap ______ (NW:285)
Scutellaria galericulata
Downy Skullcap ______ (NW:284) (WP:235) PA Jun-Sep.
Scutellaria incana

Another name for Scutellaria incana is Hoary Skullcap.
Hyssop Skullcap ______ (NA:594) (SP:192) DP NJ Generally common, north to NY. Apr-Jul.
Scutellaria integrifolia

Scutellaria integrifolia is also called the Common Skullcap.
Mad-dog Skullcap ______ (NW:285) (WP:235) DP PA Jun-Sep.
Scutellaria lateriflora
Showy Skullcap ______ SA
Scutellaria serrata
Clingman's Hedge-nettle ______ SA
Stachys clingmanii
Betony ______ (SP:196) Occasional, north to sVA. Mar-Jul.
Stachys floridana
Smooth Hedge-nettle ______ (NW:285) (WP:236) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Stachys tenuifolia
Synandra ______ (NW:283) SA
Synandra hispidula
American Germander ______ (NA:481) (NW:286) (SP:189) (WP:236) DP PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia, May-Sep.
Teucrium canadense
Teucrium canadense var. virginicum ______ PA

Another common name for Teucrium canadense is Wood Sage.
False Pennyroyal ______ (NW:287)
Trichostema brachiatum

Another name for Trichostema brachiatum is Fluxweed.
Forked Blue Curls ______ (NA:614) (NW:287) (SP:190) (WP:237) DP NJ PA Generally common, north to ME. Jul-first frost.
Trichostema dichotomum

Mistletoe Family, LORANTHACEAE
American Mistletoe ______ (SP:474) Generally common, north to sNJ. Flowers unisexual: Sep-Oct.
Phoradendron leucarpum (was serotinum)

Another name for Phoradendron leucarpum is the Oak Mistletoe.

Phoradendron leucarpum is a hemi-parasite on several tree species. It is a host plant for the butterfly Atlides halesus, the Great Purple Hairstreak.

Moonseed Family, MENISPERMACAE
Canadian Moonseed ______ (NA:118)
Menispermum canadense

Moonseed is poisonous if eaten in a large quantity. The fruit ripens in September and resembles whitish-powdered grapes.

Morning Glory Family, CONVOLVULACEAE

The former Dodder Family, CUSCUTACEAE, is now included in CONVOLVULACEAE.
The genus CUSCUTA was in that family.
Field Bindweed ______ (NW:579) (WP:207) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Convolvulus arvensis
Hedge Bindweed ______ (NA:461) (NW:201) (SP:178) (WP:207) DP PA Generally common, north to Newfoundland. May-Oct.
Convolvulus (or Calystegia) sepium
Convolvulus sepium (var. repens) Narrow-leaved Hedge Bindweed ______ DP

Convolvulus (or Calystegia) sepium is also called Wild Morning Glory, or Hedge False Bindweed.
Upright Bindweed ______ DP SA
Convolvulus spithamaeus

Another name for Convolvulus spitamaeus is Low Bindweed.
Dodder ______ (NA:221) (SP:176) (WP:209) PA SA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Jul-Oct.
Cuscuta gronovii (or compacta)

Another name for Cuscuta gronovii is Love-vine.
Carolina Pony's-foot ______ (NW:199) (SP:177) Generally common, north to VA. Mar-Sep.
Dichondra carolinensis
Red Morning Glory ______ (NA:403) (NW:204) (not native to eastern North America, from tropical America)
Ipomoea coccinea

Another name for Ipomoea coccinea is Redstar.
Ivy-leaved Morning Glory ______ (NA:543) (NW:579) DP (not native to eastern North America, from tropical America and probably the southern US)
Ipomoea hederacea
Small White Mountain Glory ______ (NW:202) DP
Ipomoea lacunosa
Ipomoea lacunosa (form. purpurata) Small Pink Morning Glory ______ DP

Another name for Ipomoea lacunosa is Whitestar.
Wild Potato-vine ______ (NW:202) (SP:183) (WP:208) DP PA SA Occasional, north to CT. May-Sep.
Ipomoea pandurata

Another name for Ipomoea pandurata is Man-of-the-Earth.
Common Morning Glory ______ (NA:459) (NW:579) (WP:206) DP PA Jul-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from tropical America)
Ipomoea purpurea
Salt Marsh Morning Glory ______ (NA:462) (SP:181) Generally common, north to NC. Apr-Oct.
Ipomoea sagittata

Another name for Ipomoea sagittata is Arrow-leaved Morning Glory.
Coastal Morning Glory ______ (SP:182) Generally common, north to NC. May-Oct.
Ipomoea trichocarpa
Hairy Cluster-vine ______ (NW:201)
Jacquemantia tamnifolia
Scarlet Morning Glory ______ DP
Quamoclit coccinea
Southern Dawnflower ______ (NW:200)
Stylisma humistrata
Pickering's Dawnflower ______ (NW:200) NJs
Stylisma pickeringii (or Breweria pickeringii)

Another name for Stylisma pickeringii is Pickering's Morning Glory.

Mulberry Family, MORACEAE
Japanese Hops ______ DP
Humulus japonicus
Osage-orange ______ (ST:249) (Not native to eastern North America; it is now naturalized well beyond its original native range.)
Maclura pomifera

As of 2011, the largest known Osage-orange in the US has been in Charlotte County, Virginia.
Its circumference: 349 inches. Height: 60 feet.
White Mulberry ______ (ST:247) Occasional, north to MA.
Morus alba
Red Mulberry ______ (SP:473) (ST:246) Generally common, north to MA.
Morus rubra

Mustard Family, BRASSICADEAE, formerly CRUCIFERAE
Garlic Mustard ______ (NA:187) (NW:574) (WP:94) DP PA Apr-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Alliaria officinalis (or petiolata)
Lyre-leaved Rockcress ______ (NW:180)
Arabidopsis lyrata
Mouse-ear Cress ______ (NW:180) DP (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Arabidopsis thallana
Sicklepod ______ DP
Arabis canadensis
Drummond's Rockcress ______ NJ
Arabis drummondii

Arabis drummondii is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Western Hairy Rockcress ______ NJ
Arabis hirsuta (var. pycnocarpa)
Smooth Rockcress ______ DP
Arabis laevigata

The Smooth Rockcress is a host plant for the butterfly Anthocharis midea, the Falcate Orangetip, as it the Lyre-leaved Rockcress (below).
Lyre-leaved Rockcress ______ (NA:189) (WP:94) DP PA May-Jun.
Arabis lyrata
Missouri Rock-cress ______ NJ
Arabis missouriensis

Arabis missouriensis is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Fine-branched Rockcress ______ DP
Arabis perstellata
Hairy Rockcress ______ (NW:179)
Arabis pycnocarpa
Early Wintercress ______ DP
Barbarea verna
Yellow Rocket ______ (NA:358) (NW:575) (SP:58) (WP:95) DP PA Occasional, VA north to Newfoundland, Apr-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Barbarea vulgaris

Barbarea vulgaris is also called Wintercress.
Sicklepod ______ (NW:178)
Boechera canadensis
Smooth Rockcress ______ (NW:178)
Boechera laevigata
Yellow Mustard ______ DP
Brassica campestris
White Mustard ______ DP
Brassica hirta
India Mustard ______ DP (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Brassica juncea
Wild Mustard ______ DP
Brasscia kaber
Black Mustard ______ (NA:359) (NW:575) (WP:95) DP PA SA Jun-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Brassica nigra
Seven-top Turnip ______ DP
Brassica septiceps
American Sea Rocket ______ (NA:549) (NW:168) (SP:56) DP
Cakile edentula harperi ______ Generally common, north to NC, Mar-Oct.
Cakile edentula edentula ______ Generally common, NC north to Newfoundland, Mar-Sep.
Shepherd's Purse ______ (NA:200) (NW:574) DP Occasional, north to Greenland, Feb-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Slender Toothwort ______ (NW:177) NJ
Cardamine angustata
White Springcress ______ (NA:149) (NW:176) (WP:96) DP PA Mar-Jun.
Cardamine bulbosa

Another name for Cardamine bulbosa is Bulbous Bittercress.
Cut-leaf Toothwort ______ (NA:223,521) (NW:177) (WP:93) PA Apr-Jun.
Cardamine concatenata (was Denitaria lacinata)
Two-leaved Toothwort ______ (NW:177) (WP:97) NJ PA Apr-Jun.
Cardamine diphylla

Other names for Cardamine diphylla is Broad-leaved Toothwort or Crinkleroot.
Pink Springcress ______ (NW:176) NJ
Cardamine douglassii

Other names for Cardamine douglassii are Limestone Bittercress and Purple Bittercress.
Hairy Bittercress ______ DP
Cardamine hirsuta

The Hairy Bittercress and the Small-flowered Bittercress (below) are host plants for the butterfly Anthocharis midea, the Falcate Orangetip.
Long's Bittercress ______ NJ
Cardamine longii

Cardamine longii is classified as endangered in New Jersey.
Large Toothwort ______ NJ
Cardamine maxima

Cardamine maxima is classified as endangered in New Jersey.
Small-flowered Bittercress ______ DP
Cardamine parviflora

Another name for Cardamine parviflora is Linear-leaved Bittercress.
Pennsylvania Bittercress ______ (NW:176) DP
Cardamine pensylvanica
Meadow Cuckoo-flower ______ NJ
Cardamine pratensis (var. palustris)
Mountain Watercress ______ DP NJ
Cardamine rotundifolia

Another name for Cardamine rotundifolia is Round-leaved Bittercress.
It is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Hoary Cress ______ DP
Cardaria draba
Carpet Cress (or Wart Cress) ______ (SP:55) Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Feb-Oct.
Coronopus didymus
Slender Toothwort ______ DP
Dentaria heterophylla
Cut-leaved Toothwort ______ DP SA
Dentaria laciniata
Short-pod Draba ______ (NW:172)
Draba brachycarpa
Carolina Whitlow-grass ______ NJ
Draba reprans

Draba reprans is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Early Whitlow-grass ______ (NA:190) (NW:574) DP (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Draba verna
Dames Rocket ______ (NA:496) (NW:576) (WP:98) DP PA May-Jul. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe
Hesperis matronalis
Dyer's Woad ______ SA (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Isatis tinctoria
Field Peppergrass ______ (NW:575) Occasional, NC north to Newfoundland, Mar-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Lepidium campestre
Wild Peppergrass (or Pepperwort) ______ (NA:199) (NW:168) (SP:54) Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Nov.
Lepidium virginicum

Another name for Lepidium virginicum is Poor Man's Pepper.
Honesty ______ (NW:576) DP (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Lunaria annua
Watercress ______ (NA:188) (NW:574) (WP:99) DP PA Apr-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Nasturtium officinale (was Rarippa nasturtium-aquaticum)
Wild Radish ______ (NW:575) (SP:57) DP Generally common, north to Greenland, Mar-Nov. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Raphanus raphanistrum

Another name for Raphanus raphanistrum is Jointed Charlock.
Marshcress ______ DP
Rorippa islandica
Common Yellowcress ______ (NW:174)
Rorippa palustris

Other names for Rorippa palustris are Bog Yellowcress and Marsh Yellowcress.
Creeping Yellowcress ______ DP
Rorippa sylvestris
Hedge Mustard ______ DP
Sisymbrium officinale
Field Pennycress ______ (NW:574) DP (not native to eastern North America)
Thlaspi arvense
Tower Mustard ______ (NW:179)
Turritis glabra

Another name for Turritis glabra is Tower Rockcress.

Nettle Family, URTICACEAE
False-nettle ______ (NA:17) (NW:553) (SP:2) Perennial. Generally common, north to ME. Jul-Oct.
Boehmeria cylindrica

Another name for Boehmeria cylindrica is Bog-hemp.

False-nettle is one of the host plants for the butterfly Vanessa atalanta, the Red Admiral, particularly when other "true" nettles are not available. Having said that, False-nettle is a true member of the Nettle Family.
Wood Nettle ______ (NA:19) (NW:552) PA
Laportea canadensis

Wood Nettle and Stinging Nettle (below) are both principal host plants for the butterfly Vanessa atalanta, the Red Admiral.
Pennsylvania Pellitory (also below) is also a host plant for that butterfly, but less so.

The butterfly, the Red Admiral.
This photo shows the butterfly, not on nettle, but on a fig tree.
(photo by Marie Gardner)
Pennsylvania Pellitory ______ PA
Parietaria pennsylvanica
Clearweed ______ (NA:20) (NW:553)
Pilea pumila

Another name for Pilea pumila is Richweed.
Stinging Nettle ______ (NA:18) (NW:552) (WP:48) PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America)
Urtica doica doica

Urtica doica is also called Common Nettle. It is so-called elsewhere in this website in the file "Wildflowers and Other Plants in Northern Places" where it is noted as being in Iceland.

In addition to being a host plant for Vanessa atalanta, the Red Admiral, Stinging Nettle is a host plant for the butterfly Nymphalis milberti, the Milbert's Tortoiseshell, and it is the host plant for the moth Abrostola urentis, the Spectacled Nettle Moth.

Nightshade, or Potato Family, SOLANACEAE

Although many wild species in SOLANACEAE are poisonous, some notable cultivated crops also belong to this family, including eggplant (Solanum melongena), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum), and tomatoes (Lycoperisicon spp.).
Jimsonweed ______ (NW:599) (WP:203) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from tropical America)
Datura stramonium

Another name for Datura stramonium is Thorn-apple.

Datura stramonium is poisonous.
Physalis angulata ______ Occasional, north to sVA. Jun-Oct.
Clammy Ground-cherry ______ (NA:258) (NW:548) (WP:203) DP PA Jun-Sep.
Physalis heterophylla
Hairy Ground-cherry ______ SA Occasional, north to sVA. Jun-Oct.
Physalis pubescens
Smooth Ground-cherry ______ (WP:204) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Physalis subglabrata
Virginia Ground-cherry ______ DP
Physalis virginiana
Sand Ground-cherry ______ (SP:202) Generally common, north to VA. Apr-Sep.
Physalis viscosa
Solanum americanum ______ Generally common, nNC north to ME. Mar-first frost.
Carolina Horse Nettle (ph) ______ (NA:41) (NW:549) (SP:203) (WP:204) DP PA SA Generally common, north to NY. Apr-Oct.
Solanum carolinense

Carolina Horse Nettle
(photo by Doris Potter)
Bittersweet Nightshade ______ (NA:604) (NW:599) (SP:205) (WP:202) DP PA Occasional, NJ north to Nova Scotia. May-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Solanum dulcamara

Other names for Solanum dulcamara are Deadly Nightshade and Climbing Nightshade.

Solanum dulcamara is poisonous.
Eastern Black Nightshade ______ (NA:42) (NW:549) (SP:206) (WP:205) DP PA Generally common. Apr-first frost.
Solanum ptycanthum (was nigrum)

The fruits of Solanum ptycanthum are berries like tiny tomatoes.
Horned Nightshade ______ (NW:550)
Solanum rostratum

Another name for Solanum rostratum is Buffalo-bur.

Olive Family, OLEACEAE
Fringe-tree ______ NJ SA
Chionanthus virginicus
Devilwood ______ (SP:568) Generally common, north to sVA. Mar-Apr.
Osmanthus americanus

Orchid Family, ORCHIDACEAE

The numerous orchids of the world can be said to be of 3 types:
1) Many grow on trees. They are EPIPHYTES.
2) Those that grow on rocks are LITHOPHYTES.
3) Those that grow in the ground are TERRESTRIALS.

Numbers in this grouping noted as (BPO:xx) refer to pages with photos in the book "Botanica's Pocket Orchids", 2007.

To go to a list and photo gallery elsewhere in this website: WILD ORCHIDS IN THE AMERICAS

Genus APLECTRUM

APLECTRUM has only 2 species, one in the eastern US, the other in Japan. This distribution can be explained by the movement of glaciers over 20,000 years ago, which may well have wiped out related plants in the area in between.
Unlike most North American terrestrial orchids, APLECTRUM is a member of a large division of the orchid family that includes most of the tropical tree-dwelling species grown by orchidists. APLECTRUM, however, is not suited to cultivation.
Putty-root ______ (BPO:67) (NW:374) (WP:364) DP NJ PA SA May-Jun.
Aplectrum hyernale

Another name for Aplectrum hyernale is Adam-and-Eve.

Native to the northeastern US, Aplectrum hyernale grows in deciduous forests.
Its common name of Putty-root arose because early colonists valued the mucilaginous flesh of its corms, using it for glue, medicine, and even food.
As the winter leaf vanishes, the flower stalk rises to about 20 inches, carrying up to 10 flowers, each 1 inch wide.
The plant is dormant through summer to early autumn. It flowers in the spring.

Aplectrum hyernale is classified in New Jersey as endangered.

Genus ARETHUSA

As with APLECTRUM (above) and POGONIA (below), the closest relative to ARETHUSA is in Japan.
Now, ARETHUSA has only one species (as said in the note below).
Like several other American terrestrial orchids, Arethusa bulbosa arises from a perennial corm.
It produces a single flower in the early spring and one leaf after flowering.
Dragon's Mouth ______ (BPO:69) (NA:472) (NW:375) (WP:363) DP NJ PA May-Jul.
Arethusa bulbosa

In his book, "The Backyard Wilderness"", published in 1975, Vincent Abraitys wrote the following about Arethusa bulbosa:
"The Arethusa Orchid is, to me, the noblest of wild flowers.
In New Jersey, Memorial Day is the traditional time for its flowering, although further north it may be delayed by the lateness of spring.
in the bog along Webb's Mill Brook, it is especially abundant, as it has been for many years. There is some condition at that spot favorable to it, for while it is abundant there, it is absent in most other southern New Jersey bogs.
The common names for Arethusa bulbosa are Dragon's Mouth and Swamp Pink. However, since there is only one other species in the genus, and that one in Japan, the generic name of Arethusa seems preferable.
Orchids are hard to describe so I will not attempt it except to say that the Arethusa has a single blossom on a stem which is up to a foot high with sepals and petals of magenta pink. The lip usually has white to yellow areas with crimson spots. The flower is large for a northern orchid."

Since the above was written, the genus for that orchid referred to in Japan, has been changed. So, that Japanese orchid is now Eleorchis japonica. Both Eleorchis japonica and Arethusa bulbosa are now the only members in their genera.

In New Jersey, Arethusa bulbosa is rare.

Genus CALOPOGON

In CALOPOGON there are 4 similar North American terrestrial species. 3 occur only in the southeast US.
The fourth, Calopogon tuberosus, is widespread in eastern North America.
CALOPOGON species have tall multi-flowered inflorescence, and several slim leaves rising from a small, buried corm.
Grass-pink ______ (BPO:119) (NA:476) (NW:377) (WP:364) DP NJ PA Jun-Aug.
Calopogon tuberosus (or pulchellus)

Calopogon tuberosus is also called Tuberous Grass-pink. It is a tall, conspicuous species, and the only widespread member of its genus, ranging from maritime Canada through the east and midwest US to Cuba and the Bahamas.

The pink-flowered trio of Arethusa, Pogonia, and Calopogon bloom during spring in northern bogs.
Calopogon tuberosus is the most spectacular, mot common, and most versatile of the threesome. It also grows along road shoulders and in wet fields.

Calopogon tuberosus may be as tall as 4 feet, and may carry up to 25 flowers, each more than 1 and a half inches in diameter, The flowers appear from spring in the north to summer in the south.

Genus CLEISTES

The Spreading Pogonias here in CLEISTES are sometimes placed in POGONIA.
Small Spreading Pogonia ______ (NW:376)
Cleistes bifaria

Another name for Cleistes bifaria is Small Rosebud Orchid.
Spreading Pogonia ______ (NA:471) (NW:376) NJ SA
Cleistes divaricata

Another name for Cleistes divaricata is Rosebud Orchid. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.

Genus COELOGLOSSUM
Bracted Orchid ______ (NW:383) NJ
Coeloglossum viride
Coeloglossum viride (var. virescens) ______ Long-bracted Green Orchid NJ where rare

Other names for Coeloglossum viride are Long-bracted Orchid, Frog Orchid, or Satyr Orchid.

Genus CORALLORHIZA

In CORALLORHIZA, there are 10 terrestrial species, mostly in North America.
These plants are known as saprophytic because they have no leaves and make little chlorophyll.
Instead of roots, they have tangled underground rhizomes which are invaded by strands of mycorrhiza. That fungus digests decaying material in the soil, which nourishes the plants with carbohydrates.
Because they do not rely on energy from the sun, CORALLORHIZA species usually flourish in dark woods.
Spotted Coral-root ______ (BPO:160) (NA:380) (NW:373) (WP:365) PA SA Jul-Aug.
Corallorhiza maculata

Corallorhiza maculata is the most common and widespread member of its genus. It occurs in the northeast US and west across Canada and south to the mountains, with a separate population in upland areas of Mexico and Guatemala.
Its stem, usually about 12 inches tall, may reach 32 inches. It carries up to 40 white flowers with purple markings. They may not open fully, but they tend to reach a diameter of about two-thirds of an inch.
The plant is usually self-pollinating and all the flowers bear fruit. The flowers unexpectedly pop up during late spring and summer.
Autumn Coral-root ______ (NW:372) (WP:365) PA Aug-Oct.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza
Northern Coral-root ______ (BPO:360) (NW:373) NJ
Corallorhiza trifida

Another name for Corallorhiza trifida is Early Coralroot. In New Jersey, it is rare.

Corallorhiza trifida has an unusual distribution. It is circumpolar, dipping into the US in the northeast and in the Rocky Mountains.
The spring-flowering southern variety occurs in the mid-Atlantic region.
its stem is less than 1 foot tall, and bears up to 20 flowers, each less than one-third of an inch in diameter.
Its greenish color indicates the presence of some chlorophyll. Its stems are a clear yellow-green color and the flowers are unmarked. (Other species in the genus have purple or brown markings.)
Spring Coral-root ______ (NW:372) NJ
Corallorhiza wisteriana

Genus CYPRIPEDIUM

The 45 species in CYPRIPEDIUM are in Eurasia and North America. The main concentration is in Asia in the Himalayas.
There are about 15 species in North America, and 3 in Europe.
Many tropical orchids that were classified as CYPRIPEDIUM are now in other genera such as PAPHIOPEDILUM, PHRAGMEDIUM, and SELENIPEDIUM, although all are still referred to as "slipper orchids".

The lip of the flower in CYPRIPEDIUM forms a hollow pouch shaped like the toe of a slipper, a bulbous one.
The lip's upper opening attracts bees and causes pollination. The area around the opening is very slippery so the insect falls very easily into it. Only bees of the right size are able to get through the basal openings, where the stigma and pollinia are situated. As a bee passes through, pollination occurs.
Pink Lady's Slipper ______ (BPO:179) (NW:469) (NW:378) (SP:347) (WP:366) DP NJ PA SA May-Jun.
Cypripedium acaule

Another name for Cypripedium caule is Moccasin Flower.

The distribution of Cypripedium acaule is limited to eastern Canada and the northeastern US.
It grows in range of habitats, from dry pine forests to wet sphagnum bogs, but always in strongly acidic soil and under moderate shade.
It forms large colonies and has short underground rhizome, from which a very short erect stem grows.
The inflorescence is from 8 to 18 inches long. It usually has a small flower about 2 and a half inches wide.
The flowering period occurs between spring and summer.
Small Yellow Lady's Slipper (ph) ______ (BPO:180) NJ PA SA
Cypripedium calceolus (var. parviflorum) ______ (NA:506) (NW:378) (WP:366) NJ PA May-Jul.
Cypripedium calceolus (var. pubescens) Large Yellow Lady's Slipper ______ (WP:367) PA Apr-Jun.

With another taxonomic treatment of the above:
Cypripedium parviflorum (var. makasia) ______ Fen Small Yellow Lady's Slipper NJ where rare

Another name for Cypripedium calcelus (var. parviflorum) is Yellow Moccasin Flower. It reaches from 1 to 2 feet tall, and has 2 to 4 ovate leaves on the basal part of its stem. It has 1, or rarely 2 flowers up to 6 inches across.

Small Yellow Lady's Slippers, Cypripedium calceolus
Small White Lady's Slipper ______ NJ
Cypripedium candidum

Cypripedium candidum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Showy Lady's Slipper ______ (BPO:183) (NA:467) (NW:378) NJ
Cypripedium reginae

Another name for Cypripedium reginae is Queen's Lady's Slipper. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.

"Reginae" means "queen", and Cypripedium reginae is one of the showiest in its genus. As a result of this, its numbers have been depleted in the wild.
It occurs naturally in northeast North America, growing in wet, neutral to calcareous soils in meadows, bogs, and swamps, forming colonies of stems from about 15 to 30 inches tall.
The inflorescence normally bears a single flower about 3 and a quarter inches across. It is white with a typically more or less rose-purple colored shoe. Flowers appear in the summer.

Genus EPIPACTIS

The 35 species or so in EPIPACTIS range from Europe to Ethiopia, across northern Asia to Japan, and in North America.
They are terrestrial, usually growing in wet habitats, and with fleshy rhizomes and leafy stems often reaching a height up to 40 inches.
Helleborine ______ (BPO:268) (NW:590) (WP:367) NJ PA Jul-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Epipactis helleborine

Epipactis helleborine grows in light, deciduous as well as coniferous forests, shrublands, and meadows from sea level to various places in its range (but not of course in the eastern US) up to 8,300 feet above sea level.
The stem is 8 to 28 inches long. It has 5 to 9 large, egg-shaped leaves.
Its many-flowered inflorescence is conspicuously bent below the flowers. The flowers are about two-thirds of an inch across, and vary in color from greenish to reddish. The flowering period is in the summer.

Genus GALEARIS

In GALEARIS there are 2 or 3 terrestrial species, found in North America and Japan.

GALEARIS is closely related to ORCHIS, a genus in Europe, Africa, and Asia east to Japan.
Showy Orchis (ph) ______ (BPO:285) (NA:477) (NW:380) (WP:368) DP PA SA Apr-Jun.
Galearis spectabilis (has been Orchis spectabilis)

Other names for Galearis spectabilis are Two-leaved Orchis, and Purple-hooded Orchis.

Galearis spectabilis is a temperate, terrestrial species native to northeastern North America, south and west to Arkansas.
It is a splendid, early-spring blooming wildflower in deciduous woodlands.
The height of the plant is up to 14 inches. There are 2 leaves, 8 inches long and 4 inches wide at the base of the stem.
A raceme bears up to 15 loosely-packed flowers with diameters of about an inch.

Showy Orchis

Genus GOODYERA

Plants in GOODYERA are small terrestrial species in the northern Temperate Zone s well as in tropical forests of southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and some Pacific islands.
Most grow in shady places on the floors of forests at low altitudes.
Downy Rattlesnake-plantain ______ (NA:140) (NW:387) (WP:368) DP NJ PA SA Jul-Aug.
Goodyera pubescens
Dwarf Rattlesnake-plantain ______ (NW:388)
Goodyera repens
Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain ______ NJ
Goodyera tesselata

In New Jersey, Goodyear tesselata is rare.

Genera HABENARIA and PLATANTHERA

HABENARIA is a large genus with about 500 species, with a distribution that is virtually worldwide, occurring in temperate and tropical grasslands in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
The greatest number of species are in areas with seasonal rainfall. All HABENARIA plants are terrestrial.

PLATANTHERA is very closely related to HABENARIA. Many of the 200 terrestrial species in PLATANTHERA, in temperate regions around the world, occur in northeastern North America, where they are among the most conspicuous of wild flowers during July and August.
Habitats vary from woods to fields to peat bogs.
All PLATANTHERA plants are erect, usually tall and leafy, with dense many-flowered terminal infloresceences.
White Fringed Orchid ______ (NA:135) (NW:385) (WP:373) DP NJ PA Jun-Sep.
Habenaria blephariglottis (or Platanthera blephariglottis)

The White Fringed Orchid is found in very acidic sphagnum bogs.
Yellow Fringed Orchid ______ (BPO:456) (NA:316) (NW:384) (WP:374) DP NJ PA SA Jul-Aug.
Habenaria ciliaris (or Platanthera ciliaris)

Habenaria, or Platanthera ciliaris is also called Orange-fringed Orchid. It is a brilliant, solely North American species, in various habitats, from Maine south to Texas. It is becoming uncommon.
The height of the plant is about 40 inches. There are several pointy leaves up to 1 foot long and 2 inches wide.
Up to 60 yellow-orange flowers, each about 1 inch in diameter, have long spurs that stretch downward, The flowers appear during August.

In New Jersey, the Yellow-fringed Orchid is rare.
Green Wood Orchid ______ (WP:374) DP NJ PA Jul-Aug.
Habenaria clavellata (or Platanthera clavellata)

Other names for Habenaria clavellata are Small Wood Orchid and Club-spur Orchid.
Crested Fringed Orchid ______ (NW:384) DP NJ
Habenaria cristata (or Platanthera cristata)

Habenaria, or Platanthera cristata is also called Crested Yellow Orchid.
Large Purple Fringed Orchid ______ SA
Habenaria fimbriata (or Platanthera fimbriata)
Pale Green Orchid ______ (NW:387) (WP:375) NJ PA Jul-Sep.
Habenaria flava (or Platanthera flava)
Habenaria flava (var. flava) ______ Southern Rein Orchid NJ where it is classified as endangered
Habenaria flava (var. herbiola) ______ Tubercled Rein Orchid NJ where rare

Habenaria, or Platanthera flava is also called Tubercled Orchid as with var. herbiola (above)
Greater Purple Fringed Orchid ______ (BPO:466) (NA:586) (NW:385) (WP:376) NJ PA Jun-Jul.
Habernaria grandiflora (or Platanthera grandiflora)

In New Jersey, the Greater Purple Fringed Orchid is rare.
Hooker's Orchid ______ (NW:386) (WP:377) NJ PA May-Aug.
Habernaria hookeri (or Platanthera hookeri)

Habernaria hookeri (or Platanthera hookeri) is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Leafy Northern Green Orchid ______ NJ
Habernaria hyperborea (or Platanthera hyperborea) (var. huronensis)
Yellow Fringeless Orchid ______ (BPO:457) (NW:384) NJ
Habernaria integra (or Platanthera integra)

Habernaria, or Platanthera integra is also called Southern Yellow Orchid.
In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Ragged Fringed Orchid ______ (NA:137) (NW:385) (WP:378) DP NJ PA Jul-Aug.
Habernaria lacera (or Platanthera lacera)

Another name for the Ragged Fringed Orchid is Green-fringed Orchid.
Snowy Orchid ______ (NW:386) DP NJ
Habenaria nivea (or Platanthera nivea)

Habernaria nivea (or Platanthera nivea) is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Lesser Round-leaved Orchid ______ (NW:386) (WP:377) NJ PA Jun-Jul.
Habernaria orbiculata (var. orbiculata) (or Platanthera orbiculata)

Another name for the Lesser Round-leaved Orchid is Pad-leaf Orchid. In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Purple Fringeless Orchid ______ (BPO:458) (NW:385) (WP:379) DP NJ PA Jun-Aug.
Habernaria peramoena (or Platanthera peramoena)

In New Jersey, the Purple Fringeless Orchid is classified as endangered.
In Pennsylvania, it has been found in the lower Susquehanna Valley, and in the southwestern part of the state.
Purple Fringed Orchid ______ (BPO:458) (NW:385) (WP:376) NJ PA Jul-Aug.
Habernaria psycodes (or Platanthera psycodes)

In New Jersey, the Purple Fringed Orchid is rare.

Genus HEXALECTRIS
Crested Coral-root ______ (NW:373)
Hexalectris spicata

Genus ISOTRIA

In ISOTRIA there are only 2 terrestrial species limited to the eastern US.
Both usually have 5 leaves that appear in a single whorl, hence the common name "Whorled".
This form is unique among orchids, with ISOTRIA species thus resembling closely a common wildflower in eastern North America, the Indian Cucumber-root, Medeola virginiana in the Lily family.
Lesser Whorled Pogonia ______ (BPO:307) (NA:6) (NW:380) (WP:369) PA May-Jun.
Isotria medeoloides

Another name for Isotria medeoloides is Green Five-leaved Orchid.

Isotria medeoloides is classified as endangered both by the US and the state of Pennsylvania. In that state, two sites for it have recently been found in central PA.
Whorled Pogonia ______ (BPO:307) (NW:380) (WP:369) DP PA May-Jun.
Isotria verticillata

Other names for Isotria verticillata are Large Whorled Pogonia and Purple Five-leaved Orchid.

Genus LIPARIS

In LIPARIS there are about 250 species, occurring on all continents except Antarctica.
They are closely related to those in MALAXIS.
LIPARIS orchids grow in temperate climates as terrestrials and in humid, tropical climates as epiphytes and terrestrials.

LIPARIS species are also called "wide-lipped orchids".
Large Twayblade _____ (BPO:318) (NA:8) (NW:381) (WP:370) NJ PA SA (rare) May-Jul.
Liparis lilifolia

Liparis lilifolia is also called Large-leaved Twayblade, Lily-leaved Twayblade, or Purple Twayblade.
Bog Twayblade ______ (BPO:319) (NW:381) (WP:370) PA Jun-Jul.
Liparis loeselii

Other names for Liparis loeselii are Loesel's Twayblade, Green Twayblade, Fen Orchid.

Genus LISTERA

Occurring in the northern Temperate Zone, in LISTERA there are about 25 diminutive and delicate terrestrial species.
As one would walk in a northern woods, near bogs or mossy rocks, a pleasant and unexpected find of a LISTERA orchid could be had.
If so, the flowers are well worth an inspection with a magnifying glass. They have a complicated trigger mechanism that "explodes" the pollinia onto the backs of tiny insects.
Southern Twayblade ______ (NW:382) (WP:371) DP NJ PA May-Jun.
Listera australis
Heart-leaved Twayblade ______ (BPO:320) (NW:382) (WP:371) PA Jun-Aug.
Listeria cordata

In Pennsylvania, Listeria cordata is found at only a very few sites. It grows in mossy wet woods or edges of bogs.
Small Kidney-leaved Twayblade ______ (WP:372) PA Jun-Jul.
Listeria smallii

Another name for Listeria smallii is the Appalachian Twayblade.

Genus MALAXIS
White Addersmouth ______ (WP:372) PA Jun-Aug.
Malaxis monophyllos (var. brachypoda)
Green Addersmouth ______ (NW:381) (WP:373) DP PA Jun-Aug.
Malaxis unifolia

Genus POGONIA

In POGONIA there are only 2 or 3 terrestrial species. One, Pogonia ophioglossoides, is in eastern North America. Otherwise POGONIA is in Japan and China.
The separated distribution was caused by glaciers during the Ice Ages, which caused POGONIA to disappear from the western side of North America.
The plants have fleshy roots and a single leaf.
Rose Pogonia ______ (BPO:470) (NA:470) (NW:376) (WP:379) DP NJ PA Jun-Aug.
Pogonia ophioglossoides

Another name for Pogonia ophioglossoides is Snake-mouth Orchid.

Genus PONTHIEVA

In PONTHIEVA there are about 25 species, occurring from the eastern and southern US south through the West Indies and Central America and in South America to Chile.
They are terrestrials with fleshy roots.
The erect inflorescences have either a few or many flowers.
Shadow Witch ______ (BPO:477) (NW:390)
Ponthieva racemosa

Another name for Ponthieva racemosa is Hairy Shadow Witch.

The Shadow Witch grows in forests, on damp cliffs, and along stream banks, often in large colonies, from low altitudes to about 6,700 feet above sea level.
The plant is about 2 feet tall with 3 to 8 leaves, up to 6 inches long and 2 inches wide in a basal rosette.
The inflorescence is up to 10 inches long with numerous flowers about two-thirds of an inch across.
Flowering is from autumn to spring.

Genus SPIRANTHES

SPIRANTHES is a large genus of terrestrial orchids with nearly a worldwide distribution, as there are species of it on all continents except Antarctica.
Most occur in tropical or subtropical areas, but some are in temperate North America, temperate Asia, and Europe.
They have thick, fleshy, tuber-like roots, a basal rosette of leaves, and a tall inflorescence with a few to many small flowers in a spiral form at the upper part of the inflorescence.
Nodding Ladies Tresses ______ (BPO:542) (NA:139) (NW:388) (SP:349) (WP:380) DP NJ PA SA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Jul-first frost.
Spiranthes cernua

Another name for Spiranthes cernua is Autumn Ladies Tresses.
Spiranthes grayi ______ Rare, nNC & sVA. Jul-Oct.
Slender Ladies Tresses ______ (BPO:543) (NW:389) (WP:380) DP PA Jul-Oct.
Spiranthes lacera (var. gracilis)

Spiranthes lacera occurs in the northeast US and into Canada, with the variety gracilis extending south to eastern Texas.
The plant grows up to 2 feet tall with a basal rosette of leaves.
The inflorescence has many tightly packed flowers about one-quarter of an inch long. Flowering is from summer into autumn.
Shining Ladies Tresses ______ (WP:381) PA Jun-Jul.
Spiranthes lucida
Fragrant Ladies Tresses ______ DP
Spiranthes odorata
Grass-leaved Ladies Tresses ______ NJ Generally common, north to NY. Mar-Jul.
Spiranthes praecos
Little Ladies Tresses ______ NJ Occasional, north to MA. Jun-Oct.
Spiranthes tuberosa (or beckii)
Spring Ladies Tresses ______ (SP:348) DP NJ Generally common, north to MD & sNJ.
Spiranthes vernalis

Genus TIPULARIA

In TIPULARIA there are 3 species: one in the Himalayas, one in Japan, and one, Tipularia discolor, in eastern North America.
They are all terrestrials with a broad leaf that rises from a series of underground, jointed tubers.
The inflorescence is tall and slender with numerous small flowers.
Crane-fly Orchid ______ (BPO:560) (NW:374) DP NJ (rare)
Tipularia discolor

Another name for Tipularia discolor is Crippled Cranefly. It occurs in the US from the northeastern states west and south to Nebraska, eastern Texas, and Florida.
Tipularia discolor is an uncommon orchid growing in coniferous and deciduous forests and along stream banks.
The plant is up to 2 feet tall and arises from a series of tubers. The solitary leaf is dark green above and purple below, and is up to 4 inches long and 2 and a half inches wide.
The inflorescence appears in mid-summer after the leaf has withered. There are 20 to 40 flowers, each about half an inch across.

Genus TRIPHORA
Three Birds Orchid ______ (NA:218) (NW:377) DP
Triphora trianthophora

Another name for Triphora trianthophora is Nodding-pogonia.

Palm Family, ARECACEAE
Sabal minor ______ NC Generally common, north to NC.
Cabbage Palmetto ______ (SP:428) (ST:82) NC Generally common, north to NC.
Sabal palmetto

Parnassus-grass Family, PARNASSIACEAE

A family related to the Saxifrages.
Grass-of-Parnassus ______ (NA:55) (NW:404) (WP:127) PA SA Jul-Oct.
Parnassia asarifolia (or glauca)

Parsley or Celery Family, APIACEAE

APIACEAE was formerly UMBELLIFERAE
Purplestem Angelica _____ (NW:57) (WP:187) DP PA Jul-Oct.
Angelica atropurpurea

Angelica atropurpurea is also called Alexanders.
Hairy Angelica ______ SA (NW:56)
Angelica venenosa
Centella ______ (SP:148) Generally common, north to DE. May-Sep.
Centella asiatica
Spreading Chervil ______ (NW:58)
Chaerophyllum procumbens
Southern Chervil ______ (NW:58) (SP:149) Generally common, north to VA. Mar-Jun.
Chaerophyllum tainturieri
Bulblet-bearing Water Hemlock ______ (NW:58)
Circuta bulbifera

Circuta species are poisonous.
Water Hemlock ______ (NW:58) (WP:187) DP PA SA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia, May-Sep.
Cicuta maculata

Another name for Cicuta maculata is Spotted Cowbane.
Cicuta mexicana ______ (SP:150) Generally common, north to sNJ. Jun-Sep.
Poison Hemlock ______ (NW:565) (WP:188) DP PA Jun-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Conium maculatum
Honewort ______ (NW:59) DP
Cryptotaenia canadensis
Queen Anne's Lace (*) (ph) ______ (NW:565) (SP:155) (WP:186) DP PA SA Generally common, VA north to Greenland, May-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Daucus carota

Daucus carota is also called Wild Carrot. It is a host plant of the butterfly Papilio polyxenes, the Black Swallowtail.

Queen Anne's Lace
(photo by Marie Gardner)
Harbinger of Spring ______ (NW:60) (WP:188) PA Feb-May.
Erigenia bulbosa

Another name for Erigenia bulbosa is Pepper-and-salt.
Marsh Eryngo ______ (NW:60)
Eryngium aquaticum
Savannah Eryngo ______ (NW:61)
Eryngium integrifolium
Creeping Eryngo ______ (NW:61)
Eryngium prostratum
Rattlesnake Master ______ (NW:60) DP
Eryngium yuccifolium
Common Fennel ______ (NW:565) DP (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Foeniculum vulgare

Foeniculum vulgare is a host plant of the butterfly Papilio polyxenes, the Black Swallowtail.
Common Cow-parsnip ______ (NW:62) (SP:154) (WP:189) DP PA SA Occasional, DE & PA north to Newfoundland, May-Aug.
Heracleum lanatum (or maximum)

Some Heracleum species cause phytophotodermatitis (a painful rash).
American Water-pennywort ______ (NW:62) DP Occasional, NY, maybe DE and NJ, north to Newfoundland. Jun-Sep.
Hydrocotyle americana
Seaside Pennywort ______ (SP:146) Generally common, north to NC. May-Nov.
Hydrocotyle bonariensis
Floating Water-pennywort ______ DP
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
Many-flowered Water-pennywort ______ (NW:62) (SP:147) DP Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Apr-Nov.
Hydrocotyle umbellata

Another name for Hydrocotyle umbellata is Marsh Pennywort.
Hydrocotyle verticillata ______ Generally common, north to MA. Apr-Oct.
Lilaeopsis carolinensis ______ Occasional, north to sVA. Apr-Jul.
Lilaeopsis ______ (SP:152) Generally common, north to Nova Scotia, Apr-Sep.
Lilaeopsis chinensis
Long-style Sweet Cicely ______ (NW:65) DP PA
Osmorhiza longistylis
Also called Sweet Cicely is the closely-related Osmorhiza claytoni ______ PA (WP:189)
Stiff Cowbane ______ (NW:68) DP
Oxypolis rigidior
Wild Parsnip ______ (NW:565) (WP:190) DP PA May-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Pastinaca sativa
Burnet Saxifrage ______ DP
Pimpinella saxifraga
Thread-leaf Mock Bishop's-weed ______ (NW:67) (SP:151) DP Generally common, north to MA, May-Oct.
Ptilimnium capillaceum
Canadian Black Snakeroot ______ (NW:67) DP
Sanicula canadensis

Another name for Sanicula canadensis is Shortstyle Sanicle.
Clustered Sanicle ______ DP
Sanicula gregaria
Black Snakeroot ______ (WP:190) PA May-Jul.
Sanicula marilandica
Hemlock Water-parsnip ______ (NW:68) DP
Sium suave
Spermolepis divaricata ______ Generally common, north to NC, Apr-May.
Yellow Pimpernel ______ (NW:69)
Taenidia integerrima
Hairy-joint Meadow Parsnip ______ (NW:70) DP
Thasplum barbinoda
Smooth Meadow Parsnip ______ (NW:70)
Thaspium trifoliatum
Heart-leaf Alexanders ______ (NW:70) DP
Zizia aptera
Golden Alexanders ______ (NW:70) (WP:191) DP PA Apr-Jun.
Zizia aurea
Meadow Alexanders ______ (NW:70)
Zizia trifoliata

Passionflower Family, PASSIFLORACEAE
Purple Passionflower ______ (NA:551) (NW:405) (SP:125) DP SA Occasional, north to MD. Jun-Oct.
Passiflora incarnata

Another name for Passiflora incarnata is Maypop.

Passiflora incarnata is a food plant for several species of butterfly larvae.

MEDICINAL PLANT: Native American people used almost all parts of Passiflora incarnata to treat various ailments, although it can be quite toxic if used improperly. The root was powdered and applied as a poultice for cuts, wounds, earache, and inflammation.
Modern research shows that extracts are mildly sedative, reduce blood pressure, and increase the respiratory rate.
Yellow Passionflower ______ (NW:405) PA Occasional, north to VA and inland into PA, Jun-Oct.
Passiflora lutea

Phlox, or Polemonium Family, POLEMONIACEAE
Scarlet Gilia ______ (NA:417) (NW:420) DP
Ipomopsis rubra

Other names for Ipomopsis rubra are Flame-flower and in Texas, the Texas Star or Standing Cypress
Wild Blue Phlox ______ (NA:616) (NW:409) DP PA
Phlox divaricata
Phlox divaricata divaricata ______ (WP:211) PA Apr-Jun.

Other names for Phlox divaricata are Forest Phlox, Woodland Phlox.
Annual Phlox _____ (NA:497) (NW:409) (SP:184) Generally common, north to sMD. Mar-Jul. (Not native to eastern North America, native in Texas)
Phlox drummondii

Another name for Phlox drummondii is Drummond's Phlox.
Wild Sweet William ______ DP PA
Phlox maculata
Phlox maculata maculata ______ (WP:212) PA May-Sep.
Garden Phlox (or Fall Phlox) ______ (NA:498) (NW:409) DP SA
Phlox paniculata
Downy Phlox ______ (NW:409)
Phlox pilosa

Phlox pilosa is also called Prairie Phlox.
Creeping Phlox ______ (WP:213) PA Apr-Jun.
Phlox stolonifera
Moss Phlox ______ (NA:450) (NW:410) PA SA
Phlox subulata
Phlox subulata subulata ______ (WP:213) PA Apr-Jun.
Greek Valerian ______ (NA:599) (NW:412) (WP:212) DP PA Apr-Jun.
Polemonium reptans

Another name for Polemonium reptans is Spreading Jacob's Ladder.
Jabob's Ladder ______ (NA:598)
Polemonium van-brumtiae

Pickerel-weed, or Water Hyacinth Family, PONTEDERIACEAE
Grass-leaf Mud Plantain ______ (NW:438)
Heterantherea dubia

Another name for Heterantherea dubia is Water Star-grass.
Kidney-leaf Mud Plantain ______ (NW:438) DP
Heteranthera reniformis
Pickerelweed ______ (NA:588) (NW:438) (SP:329) (WP:335) DP NJ PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Mar-Oct.
Pontederia cordata

Pontederia lanceolata, with narrower leaves, has been separated as a species and a variety, but the intergradation of characters is too great for taxonomic recognition.

Pine Family, PINACEAE
Short-leaf Pine ______ (SP:423) (ST:27) Generally common, north to NY.
Pinus echinata
Long-leaf Pine ______ (ST:26) NC
Pinus palustris
Table Mountain Pine ______ (ST:23) NC(west) PA
Pinus pungens

As of 1988, the largest known Table Mountain Pine in the US has been in Stokes, North Carolina.
Its circumference: 104 inches. Height: 120 feet.
Red Pine ______ (ST:28)
Pinus resinosa
Pitch Pine (ph) _____ (SP:425) (ST:24) NJ Generally common, coastally DE north to ME. Inland, further south to NC.
Pinus rigida

A lone Pitch Pine in southern Pennsylvania in July 2015
(photo by Rise Hill)
Pond Pine ______ (ST:25) Occasional, north to sNJ.
Pinus serotina
Eastern White Pine ______ (ST:6) Generally common, coastally nNJ north to Newfoundland. Inland, further south to GA.
Pinus strobus
Loblolly Pine (*) ______ (ST:25) NJ Generally common, north to sNJ.
Pinus taeda

The Loblolly Pine and the Scrub Pine (below) are host plants for the butterfly Callophrys niphon, the Eastern Pine Elfin.
Eggs are laid singly on fresh needles. Young caterpillars bore through the sheath to feed. Older ones eat needles to the base.
Other pine trees are also host plants, including the Pitch Pine and the Eastern White Pine (both above).
Scrub Pine (*) ______ (ST:21) NJ Occasional, coastally VA north to NY. Inland, further south to GA.
Pinus virginiana

Other names for Pinus virginiana are Virginia Pine and Jersey Pine.

As of 2010, the largest known Scrub Pine in the US has been in Monongalia, West Virginia.
Its circumference: 125 inches. Height: 65 feet.
Eastern Hemlock ______ (ST:42) PA
Tsuga canadensis

As of 2011, the largest known Eastern Hemlock in the US has been in Macon, North Carolina.
Its circumference: 192 inches. Height: 159 feet.
Carolina Hemlock ______ (ST:42) NC(west)
Tsuga caroliniana

As of 2012, the largest known Carolina Hemlock in the US has been in Buncombe, North Carolina.
Its circumference: 128 inches. Height: 74 feet.

Pineapple Family, BROMELIACEAE
Spanish-moss ______ (NA:3) (NW:180) (SP:324) NC Generally common, north to sVA. Apr-Jul.
Tillandsia usneoides

Spanish-moss is a self-sustaining relative of the pineapple, and an epiphyte on trees, sometimes hanging from other objects of support such as telephone lines and fences.
The plant superficially resembles some mosses and lichens, but Tillandsia usneoides is a flowering plant.

Another name for Tillandsia usneoides is Louisiana Moss.

Pink, or Carnation Family, CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Corncockle ______ (NA:449) (NW:577) (WP:53) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Agrostemma githago
Pine Barren Sandwort ______ NJ
Arenaria caroliniana (has been Minuartia caroliniana)

The Pine Barren Sandwort can occur in diffuse clumps.
Grove Sandwort ______ (NW:193) (SP:38) Generally common, NY north to Newfoundland, May-Aug.
Arenaria (or Moehringia) lateriflora
Thyme-leaved Sandwort ______ DP
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Field Mouse-ear Chickweed ______ (NW:194) Rare, DE north to Greenland, Apr-Jun.
Cerastium arvense
Mouse-ear Chickweed ______ (NA:56) (NW:194) (SP:35) DP Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Feb-Jul.
Cerastium fontanum
Nodding Mouse-ear Chickweed ______ (NW:194)
Cerastium nutans
Larger Moue-ear Chickweed ______ (SP:36) (WP:54) DP Generally common, nNC north to Nova Scotia, Mar-Jun.
Cerastium vulgatum (or Cerastium fontanum triviale, or Cerastium holosteoides vulgare)
Deptford Pink ______ (NA:447) (NW:578) (WP:54) DP PA SA May-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Dianthus armeria
Sweet William ______ DP
Dianthus barbatus
Sea-beach Sandwort (ph) ______ (SP:39) Occasional, rare to the south, MD north to Newfoundland, circumboreal. May-Aug.
Honkenya (or Arenaria) peploides

The genus is also spelled Honckenya, named after the German botanist Gerhard August Honckeny (1724-1805).

The species is also called Sea Sandwort, as it is elsewhere in this website in the file "Wildflowers in Northern Places".

Sea-beach Sandwort, photographed during a FONT tour, in Iceland
(photo by Gerin Hood)
Evening Lychnis ______ (SP:43) DP Occasional, NC north to Nova Scotia, May-Sep.
Lychnis (or Silene) alba (or Silene pratensis)

Another name for Lychnis alba is White Campion.
Maltese Cross ______ (NA:400) (not native to eastern North America, from Asia)
Lychnis chalcedonica
Mullein Pink ______ (WP:55) DP PA Jun-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, has escaped from garden cultivation)
Lychnis coronaria

Another name for Lychnis coronaria is Rose Campion.
Ragged Robin ______ (NA:502) (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Lychnis flos-cuculi

Another name for Lychnis flos-cuculi is Cuckoo Flower, a translation of the second part of the scientific name.
Mountain Sandwort ______ (NA:206) (NW:192) SA
Minuartia groenlandica
Sagina decumbens ______ Generally common, north to MA, Mar-Jun.
Pearlwort ______ (SP:37) DP Generally common but less so to the south, NJ north to Greenland, May-first frost.
Sagina procumbens

Another name for Sagina procumbens is Birdseye.
Bouncing Bet ______ (NA:208) (NW:578) (SP:44) (WP:56) DP PA SA Occasional, rare in south, north to Nova Scotia, May-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Saponaria officinalis

Another name for Saponaria officinalis is Soapwort. It is a poisonous plant.
Knawel ______ (SP:42) Generally common, north to Newfoundland, when frost-free.
Scleranthus annuus
Sleepy Catchfly ______ DP
Silene antirrhina
Sweet William Catchfly ______ DP
Silene armeria
Wild Pink ______ (NW:196) (WP:57) PA Apr-Jun.
Silene caroliniana pensylvanica
Striated Campion ______ DP
Silene conoidea
Bladder Campion ______ DP SA
Silene cucubalis
Forked Catchfly ______ DP
Silene dichotoma
White Campion ______ (NA:71) (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Silene latifolia
Snowy Campion ______ (NW:195) (WP:57) PA Jun-Aug.
Silene nivea
Night-flowering Catchfly ______ (NW:578) DP (not native to eastern North America)
Silene noctiflora
Starry Campion ______ (NA:73) (NW:195) (WP:58) DP PA SA Jul-Sep.
Silene stellata
Fire Pink ______ (NA:397) (NW:196) (WP:58) DP PA SA Apr-Jun.
Silene virginica
Bladder Campion ______ (NA:72) (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Silene vulgaris
Spergularia marina ______ Generally common, north to Nova Scotia, Apr-Oct.
Sand Spurrey ______ (NW:192) (SP:40) Occasional, MD north to Newfoundland, May-Oct.
Spergularia rubra
Water Mouse-ear Chickweed ______ DP
Stellaria aquatica
Grass-leaved Stitchwort ______ (SP:34) DP Occasional, from nNC to Newfoundland, May-Oct
Stellaria graminea

Stellaria graminea is also called the Common Stitchwort.
Long-leaved Chickweed ______ DP
Stellaria longifolia
Common Chickweed ______ (NA:209) (NW:577) (SP:33) (WP:60) DP PA Generally common, north to Greenland, May-first frost in north, all-year in south. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Stellaria media

Another name for Stellaria media is Starwort.

Many birds are known to use the Common Chickweed for food. And it is favored by a moth, the Chickweed Geometer, Haematopis grataria (in photo below).

The moth called the Chickweed Geometer
(photo by Marie Gardner)
Star Chickweed ______ (NA:210) (NW:193) (WP:59) DP PA SA Mar-May.
Stellaria pubera

Another name for Stellaria pubera is Great Chickweed.

Pipewort Family, ERIOCAULACEAE
Seven-angled Pipewort ______ (NA:179) (NW:221) NJ
Eriocaulon aquaticum (or septangulare)

Other names for Eriocaulon aquaticum are Common Pipewort and Harpins.
Early Pipewort (or Flattened Pipewort) ______ NJ Occasional, north to NC, or sNJ. Jun-Oct.
Eriocaulon compressum
Ten-angled Pipewort _____ (NW:221) (SP:323,323A) NJ Occasional, north to sNJ. Jun-Oct.
Eriocaulon decangulare

Other names for Eriocaulon decangulare are Buttonrods and Hatpins.
Parker's Pipewort ______ NJ
Erioculon parkeri

In New Jersey, Erioculon parkeri is rare.
Eriocaulon septangulare ______ Occasional, MD north to Newfoundland. Jul-Sep.

Pitcher-plant Family, SARRACENIACEAE

In the boggy, acid soil where most insect-eating plants grow, decay takes place quite slowly, and therefore little nitrogen is available to the roots of plants.
Pitcher plants make up for this deficiency by holding small pools of water in their leafstalks, or "pitchers".
Insects are attracted to those pitchers, often by the odor of decay within, and are forced into the water by a lining of stiff, downward-pointing hairs. There, a narcotic kills them, bacteria begin to decompose them, and enzymes convert their protein into usable nitrogen.

Some insects, however, have a different relationship with these plants. The larvae of several flies and mosquitoes swim unharmed in the water, feeding on the insects trapped there, and some moth caterpillars feed on the inside of the pitcher. When the adult moths emerge, they pollinate the flowers.
Yellow Pitcher-plant ______ (NA:268) (NW:494)
Sarracenia flava

Another name for Sarracenia flava is Trumpets.
Purple Pitcher-plant (ph) _____ (NA:407) (NW:495) (SP:59) (WP:73) DP NJ PA   Perennial. Occasional, NJ north to Newfoundland, rare to the south. May-Aug.
Sarracenia purpurea

The Purple Pitcher-plant grows in sphagnum bogs, in the peaty soil of the bogs, and in thin wet pinelands and savannas.

North of the Mid-Atlantic region, the Purple Pitcher-plant has been seen during FONT tours in Newfoundland, Canada.

In the classic book, "Wild America" by Roger Tory Peterson and James Fisher, published in 1955, Fisher wrote, in the section about Newfoundland: "everywhere in the oozy sphagnum bogs there was (to him, he was from England) a new and unfamiliar plant, the plant of Newfoundland's old coins, the pitcher plant.
Roger picked one to show me. Its leaves, shaped like slender purplish pitchers, are usually half-filled with water. The lip of the pitcher is covered with stiff downward-pointing hairs which make it impossible for any trapped insect to climb out."

The Purple Pitcher Plant is the provincial flower of Newfoundland.

Purple Pitcher Plant    (photo by Rise Hill)

Plantain Family, PLANTAGINACEAE
Buckhorn Plantain ______ (SP:225) Generally common, north to ME. Apr-Nov.
Plantago aristata
English Plantain ______ (NA:106) (NW:591) (SP:226) (WP:238) PA Generally common, north to Greenland. Apr-first frost, (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Plantago lanceolata

Another name for Plantago lanceolata is Ribgrass.
Common Plantain ______ (NA:104) (SP:223) Generally common, NC north to Greenland. Jun-first frost.
Plantago major
Plantago rugelii ______ Occasional, VA north to Nova Scotia. Jun-first frost.
Hoary Plantain ______ (SP:224) Generally common, north to ME. Mar-Jun.
Plantago virginica

Plumbago, Leadwort, or Sea Lavender Family, PLUMBAGINACEAE
Carolina Sea Lavender ______ (NA:602) (NW:408) (SP:163a) DP Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Jul-Oct.
Limonium carolinianum (was Limonium nashii)

Pokeweed Family, PHYTOLACCACEAE
American Pokeweed (or Pokeberry, or Pigeonberry)
Phytolacca americana (var. americana) (ph) ______ (NA:119) (NW:407) (WP:49) DP NJ PA SA Generally common, north to Maine, May-Oct.
Phytolacca americana (var. rigida) ______ (NW:407) (SP:28) Generally common, north to VA, May-Oct.

Phytolacca americana (var. rigida) is called Maritime Pokeweed.

At least 30 different species of birds feed on the berries of the American Pokeweed. They include mourning doves, bluebirds, robins, mockingbirds, and Cedar Waxwings, all of which commonly eat the fruit.
Flickers, Red-bellied Woodpeckers, phoebes, kingbirds, catbirds, cardinals, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks, and White-throated Sparrows also feed on these berries as do other migrating birds that stop and fuel up on them.

An old name for the Pokeweed is, as noted above, Pigeonberry. That name is not from the pigeons in the center of towns, but rather from the now-extinct Passenger Pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius. Pokeweed berries were known to be one of the staple foods of that bird.

American Pokeweed is toxic to humans and livestock, although the plant has been used as food and medicine in the past.
The difference between "toxic" and "useful" was in the way the plant was processed - what people did to it before using it - and in the dosage or amount used.
Native Americans used the purple berry juice to dye clothing and make paint, and settlers used it as ink.



Above & below: the berries of the Pokeweed
(photos by Marie Gardner)

Pondweed Family, POTAMOGETONACEAE

Pondweeds and other aquatic plants are host plants for the moth, Parapoynx badiusalis, the Chestnut-marked Pondweed Moth.

The Chestnut-marked Pondweed Moth
(photo by Marcie O'Connor)
Algae-like Pondweed ______ NJ
Potamogeton confervoides

In New Jersey, Potamogeton confervoides is rare.
Waterthread Pondweed ______ PA
Potamogeton diversifolius
Illinois Pondweed ______ NJ
Potamogeton illinoensis

Potamogeton illnoensis is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Oakes' Pondweed ______ NJ
Potamogeton oakesianus
Blunt-leaved Pondweed ______ NJ
Potamogeton obtusifolius

Potamogeton obtusifolius is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
White-stemmed Pondweed ______ NJ
Potamogeton praelongus

Potamogeton praelongus is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Robbin's Pondweed ______ NJ
Potamogeton robbinsii

In New Jersey, Potamogeton robbinsii is rare.
Eel-grass Pondweed ______ NJ
Potamogeton zosteriformis

Potamogeton zosteriformis is classified in New Jersey as endangered.

Poppy Family, PAPAVERACEAE

Plants in the genus Dicentra, including Dutchman's Breeches and Squirrel-corn, now said to be in PAPAVERACEAE are, in this list, in the Fumitory family, FUMARIACEAE.
White Prickly Poppy (ph) ______ (NA:65) (SP:52) Occasional, north to NC, Mar-Jun.
Argemone albiflora

The White Prickly Poppy, photographed during a FONT tour
(photo by Marie Gardner)
Mexican Prickly Poppy ______ (NW:399) Rare, north to sNC.
Argemone mexicana

The vegetative parts and seeds of Argemone mexicana are known to be poisonous.
Greater Celandine ______ (NA:243) (NW:591) (WP:41) DP PA Apr-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Chelidonium majus
Field Poppy ______ DP
Papaver dubium
Bloodroot ______ (NA:60) (NW:398) (WP:40) DP PA SA Mar-May.
Sanguinaria canadensis

Primrose Family, PRIMULACEAE, or MYRSINACEAE
Scarlet Pimpernel ______ (NA:399,619) (NW:593) (SP:162) (WP:118) DP PA Occasional, MD north to Greenland, Apr-first frost. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Anagallis arvensis
Eastern Shooting Star ______ (NA:224) (NW:447) (WP:118) PA Apr-Jun.
Dodecatheon meadia (or amethystinum)
Sea-milkwort ______ (NA:57) (SP:161) Occasional, nVA north to Newfoundland. Jun-Jul.
Glaux maritima
Featherfoil ______ (NA:125) (NW:449) DP
Hottonia inflata

Another name for Hottonia inflata is Water-violet.
Fringed Loosestrife ______ (NA:247) (NW:450) (WP:117) PA Rare, nVA north to Newfoundland, Jun-Aug.
Lysimachia ciliata
Lowland Loosestrife ______ NJ
Lysimachia hybrida
Lance-leaved Loosestrife ______ NJ
Lysimachia lanceolata

Lysimachia lanceolata is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Moneywort ______ (NA:248) (NW:593) (WP:119) DP PA Jul-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Lysimachia nummularia

Another name for Lysimachia nummularia is Creeping Jenny.
Garden Loosestrife ______ (NA:246) (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Lysimachia punctata
Whorled Loosestrife ______ (NA:245) (NW:450) (SP:158) (WP:119) DP PA SA Occasional, VA north to NH. May-Aug.
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Yellow Loosestrife ______ (NA:317) (NW:450) (SP:159) (WP:120) DP NJ PA Occasional, nVA north to Newfoundland, May-Aug.
Lysimachia terrestris

Other names for Lysimachia terrestris are Swamp Candles, Swamp Loosestrife, Bog Loosestrife, and Bulb-bearing Loosestrife.
Tufted Loosestrife ______ NJ
Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Garden Yellow Loosestrife ______ (NW:593) (WP:121) DP PA Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Lysimachia vulgaris
Water Pimpernel ______ (NW:448) (SP:157) Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Apr-Oct.
Samolus valerandi parviflorus

Another name for Samolus valerandi parviflorus is Brookweed.
Fringed Loosestrife ______ DP
Steironema ciliatum
Swamp Loosestrife ______ DP
Steironema hybridum
Starflower (ph) ______ (NA:43) (NW:448) (SP:160) (WP:121) NJ PA Occasional, NJ & PA north to Newfoundland. May-Jul.
Trientalis borealis

Starflower

Purslane Family, PORTULACACEAE
Carolina Spring Beauty ______ (NW:439) SA
Claytonia caroliniana
Spring Beauty ______ (NA:445) (NW:439) (WP:52) DP PA SA Mar-May.
Claytonia virginica
Quill Fameflower ______ (NW:442)
Phemeranthus teretifolius

Other names for Phemeranthus teretifolius are Appalachian Fameflower or Rock-portulaca.
Common Purslane ______ (NA:257) (NW:593) (SP:31) (WP:52) DP PA Occasional, north to Nova Scotia, Apr-first frost. (not native in eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Portulaca oleracea

Quassia Family, SIMAROUBACEAE
Tree-of-Heaven _____ SA
Ailanthus altissima

Rockrose Family, CISTACEAE
Common Frostweed ______ (NA:240) (NW:197) (WP:76) DP NJ PA From nNC north to ME, Apr-Jul.
Helianthemum canadense
Pine Barren Frostweed ______ (NW:197) (SP:538) Occasional, north to NC. Feb-May.
Helianthemum corymbosum

Other names for Helianthemum corymbosum are Rock-rose and Sun-rose.
Helianthemum georgianum ______ North to NC. Mar-May.
Golden Heather ______ (NW:198) DP NJ Occasional, DE north to Newfoundland. May-Jul.
Hudsonia ericoides

Another name is Hudsonia ericoides is Pine Barren Heather.
False Heather ______ (NA:241) (NW:198) (SP:539) DP NJ Generally common, nNC north to Nova Scotia. May-Jul.
Hudsonia tomentosa

Other names for Hudsonia tomentosa are Beach Heather, Sand Heather, Woolly Heather, and Poverty Grass.

The flowers of Hudsonia tomentosa open only in sunlight and last only one day.
Pin-weed ______ (SP:123) Occasional, VA north to NY. Jun-Jul.
Lechia racemulosa

Rose Family, ROSACEAE

In the Rose family, there are worldwide about 3,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees.
Common Agrimony ______ (NA:319) (NW:483) DP
Agrimonia gryposepata (was Agrimonia pubescens)

Another name for Agrimonia gryposepata is Tall Agrimony.
Agrimonia species are also called grooveburs.
Small-flowered Agrimony ______ (WP:131) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Agrimonia parviflora
Downy Serviceberry ______ (SP:489) (ST:287) Generally common, VA north to Newfoundland. Flowers Mar-May.
Amelanchier arborea

Another name for Amelanchier arborea is Shadbush.

Various Serviceberries, Amelanchier sp., are host plants for the butterfly Limenitis arthemis astyanax, the Red-spotted Purple.
Eastern Serviceberry ______ (ST:286) Generally common, north to Newfoundland. Flowers Mar-May.
Amelanchier canadensis
Smooth Serviceberry ______ (SP:490) (ST:287) SA Generally common, north to Newfoundland. Flowers Mar-May.
Amelanchier laevis

Another name for Amelanchier laevis is Allegheny Serviceberry.
Red-twigged Serviceberrry ______ (ST:288)
Amelanchier sanguinea
Red Chokeberry ______ (SP:487,487A) Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Flowers Mar-May.
Aronia arbutifolia
Goats-beard ______ (NA:99) (NW:473) (WP:131) PA SA May-Jul.
Aruncus dioicus

Other names for Aruncus dioicus are White Goat's-beard and Bride's Feathers.
Hawthorns ______ (SP:491) (ST:274,275) NJ SA Coastally, mostly north of VA, to Nova Scotia. Flowers Mar-May.
Crataegus spp.

Hawthorns are host plants for the butterfly Satyrium liparops, the Striped Hairstreak, and for the moth, Catocala mira, the Wonderful Underwing.

More than 1,000 native plants of Crataegus have been identified, but many may be hybrids.
The following are some occurring in New Jersey:

Pear Hawthorn ______ NJ where classified as endangered
Crataegus calpodendron

Fireberry Hawthorn ______ NJ where rare
Crataegus chrysocarpa (var. chrysocarpa)

Dodge's Hawthorn ______ NJ where rare
Crataegus dodgei

Holmes' Hawthorn ______ NJ where classified as endangered
Crataegus holmesiana

Scarlet Hawthorn ______ NJ where rare
Crataegus pedicellata

Pennsylvania Hawthorn ______ NJ where rare
Crataegus pennsylvanica

Dotted Hawthorn ______ NJ where rare
Crataegus punctata

Fleshy Hawthorn ______ NJ where classified as endangered
Crataegus succulenta
Dewdrop ______ (NA:52) (NW:488) (WP:132) NJ PA Jun-Aug.
Dalibarda repens

Other names for Dalibarda repens are False Violet and Robin-run-away.
In New Jersey, it is classified as endangered.
Shrubby Cinquefoil ______ (NW:481)
Dasiphora fruticosa

Other names for Dasiphora fruticosa are Bush-cinquefoil or Golden Hardback.
Mock Strawberry ______ (NA:237,436) (NW:595) DP Occasional, north to CT, Feb-first frost. (not native to eastern North America, from Asia)
Duchesnea indica

Another name for Duchesnea indica is Indian Strawberry.
Queen-of-the-Prairie ______ (NA:458) (NW:472) NJ
Filipendula rubra
Wood Strawberry (ph) ______ (NW:477) DP PA Rare, PA, possibly DE-MD, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Jul
Fregaria vesca

Fregaria vesca, the Wood Strawberry
Wild Strawberry ______ (NA:51) (NW:477) (SP:61) (WP:130) DP PA SA Generally common, NC north to Newfoundland, rare to the south. Mar-Jul.
Fragaria virginiana

Other names for Fragaria virginiana are Virginia Strawberry and Mountain Strawberry.
Yellow Avens ______ (NW:484)
Geum aleppicum

Another name for Geum aleppicum is Aleppo Avens.
White Avens ______ (NW:483) DP
Geum canadense
Rough Avens ______ (NW:483)
Geum laciniatum
Water Avens ______ (NW:485)
Geum rivale

Another name for Geum rivale is Purple Avens.
Spring Avens ______ (NW:484)
Geum vernum
Virginia Avens ______ (NW:483) (WP:133) PA Jun-Aug.
Geum virginianum

Another name for Geum virginianum is Cream Avens.
Bowman's-root ______ (NW:471) (WP:134) PA SA May-Jul.
Gillenia (or Porteranthus) trifoliata

Another name for Gillenia trifoliata is Mountain Indian-physic.
Southern Crabapple _____ (SP:488) (ST:282) NJ SA Occasional, north to sNJ. Flowers Apr-May.
Malus angustifolia
Malus angustifolia (var. puberula) ______ Spiny Wild Crabapple NJ where rare
Sweet Crabapple ______ (ST:283)
Malus coronaria
Bowman's Root ______ (NA:44)
Porteranthus trifoliatus

Another name for Porteranthus trifoliatus is Indian Physic.
Ninebark ______ (WP:134) PA SA May-Jun.
Physocarpus opulifolius
Silverweed ______ (NA:236)
Potentilla anserina
Silvery Cinquefoil ______ (NW:595) (SP:63) DP Occasional, MD north to Newfoundland, May-Aug. (not native to eastern North America)
Potentilla argentea
Tall Cinquefoil ______ (NW:479) NJ
Potentilla arguta
Potentilla arguta (var. arguta) ______ NJ where rare

Another name for Potentilla arguta is White Cinquefoil.
Dwarf Cinquefoil ______ (NA:233) (NW:477) DP SA Generally common, VA north to Nova Scotia, Mar-Jun.
Potentilla canadensis

Other names for Potentilla canadensis are Canadian Cinquefoil, or Running Five-fingers.
Rough Cinquefoil ______ (NW:478) DP Generally common, VA north to Greenland, Apr-Sep.
Potentilla norvegica
Sulphur Cinquefoil ______ (NA:234) (NW:595) (SP:64) (WP:136) DP PA Generally common, NC north to Newfoundland, Apr-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Potentilla recta

Other names for Potentilla recta are Rough-fruited Cinquefoil and Sulphur Potentilla.
Creeping Cinquefoil ______ DP
Potentilla reptans
Common Cinquefoil ______ (NW:477) (SP:62) (WP:136) DP PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia, Apr-Jul.
Potentilla simplex

Another name for Potentilla simplex is Old-field Cinquefoil, or Old-field Five-fingers.
Three-toothed Cinquefoil ______ (NW:480) SA
Potentilia (now Sibbaldiopsis) tridentata

Other names for Sibbaldiopsis tridentata are Wine-leaf Cinquefoil, Mountain Cinquefoil, or Shrubby Five-fingers.

The following genus of trees and shrubs, Prunus, includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds.
Allegheny Plum ______ NJ
Prunus alleghaniensis (var. alleghaniensis)
American Plum ______ (ST:256)
Prunus americana

The American Plum and the Chickasaw Plum (below) are host plants for the butterfly Satyrium titus, the Coral Hairstreak.
Cherries and Plums in the genus Prunus are host plants for the butterfly Satyrium liparops, the Striped Hairstreak.
Chickasaw Plum ______ (ST:259) NC NJ
Prunus angustifolia
Prunus angustifolia (var. angustifolia) ______ NJ where rare
Laurel Cherry ______ (SP:502) (ST"271) NC Generally common, north to NC. Flowers Mar-Apr.
Prunus caroliniana
Beach Plum (*) ______ NJ Generally common, VA north to ME. Flowers Apr-Jun.
Prunus maritima

The fruit of the Beach Plum is bluish purple to dark purple, and highly prized for jellies and jams.
Pin Cherry ______ (SP:500) (ST:269) SA Generally common, often abundant after fires. North to Newfoundland. Flowers Apr-May.
Prunus pensylvanica

Another name for Prunus pensylvanica is Fire Cherry.
Low Sand Cherry ______ NJ
Prunus pumila (var. depressa) ______ NJ where it is classified as endangered
Prunus pumila (var. susquehanae) ______ NJ
Black Cherry ______ (SP:498) (ST:264) Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Flowers Apr-May.
Prunus serotina

The Black Cherry and the Chokecherry (below) are host plants for the butterfly Satyrium titus, the Coral Hairstreak.
The Black Cherry also is a host plant for the butterfly Limenitis arthemis astyanax, the Red-spotted Purple.

The Black Cherry is a primary host plant for the Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum, with the web "tents" often conspicuous at the branch angles.

The moth of the Eastern Tent Caterpillar
(photo by Stephen Kloiber)
Chokecherry ______ (SP:499) (ST:265) SA Generally common, north to Newfoundland. Flowers Apr-May.
Prunus virginiana

******************************************************************

"Wild-growing" roses, in the genus Rosa (below), include both native species and species escaped from cultivation.
Native roses most often have flowers with 5 light or dark pink petals.
Introduced roses occur in several colors and sometimes have many petals.
Smooth Rose ______ NJ
Rosa blanda (var. blanda)
Carolina Rose ______ (WP:137) PA SA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. May-Jul.
Rosa carolina
Multiflora Rose (*) ______ (NA:202) (WP:137) PA May-Jun. (not native to eastern North America, where it now can be a noxious weed, from eastern Asia)
Rosa multiflora
Swamp Rose ______ (SP:497) (WP:138) PA Generally common, NC north to Nova Scotia. Jun-Aug.
Rosa palustris
Rugose Rose ______ (NA:455) (SP:495) Generally common, MD north to Nova Scotia. Jun-Sep.
Rosa rugosa

Another name for Rosa rugosa is Wrinkled Rose.
Pasture Rose ______ (NA:456) (SP:496) Generally common, NJ north to Newfoundland. May-Aug.
Rosa virginiana

Another name for Rosa virginiana is Virginia Rose.
Common Blackberry ______ (WP:138) PA May-Jun.
Rubus allegheniensis

The fruits of Rubus allegheniensis are edible and are used to make jelly and pies.
More about the genus Rubus, is in the note with the following species.
Rubus argutus ______ Generally common, north to NJ. Flowers Apr-May.
Clausen's Dewberry ______ NJ
Rubus ascndens
Smooth Blackberry ______ NJ
Rubus canadensis

Rubus canadensis is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Blackberry ______ (SP:493) Generally common, north to NY. Flowers May-Jun.
Rubus cuneifolius
Dewberry (ph) ______ (NW:487) PA Generally common, north to MA. Flowers Mar-Jun.
Rubus flagellaris (or trivialis)

The flowers of the Dewberry
(photo by Rise Hill)
Pollock's Mill Blackberry ______ NJ
Rubus gnarus
Bristly Dewberry ______ (NA:50) (NW:487) Generally common, VA north to Nova Scotia. flowers May-Aug.
Rubus hispidus

Another name for Rubus hispidus is Swamp Dewberry.
Long's Blackberry ______ NJ
Rubus longii

In New Jersey, Rubus longii is rare.
New Jersey Dewberry ______ NJ
Rubus novocaesarius

Rubus novocaesarius is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Purple-flowering Raspberry ______ (NA:547) (NW:487) (WP:139) PA SA Jun-Aug.
Rubus odoratus

In the genus Rubus, including raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries, there are over 200 species described in Gray's Manual of Botany, but there is a considerable difference of opinion as to how many are valid. Undoubtedly, many of these species overlap, among the blackberries in particular. Hybridization occurs rather freely.
Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries are collectively called "brambles".
Cold Spring Blackberry ______ NJ
Rubus originalis

In New Jersey, Rubus originalis is rare.
Highbush Blackberry ______ NJ
Rubus ostryifolius
Davis' Dewberry ______ NJ
Rubus pervarius
Dwarf Red Raspberry ______ (NW:488)
Rubus pubescens
Blanchard's Dewberry ______ NJ
Rubus recurvicaulis
Bristly Blackberry ______ NJ
Rubus setosus
Red Raspberry ______ (SP:494) Occasional, north to Newfoundland. Flowers May-Aug.
Rubus strigosus
American Burnet ______ (NA:105) (NW:473) (WP:139) DP PA SA Jul-Oct.
Sanguisorba canadensis

Sanguisorba canadensis is also called the Canadian Burnet.
American Mountain-ash ______ SA (ST:290)
Sorbus americana

As of 2007, one of the two largest known American Mountain-ash trees in the US has been in Grayson, Virginia.
Its circumference: 107 inches. Height: 25 feet.
The other of the two largest American Mountain-ash trees has been in New Hampshire.
White Meadowsweet ______ (NA:110) (NW:472)
Spiraea alba
Dwarf Spiraea ______ SA
Spiraea corymbosa
Meadowsweet ______ (SP:486) (WP:140) DP PA Generally common, PA & DE north to Newfoundland. Flowers Jun-Aug.
Spiraea latifolia
Steeplebush ______ (NA:487) (NW:472) (WP:140) DP PA Generally common, PA & DE north to Nova Scotia. Flowers Jul-Aug.
Spiraea tomentosa

Another name for Spiraea tomentosa is Hardhack.
Barren Strawberry ______ (NA:239) (NW:482) (WP:141) PA Apr-Jun.
Waldsteinia fragarioides

Rue or Citrus Family, RUTACEAE
Common Hoptree ______ (ST:321)
Ptelea trifoliata

The Common Hoptree, and the other species here in this grouping, the Common Rue, and the Northern Prickly-ash and Southern Prickly-ash, are food plants for the butterfly Papilio cresphontes, the Giant Swallowtail.
Common Rue ______ (an herb, not native to eastern North America, from Europe; in North America now occurs north to Canada)
Ruta graveolens
Northern Prickly-ash ______
Zanthoxylum americanum

The Northern Prickly-ash is a food plant for the butterfly Papilio triolus, the Spicebush Swallowtail, in addition to Papilio cresphontes, the Giant Swallowtail (as noted above).
Southern Prickly-ash ______ (SP:509,509A) (ST:322) Generally common, north to VA. Flowers Mar-May.
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis

Rush Family, JUNCACEAE
Juncus bufonius ______ Common, north to Newfoundland

Juncus bufonius occurs in moist places in the open, by roadsides, around buildings, and freshwater marshes.
Juncus dichotomus ______ Common, north to Massachusetts

Juncus dichotomus occurs in the margins of marshes and in depressions in thin woods.
Soft Rush ______ (NA:395) (SP:331) Common, north to Newfoundland
Juncus effusus

Juncus effusus occurs in freshwater habitats: marshes, ditches, and pond margins.
Black-grass ______ (SP:332) Common, Virginia north to Newfoundland
Juncus gerardi

Juncus gerardi occurs in salt and brackish marshes, and along such shores.
Juncus marginatus (or Juncus biflorus) ______ Common, north to Nova Scotia

Juncus marginatus is in freshwater or brackish marshes, ditches, or pond margins.
Large-headed Rush ______ (SP:334) Common, north to Maryland
Juncus megacephalus

Juncus megacephalus is common in moist to wet places, often in shallow water, swales, sloughs, ditches, pond margins, and edges of freshwater or brackish marshes.
Juncus polycephalus ______ Common, north to southern Maine

Juncus polycephalus is in freshwater or brackish marshes, ditches, and pond margins.
Black Needlerush ______ DP (SP:330) Common, north to Maryland
Juncus roemerianus

Juncus roemerianus is common in the upper portions of salt and brackish marshes, often in solid stands.

The "salt marsh" habitat with Black Needlerush is favored for nesting by the birds, the "Eastern" Willet and the Seaside Sparrow.
Juncus scirpoides ______ Common, north to New York

Juncus scirpoides is in wet grasslands.
Path Rush ______ (SP:333) Common, north to Newfoundland
Juncus tenuis

Path Rush occurs on the margins of paths and trails and by ponds and in swamps.
Flat-leaved Rush ______ (SP:335) Common, north to southern North Carolina
Juncus validus
Wood Rush ______ (NA:396)
Luzula multiflora

Sandalwood Family, SANTALACEAE

including here what has been in the Mistletoe family, VISCACEAE
Dwarf Mistletoe ______ from Newfoundland south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania
Arceuthobium pusillum
Bastard Toadflax ______ (NA:174) (NW:493) (WP:166) PA Apr-Jun.
Comandra umbellata
Mistletoe ______ (NA:232)
Phoradendron leucarpum
Oilnut (or Buffalo Nut) ______ PA SA
Pyrularia pubera

Saxifrage Family, SAXIFRAGACEAE
False Goat's-beard ______ (NA:100) (NW:511) SA
Astilbe biternata

Astilbe biternata is also called Appalachian False Goat's-beard.
Eastern Boykinia ______ (NW:503) SA
Boykinia aconitifolia

Other names for Boykinia aconitifolia are Allegheny Brookfoam and Brook Saxifrage.
American Golden Saxifrage ______ (NW:511) DP
Chrysosplenium americanum
American Alumroot ______ (NA:33) (NW:499) DP
Heuchera americana
Hairy Alumroot ______ (NW:500) SA
Heuchera villosa

Other names for Heuchera villosa are Maple-leaf Alumroot and Rock Alumroot.
Common Miterwort ______ (NA:121) (NW:497) (WP:126) DP PA SA Apr-May.
Mitella diphylla

Other names for Mitella diphylla are Bishop's Cap or Two-leaf Miterwort.
Michaux's Saxifrage ______ (NW:505) SA
Saxifraga michauxii
Lettuce-leaf Saxifrage ______ (NW:505) SA
Saxifraga micranthidifolia

Another name for Saxifraga micranthidifolia is Mountain-lettuce.
Swamp Saxifrage ______ (NA:320) (NW:506) (WP:128) PA May-Jun.
Saxifraga pensylvanica

Another name for Saxifraga pensylvanica is Eastern Saxifrage.
Early Saxifrage ______ (NA:220) (NW:506) (WP:128) DP PA Mar-May.
Saxifraga virginiensus
Foamflower ______ (NA:115) (NW:500) (WP:129) PA SA Apr-May.
Tiarella cordifolia

Another name for Tiarella cordifolia is Heart-leaf Foamflower.

Sedge Family, CYPERACEAE
Tussock Sedge ______ (NA:390)
Carex stricta
Yellow Nutgrass ______ (SP:403) north to Nova Scotia
Cyperus esculentus
Umbrella Sedge ______ (SP:407) north to southern Maine
Cyperus filicinus
Cyperus globulosus ______ north to Virginia
Leafless Sedge ______ (SP:405) north to southern Virginia
Cyperus haspan
Shining Cyperus ______ (NA:394)
Cyperus hipartitus
Cyperus odoratus ______ north to Massachusetts
Cyperus polystachyos var. texensis ______ north to Massachusetts

Cyperus polystachyos var. texensis is said to be inseparable from the Umbrella Sedge, Cyperus filicinus (above).
Flatsedge ______ (SP:406) north to New York
Cyperus retrorsus

Cyperus retrorsus (above) and Cyperus strigosus are both called Flatsedge.
Flatsedge ______ (SP:404) north to Massachusetts
Cyperus strigosus
Spike-rush ______ (SP:415) north to southern New Jersey
Eleocharis flavescens

Eleocharis flavescens (above) and Eleocharis tuberculosa (below) are both called Spike-rush.
Eleocharis olivacea ______ from Virginia north to Nova Scotia

Eleocharis olivacea is almost identical to Eleocharis flavescens (above).
Eleocharis parvula ______ north to Newfoundland
Spike-rush ______ (SP:414) north to Nova Scotia
Eleocharis tuberculosa
Tawny Cotton Grass ______ (NA:183,392)
Eriophorum virginicum
Umbrella Grass ______ (SP:409) north to Massachusetts
Fuirena pumila
White-topped Sedge ______ (NA:217) Virginia south to Florida, west to Texas
Rhynchospora colorata
Swordgrass ______ (SP:411) north to Newfoundland
Scirpus americanus
Marsh Bulrush ______ (NA:383) (SP:413) north to Newfoundland
Scirpus cyperinus

Another name for Scirpus cyperinus is Wool Grass.
Scirpus olneyi ______ north to Nova Scotia
Saltmarsh Bulrush ______ (NA:393) (SP:412) North to Nova Scotia
Scirpus robustus

Another name for Scirpus robustus is Leafy Three-square. The seeds of Three-squares are among the most important, commonly-used food for ducks and marsh birds.

Soapberry Family, SAPINDACEAE

SAPINDACEAE now include the Maples, formerly in their own family, ACERACEAE,
and the Buckeyes, formerly in their own family, HIPPOCASTANACEAE.

Maples, in the genus Acer, are host plants for the moth Dryocampa rubicunda, the Rosy Maple Moth,
and for another moth, Acronicta retardata, the Retarded Dagger.

The Rosy Maple Moth
(photo by Stephen Kloiber)
Red Maple ______ (SP:525) SA Generally common, north to Newfoundland.
Acer rubrum
Black Maple ______ (ST:341) SA
Acer nigrum

Acer nigrum is also called Black Sugar Maple.
Sugar Maple ______ (ST:338) Generally more common to the north, occurring north to Nova Scotia.
Acer saccharum

The flowers of the Sugar Maple occur with the leaves (in Apr-May). The greenish fruits ripen in the fall.
The sap of the Sugar Maple is highly prized - the primary source of Maple Syrup.

Before the arrival of the European colonists in eastern North America, the native Americans had learned how to make Maple Syrup. When the colonists came, Maple Syrup may have been one of the first luxuries they found in the forest.

The Sugar Maple, and its close relative, the Black Maple (above), grow from Quebec south to Georgia, more commonly northward, in mountain coves southward.
As noted above, the trees produce sap. It flows freely in the late winter and early spring. It has dissolved within it a considerable quantity of distinctively flavored sugar.
When condensed to a certain point by boiling, the sap yields the rich, heavy syrup.
If it is heated a degree or two higher, the product solidifies to form maple sugar.

That is it in the simplest form, but it misses telling the whole story. Maple Syrup may be heavy, or it may be light.
It may be dark, or it may have a clear, light golden color. It may have a smooth texture, or it may contain sand-like sediment.
All of these things are determined by the time when the tree is tapped and the manner in which the sap is boiled own.

Maple Sugar may be dark and coarse-textured, or, if it is properly timed and stirred as it is cooking, it may be a soft, creamy-brown delight that must rank among the finer things in life.
Furthermore, there are various refinements: maple cream, maple butter, granulated maple sugar, and others.
Red Buckeye ______ (SP:526) Occasional, north to NC. flowers Mar-May.
Aesculus pavia

The fruits of the Red Buckeye, that may be mistaken for chestnuts, are poisonous.

Spiderwort Family, COMMELINACEAE

COMMELINACEAE has been called the DAYFLOWER FAMILY.
Asiatic Dayflower (ph) ______ (NA:626) Generally common, north to MA. May-Oct. DP PA SA (not native to eastern North America, from Asia)
Commelina communis
Commelina communis (var. ludens) ______ DP
Commelina communis (var. communis) ______ PA (WP:332)

Some call Commelina communis Mouse Flower because of the round, ear-like upper petals.

Asiatic Dayflower
(photo by Marie Gardner)
Commelina diffusa ______ Generally common, north to sVA. Apr-Nov.
Erect Dayflower ______ (NW:198) (SP:326) Generally common, north to sVA. May-Oct.
Commelina erecta (or angustifolia)
Virginia Dayflower ______ (NW:198) DP
Commelina virginica
Grass-leaf Roseling ______ (NW:199)
Cuthbertia graminea
Ohio Spiderwort ______ (NW:199) Generally common, north to sVA. Mar-Jul.
Tradescantia ohiensis
Virginia Spiderwort (ph) ______ (NA:600) (SP:327) (WP:331) DP PA SA Occasional, NJ north to ME. Mar-Jul.
Tradescantia virginiana

Tradescantia virginiana is also called Common Spiderwort.

Virginia, or Common Spiderwort (photo by Rise Hill)

Spurge Family, EUPHORBIACEAE
Three-seeded Mercury ______ (SP:106) Occasional, north to ME. Jun-first frost.
Acalypha gracilens
Acalypha rhomboidea ______ Occasional, north to Nova Scotia, Jun-first frost.
Acalypha virginica ______ Rare, VA north to MA. Aug-first frost.
Prostrate Spurge ______ (SP:109) Generally common, north to ME. Apr-first frost.
Chamaesyce maculata (or Euphorbia supina)
Eyebane ______ (SP:110) Generally common, north to New Brunswick. May-Nov.
Chamaesyce nutans (or Euphorbia maculata)

Another name for Chamaesyce nutans is Wartweed.
Seaside Spurge ______ (SP:108) Generally common, north to New Brunswick. May-first frost.
Chamaesyce polygonifolia
Bull-nettle ______ (NA:213) (NW:221) (SP:107) Generally common, north to sVA. Mar-Sep.
Cnidoscolus (or Jatropha) urens (var. stimulosus)

Other names for Cnidoscolus urens are Tread-softly and Spurge-nettle.
Tooth-leaf Croton ______ (NW:224) (SP:105) Generally common, north to VA. May-Oct.
Croton glandulosus
Silver-leaf Croton ______ (SP:510) Generally common, north to VA. Nearly all year.
Croton punctatus

Another name for Croton punctatus is Beach-tea.
Elliptical Rushfoil ______ NJ
Croton willdenowii

In New Jersey, Croton willdenowii is rare.
Wood Spurge ______ (NW:222)
Euphorbia commutata

Another name for Euphorbia commutata is Tinted Woodland Spurge
Flowering Spurge ______ (NA:191) (NW:222) (WP:169) DP NJ PA SA Jun-Oct.
Euphorbia corollata

In New Jersey, Euphorbia corollata is rare.
Fire-on-the-Mountain ______ (NA:406) (NW:222)
Euphorbia cyathophora
Cypress Spurge ______ (NA:351) (NW:581) (SP:112) (WP:169) DP PA Occasional, PA north to Nova Scotia. Apr-Aug. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Euphorbia cyparissias

Another name for Euphirbia cyparissias is Graveyard Weed.
Leafy Spurge ______ (NW:581) Rare, NJ north to Nova Scotia, May-Aug. (not native to eastern North America)
Euphorbia esula
Ipecac Spurge ______ NJ
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Darlington's Glade Spurge ______ NJ
Euphorbia purpurea

Euphorbia purpurea is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Queen's-delight ______ (NW:223)
Stillingia sylvatica

Stillingia species are also called Toothleaves.

St. John's Wort Family, HYPERICACEAE
Creeping St. John's Wort ______ DP NJ
Hypericum adpressum

Hypericum adpressum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Great St. John's Wort ______ (NW:272)
Hypericum acyron
Hypericum boreale ______ Generally common, MD north to Newfoundland, Jul-Oct.
Canadian St. John's Wort ______ DP
Hypericum canadense
Coppery St. John's Wort ______ (SP:119) DP NJ
Hypericum denticulatum
Pale St. John's Wort ______ NJ
Hypericum ellipticum

In New Jersey, Hypericum ellipticum is rare.
Orange-grass ______ (NA:256) (NW:272) (SP:119) DP Generally common, north to ME, Jul-Oct.
Hypericum gentianoides

Another name for Hypericum gentianoides is Pineweed.
Clasping-leaf St. John's Wort ______ NJ Occasional, north to MD, Jun-Oct.
Hypericum gymnanthum

Hypericum gymnanthum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
St, Andrew's Cross ______ (NW:272) (SP:534) DP NJ Generally common, north to sNJ. May-Sep.
Hypericum hypericoides (or Ascyrum hypericoides)
Large Canadian St, John's Wort ______ NJ
Hypericum majus

Hypericum majus is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Dwarf St. John's Wort ______ (SP:120) DP Generally common, north to Nova Scotia, Jun-Oct.
Hypericum mutilum
Common St. John's Wort ______ (NA:335) (NW:272) (SP:118) (WP:66) DP PA Generally common, nVA north to Newfoundland, Jun-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Hypericum perforatum

Another name for Hypericum perforatum is Klamath-weed.
Shrubby St. John's Wort ______ (NW:272) (WP:68) NJ PA Jul-Sep.
Hypericum prolificum

Hypericum prolificum is classified in New Jersey as endangered.
Spotted St. John's Wort ______ (NW:272) (WP:67) DP NJ PA SA Generally common, VA north to ME, Jun-Sep.
Hypericum punctatum
Great St. John's Wort ______ (WP:67) PA Jun-Aug.
Hypericum pyramidatum
St. Peter's Wort ______ (NA:337) DP NJ Occasional, north to NY. Jun-Oct.
Hypericum stans (or crux-andreae) (or Ascyrum stans)
Marsh St. John's Wort ______ (NA:501) (NW:271) (SP:121) (WP:68) DP NJ PA North to Newfoundland, rare to the south, common to the north, Jul-Sep.
Triadenum virginicum (or Hypericum virginicum)

Stonecrop Family, CRASSULACEAE

CRASSULACEAE has been called the LIVE-FOREVER FAMILY, the ORPINE FAMILY, or the SEDUM FAMILY.
Elf Orpine ______ (NW:206) SA
Diamorpha smallii
Ditch Stonecrop ______ (NA:347) (WP:127) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Penthorum sedoides
Wallpepper ______ (NW:580) DP (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Sedum acre

Other names for Sedum acre are Wallpepper and Golden-carpet.
Live Forever ______ (NA:506) (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Sedum purpureum

Live Forever can regenerate from almost any fragment of the plant, hence its common name.
Wild Stonecrop ______ (WP:123) PA Jun (not native to eastern North America)
Sedum sarmentosum
Allegheny Stonecrop ______ (NW:207) (WP:124) PA SA Aug-Sep.
Sedum (now Hylotelephium) telephioides

Other names for Sedum telephiodes are Wild Live-forever, Cliff Orpine, and American Orpine.
Live-forever ______ (WP:124) DP PA Apr-Jun. (not native to eastern North America)
Sedum telephium

Sedum telephium is also called Orpine.
Three-leaved Stonecrop (or Wild Stonecrop) ______ (NW:205) (WP:125) DP PA SA Apr-Jun.
Sedum ternatum

Another name for Sedum ternatum is Woodland Stonecrop.

Storax Family, STYRACACEAE
Mountain Silverbell ______ SA
Halesia carolina (var. monticola)

Sumac, or Cashew Family, ANACARDIACEAE
Winged Sumac ______ (SP:514) (ST:317) Generally common, north to ME. Jul-Aug.
Rhus copallina

Winged Sumac is a host plant for the butterfly Calycopis cecrops, the Red-banded Hairstreak.
Smooth Sumac ______ (ST:317) Occasional, NJ north to ME. Jun-Jul.
Rhus glabra
Staghorn Sumac ______ (SP:515) (ST:317) SA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. May-Jul.
Rhus typhina
Poison Ivy (*) ______ (SP:516) (WP:175) DP PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. Mar-Jun.
Toxicodendron (or Rhus) radicans

All parts of Toxicodendron radicans are toxic.
Poison Sumac ______ (SP:517) (ST:317) Occasional, north to ME. May-Jul.
Toxicodendron vernix

Another name for Toxicodendron vernix is Thunderwood.

Sundew Family, DROSERACEAE

Sundews are carnivorous herbs, mostly in acidic soil and bogs.
Venus' Flytrap (ph) ______ (NA:207) (NW:214)
Dionaea muscipula

The Venus' Flytrap is classified as an endangered species in North Carolina. All of the known locales for it are within a 50-mile radius of Wilmington, North Carolina.

Venus' Flytrap
Drosera capillaris ______ Occasional, north to sVA, Apr-Aug.
Thread-leaved Sundew (ph) ______ (NA:474) (NW:215) NJ
Drosera filiformis

Another name for Drosera filiformis is Dew-thread.

Thread-leaved Sundew
Spoon-leaved Sundew ______ (WP:75) DP NJ PA Occasional, NC north to Newfoundland, May-Sep.
Drosera intermedia

Drosera intermedia is also called the Spatulate-leaved Sundew.
Slender-leaved Sundew ______ (WP:75) PA Jun-Aug.
Drosera linearis
Round-leaved Sundew (ph) ______ (NA:74) (NW:215) (SP:60) (WP:74) DP NJ PA Generally common, less so to the south, VA north to Greenland, Jun-Sep.
Drosera rotundifolia

Round-leaved Sundew

Sweetleaf Family, SYMPLOCACEAE
Common Sweetleaf ______ (SP:567) (ST:373) Occasional, north to sDE. Flowers Mar-May.
Symplocos tinctoria

Common Sweetleaf is a host plant for the butterfly Satyrium kingi, the King's Hairstreak.

Sweetshrub, or Calycanthus Family, CALYCANTHACEAE
Sweet-shrub ______ SA
Calycanthus floridus

Sycamore Family, PLATANACEAE
American Sycamore (*) ______ (ST:102,103) PA
Platanus occidentalis

Teasel Family, DIPSACACEAE
Teasel ______ (NA:536) (NW:580) (WP:275) DP PA Jul-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Dipsacus sylvestris (or fullonum)

Valerian Family, VALERIANACEAE
Few-flowered Valerian ______ (WP:273) PA May-Jun.
Valeriana pauciflora
European Corn Salad ______ (NW:554) (WP:274) DP PA Apr-Jul. (not native to eastern North America, from Europe)
Valerianella locusta (or olitoria)

Another name for Valerianella locusta is Lamb's Lettuce.
Southern Corn Salad ______ (NW:554) DP
Valerianella radiata

Vervain Family, VERBENACEAE
Beauty-berry ______ (SP:572) Generally common, north to VA. Jun-Aug.
Callicarpa americana

Another name for Callicarpa americana is French Mulberry.
Lance-leaved Fog-fruit ______ (NW:556) DP Occasional, north to sNJ. May-first frost.
Lippia (or Phyla) lanceolata

Lippia (or Phyla) lanceolata is also called the Northern Fog-fruit.

Fog-fruits are also called Frog-fruits.

The Lance-leaved Fog-fruit and the Common Fog-fruit (below) are host plants for the butterfly Phyciodes phaon, the Phaon Crescent.
Common Fog-fruit ______ (NW:556) (SP:188) Generally common, north to sVA. Apr-first frost.
Lippia (or Phyla) nodiflora

Another name for Lippia (or Phyla) nodiflora is Turkey-tangle Fog-fruit.
Lopseed ______ (NA:146) (WP:222) PA Jul-Sep.
Phryma leptostachya
Purple-top Vervain ______ (NW:600) (SP:186) Generally common, north to NC. Apr-Oct. (not native to eastern North America, from tropical America)
Verbena bonariensis
Brazilian Vervain ______ (NW:600) Occasional, north to sVA. Mar-Nov. (not native to eastern North America, from tropical America)
Verbena brasiliensis
Rose Vervain ______ (NA:499)
Verbena canadensis
Blue Vervain _____ (NA:591) (NW:555) (WP:221) DP PA Jul-Sep.
Verbena hastata
Verbena scabra ______ Occasional, north to sVA. Apr-Oct.
White Vervain ______ (NW:555) DP
Verbena urticifolia

Another name for Verbena urticifolia is Nettle-leaf Vervain.

Violet Family, VIOLACEAE

Various species of Violets, in the genus Viola, are host plants for the butterflies Speyeria cybele, the Great Spangled Fritillary, and Euptoieta claudia, the Variegated Fritillary.
Green Violet ______ (NA:5) (NW:561) (WP:80) DP PA Apr-Jun.
Hybanthus concolor
LeConte's Violet ______ DP
Viola affinis
Field Violet ______ (NW:600) (WP:81) DP PA Apr-Sep. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Viola arvensis
Field Pansy ______ (NW:560) DP
Viola bicolor (was Viola rafinesquii)

Another name for the Field Pansy has been Johnny-jump-up.
Sweet White Violet ______ (NA:91) (NW:557) (WP:81) DP PA Apr-May.
Viola blanda
Coast Violet ______ DP
Viola brittoniana
Canada Violet ______ (NA:92) (NW:557) PA SA
Viola canadensis
Viola canadensis (var. canadensis) ______ PA (WP:78) Apr-Jul.
Dog Violet ______ (NA:562) (WP:82) DP PA
Viola conspersa (or Viola labradorica)

Another name for Viola conspersa is the Early Pale Blue Violet.
Marsh Blue Violet ______ (WP:77) DP PA Apr-Jun.
Viola cucullata
Triangle-leaved Violet ______ DP
Viola emarginata
Smooth Yellow Violet ______ PA
Viola eriocarpa pensylvanica Pennsylvania Violet ______ PA (WP:79) Apr-Jun.
Northern Downy Violet ______ DP
Viola fimbriatula
Halberg-leaf Violet ______ (NW:558) SA
Viola hastata

Another name for Viola hastata is Spear-leaf Violet.
Southern Wood Violet ______ (WP:83) DP PA Apr-May.
Viola hirsutula
Lance-leaved Violet ______ (SP:124) DP NJ PA Occasional, VA north to Nova Scotia. Mar-Jun.
Viola lanceolata
Viola lanceolata (var. lanceolata) ______ PA (WP:83) Apr-Jun.

In New Jersey, the Lance-leaved Violet is known to be a host plant for the butterfly Boloria selene, the Silver-bordered Fritillary.
Northern White Violet ______ DP
Viola pallens

The Northern White Violet is a host plant for the butterfly Boloria bellona, the Meadow Fritillary.
Wood Violet ______ DP
Viola palmata
Common Blue Violet ______ DP
Viola papilionacea
Bird-foot Violet ______ (NA:561) (NW:560) (WP:84) DP NJ PA SA Apr-Jun.
Viola pedata

Another name for Viola pedata is Pansy Violet.

Viola pedata is a host plant for the butterfly, Speyeria idalia, the Regal Fritillary. That butterfly is now very rare in eastern North America.
Smooth Yellow Violet ______ DP
Viola pensylvanica
Primrose-leaved Violet ______ DP NJ
Viola primulifolia
Downy Yellow Violet ______ (NA:301) (NW:557) (WP:85) DP PA Apr-May.
Viola pubescens

Another name for Viola pubescens is Yellow Forest-violet.
Long-spurred Blue Violet ______ (NW:559) (WP:85) PA Apr-Jun.
Viola rostrata
Round-leaved Yellow Violet ______ (NW:557) (WP:86) PA SA Apr-May.
Viola rotundifolia
Arrow-leaved Violet ______ (NW:559) DP PA SA
Viola sagittata
Viola sagittata (var. ovata) Northern Downy Violet ______ PA (WP:86) Apr-May.
Viola sagittata (var. sagittata) Arrow-leaved Violet ______ PA (WP:87) Apr-Jun.

Another name for Viola sagittata is Arrowhead Violet.

In Pennsylvania, the Arrow-leaved Violet is a host plant for the now local and rare butterfly Speyeria idalia, the Regal Fritillary.
Viola septemloba ______ Rather rare, north to sNC, Mar-Apr.

In thin pine woods.
Wooly Blue Violet (*) ______ (NA:563,625) (NW:559) (WP:88) DP PA Mar-Jun.
Viola sororia

Viola sororia is also called the Common Blue Violet.

The Wooly, or Common Blue Violet is a host plant for the butterfly Boloria bellona, the Meadow Fritillary.
Stone's Violet ______ DP
Viola stoneana
Cream Violet ______ (NW:557) (WP:89) DP PA Apr-Jun.
Viola striata

Other names for Viola striata are Striped Violet and Pale Violet.
Wild Pansy ______ DP
Viola tricolor
Three-lobed Violet ______ (WP:89) DP PA Apr-May.
Viola triloba
Three-part Violet ______ (NW:558) SA
Viola tripartita

Walnut Family, JUGLANDACEAE

Various of Hickories and Walnuts are host plants for Catocala (or Underwing) moths, including:
C. judith: Judith's Underwing, C. nebulosa, the the Clouded Underwing, C. maestosa, the Sad Underwing, C. palaeogama, the Oldwife Underwing, C. retecta:: the Yellow-gray Underwing, C. vidua: the Widow Underwing.

Hickories and the Pecan are host plants for:
C. angusi: Angus' Underwing, C. residua: the Residua Underwing,

Hickories, Walnuts, and Pecan are host plants for: C. obscura, the Obscure Underwing.

Hickories are host plants for: C. lacrymosa, the Tearful Underwing.
Water Hickory ______ (ST:148) NC(e)
Carya aquatica
Bitternut Hickory ______ (ST:148)
Carya cordiformis

The Bitternut Hickory is a host plant for the butterfly Satyrium caryaevorum, the Hickory Hairstreak.

As of 2013, the largest known Bitternut Hickory in the US has been in Brunswick County, Virginia.
It circumference: 192 inches. Height: 134 feet.
Pignut Hickory ______ (SP:446) (ST:145) Generally common, north to MA.
Carya glabra
Pecan ______ (SP:447) (ST:147) Generally common, north to VA.
Carya illinoensis
Shagbark Hickory (*) ______ (ST:143) Occasional, north to ME.
Carya ovata

The Shagbark Hickory is a host plant for the butterfly Satyrium caryaevorum, the Hickory Hairstreak.

As of 2009, the largest known Shagbark Hickory in the US has been in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
Its circumference: 184 inches. Height: 98 feet.
Sand Hickory ______ (ST:146) NC
Carya pallida

Another name for Carya pallida is the Pale Hickory.

As of 2011, one of the two largest known Sand Hickories in the US has been in Cumberland County, New Jersey.
Its circumference: 154 inches. Height: 103 feet.
That tree has been considered as tied with one in South Carolina as the largest.
Mockernut Hickory ______ (SP:447) (ST:144) Generally common, north to MA.
Carya tomentosa (or alba)

Waterleaf Family, HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Aunt Lucy ______ (NW:268)
Ellisia nyctelea

Ellisia nyctelea is also called Water-pod. But that name also applied to Hydrolea quadrivalvis (below).
Waterpod ______ (NW:271)
Hydrolea quadrivalvis
Great Waterleaf ______ (NW:263) (WP:215) PA May-Jun.
Hydrophyllum appendiculum

Another name for Hydrophyllum appendiculum is Appendaged Waterleaf.
Broad-leaved Waterleaf ______ (NW:263) (WP:215) PA Jun-Jul.
Hydrophyllum canadense
Virginia Waterleaf ______ (NA:605) (NW:263) (WP:214) DP PA SA May-Aug.
Hydrophyllum virginianum

Another name for Hydrophyllum virginianum is Shawnee-salad.
Small-flowered Baby-Blue-Eyes ______ (NW:269)
Nemophila aphylla
Loose-flowered Phacelia ______ SA
Phacelia bipinnatifida
Fringed Phacelia ______ SA
Phacelia fimbriata
Miami Mist ______ (NW:264) (WP:216) PA Apr-Jun.
Phacelia purshii

Another name for Phacelia purshii is Scorpionweed.

Water Lily Family, NYMPHAEACEAE

including the Water-shield Family, CABOMBACEAE
Water-shield ______ (NW:357) (SP:45) (WP:18) DP NJ PA Occasional, north to Nova Scotia, Jun-first frost.
Brasenia schreberi
Carolina Fanwort ______ (NW:357)
Cabomba caroliniana
Spatterdock ______ (NW:356) (SP:47) (WP:17) DP PA Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Oct.
Nuphar advena (or Nuphar lutea advena) (was Nuphar luteum macrophyllum)

Other names for Spatterdock are Cow Lily and Yellow Pond Lily.

A dragonfly, the Spatterdock Darner, favors fishless ponds with Spatterdock. The dragonfly lays its eggs on the stems of spatterdock flowers.

Spatterdock is a host plant for the moth Parapoynx obscuralis, the Obscure Pondweed Moth.
Other host plants for that species are Eelgrass and pondweeds.

The Obscure Pondweed Moth
(photo by Stephen Kloiber)
Bloating Spatterdock ______ (NA:262) (NW:356) DP
Nuphar variegata

Other names for Nuphar variegatum are Bullhead-lily or Bull-head Pond Lily.
Fragrant Water Lily (ph) ______ (NW:61) (NW:357) (SP:46) (WP:16) DP NJ PA SA Generally common, north to Newfoundland, Apr-Oct.
Nymphaea odorata

The Fragrant Water Lily, or simply Water Lily, is also called Water-nymph.

Fragrant Water Lily
(photo by Jonathan Klizas)

Water-milfoil Family, HALORAGIDACEAE
Proserpinaca palustris ______ Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. May-Oct.
Mermaid-weed ______ (SP:144) Generally common, north to Nova Scotia. May-Oct.
Proserpinaca pectinata

Water-plantain, or Arrowhead Family, ALISMATACEAE
Northern Water-plantain ______ (NW:51) (WP:323) DP PA Jun-Sep.
Alisma plantago-aquatica (var. parviflorum) (or Alisma subcordatum)

Another name for Alisma plantago-aquatica (or Alisma subcordatum) is Small Water-plantain.
Water-plantain ______ DP
Alisma trivale
Burhead ______ (NW:51)
Echinodorus sp.
Englemann's Arrow-head ______ DP NJ
Sagittaria engelmanniana
Lance-leaved Arrowhead ______ (SP:320) DP Generally common, north to MD. May-Nov.
Sagittaria falcata (or lancifolia)
Narrow-leaved Arrowhead ______ (SP:321) DP PA Generally common, north to Newfoundland. Apr-Nov.
Sagittaria graminea

Another name for Sagittaria graminea is Grass-leaved Arrowhead.
Common Arrowhead ______ (NW:52) (SP:319) DP Occasional, north to Newfoundland. May-Sep.
Sagittaria latifolia (or pubescens)
Sagittaria latifolia (var. latifolia) ______ (WP:324) PA

Another name for Sagittaria latifolia are Broad-leaved Arrowhead, Hairy Arrowhead, Duck-potato, or Wapato.
Sagittaria stagnorum ______ Rare, north to VA. May-Sep.
Sagittaria subulata ______ Occasional, north to MA. May-Sep.
Sagittaria teres ______ Rare, NJ north to MA. Jul-Sep.

Wax-myrtle Family, MYRICACEAE
Sweet-fern ______ (SP:445) Occasional, NJ north to Nova Scotia. Apr-May.
Comptonia peregrina
Wax-myrtle ______ (SP:442) Generally common, at times abundant, north to sNJ. Apr-Jun.
Myrica cerifera

In pioneer days, wax boiled from the berries of Myrica cerifrea was used in making candles, scenting soap, and as an air deodorant in colonial homes.

Wax-myrtle is a host plant for the butterfly Calycopis cecrops, the Red-banded Hairstreak.

The widespread, but generally more eastern subspecies of the bird, the Yellow-rumped Warbler has been called the "Myrtle Warbler" as it has been so associated, during its non-breeding season, with the Wax-myrtle and its relative the Bayberry (below).

The Myrtle Warbler
(photo courtesy of Kim Steininger)
Sweet-gale ______ (SP:444) Occasional, from nNJ to Newfoundland. Apr-May.
Myrica gale
Bayberry ______ (SP:443) Generally common, from nNC north to Newfoundland. Apr-May.
Myrica pensylvanica

White Alder Family, CLETHRACEAE
Summersweet ______ (SP:548) NJ Generally common, north to ME. May-Jul.
Clethra alnifolia (or tomentosa)

Another name for Clethra alnifolia is Sweet Pepper-bush.

Willow Family, SALICACEAE

This family includes trees: Aspens, Cottonwoods, Poplars.

Trees in the genera Populus and Salix (below) are host plants for the butterflies Nymphalis van-album, the Compton Tortoiseshell, and Limenitis arthemis astyanax, the Red-spotted Purple.
Small willows (in Salix) and also poplars, cottonwoods, and aspens (in Populus) are host plants for the butterfly Limenitis archippus, the Viceroy.

Willows and Poplars are host plants for these Catocala (or Underwing) moths: C. amatrix, the Sweetheart, C. briseis, the Briseis Underwing, C. cara, the Darling Underwing, C. concumbens, the Pink Underwing, C. marmorata, the Marbled Underwing, C. parta, the Mother Underwing, C. relicta, the White Underwing, and C. unijuga, the Once-married Underwing.
White Poplar ______ (SP:438) (ST:229) Occasional, north to Nova Scotia. Flowers Mar-May. (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
Populus alba

Another name for Populus alba is Silver Poplar.
Large-toothed Aspen ______ (SP:439) (ST:231) Occasional, north to Nova Scotia. Flowers Mar-Apr.
Populus grandidentata

Populus grandidentata is also called Bigtooth Aspen, or Canadian Aspen.
Swamp Cottonwood ______ (ST:235) NC
Populus heterophylla

Populus heterophylla is also called River Cottonwood, or Downy Poplar.

As of 2007, the largest known Swamp Cottonwoods in the US have been two trees both in Virginia.
In Southampton, VA: with a circumference: 128 inches. Height: 115 feet.
In Chesapeake, VA: with a circumference: 142 inches. Height: 105 feet.
Quaking Aspen (ph) ______ (ST:230) Occasional, NJ north to Newfoundland. Flowers Mar-Apr.
Populus tremuloides

Other names for Populus tremuloides are Trembling Aspen, American Aspen, Trembling Poplar, and White Poplar.

The Quaking Aspen is one of the most widely distributed trees in North America, from Canada to central Mexico.
The leaves of the Quaking Aspen are a brilliant gold color in the fall. So, yet another name for the tree is Golden Aspen.

A grove of Quaking Aspens in southern Pennsylvania in July 2015,
when the leaves are green
(photo by Rise Hill)

Trees in the following genus, Salix, are host plants for the butterfly Nymphalis antiopa, the Mourning Cloak.
Swamp Willow ______ (SP:440) Generally common, north to VA.
Salix caroliniana

As of 2011, the largest known Swamp Willow in the US has been in Fauquier, Virginia.
Its circumference: 84 inches. Height: 54 feet.
Pussy Willow ______ (NA:330)
Salix discolor
Black Willow ______ (ST:240) Generally common, north to New Brunswick.
Salix nigra

Wintergreen, or Shinleaf Family, PYROLACEAE

now included in the Heath Family, ERICACEAE

Witch-hazel Family, HAMAMELIDACEAE
Sweetgum ______ (SP:484) (ST:107) Generally common, north to NY.
Liquidambar styraciflua

As of 2007, the largest known Sweetgum in the US was in Fairfax, Virginia.
Its circumference: 236 inches. Height: 106 feet.
As of 2011, considered a tie with the tree just noted, the largest known Sweetgum in the US has been in Burlington, New Jersey.
It circumference: 230 inches. Height: 115 feet.
American Witch-hazel ______ (NA:354) (SP:485) (ST:106) (WP:47) PA SA Occasional, north to Nova Scotia, flowers in Oct-Nov
Hamamelis virginiana

Hamamelis virginiana is unusual in that it flowers in the late fall, and even into the early winter.

As of 2006, one of the two largest known American Witch-hazels in the US has been in Buncombe, North Carolina.
Its circumference: 33.6 inches. Height: 33 feet.
The other one of the two largest American Witch-hazels has been in Monroe County, New York.

Wood-sorrel Family, OXALIDACEAE
Common Wood-sorrel ______ (WP:176) PA SA May-Jul.
Oxalis acetocella (or montana)
Creeping Wood-sorrel ______ (WP:177) DP SA Apr-Nov.
Oxalis corniculata (or repens)

Another name for Oxalis corniculata is Creeping Yellow Wood-sorrel.
Dillen Wood-sorrel ______ DP North to Nova Scotia, common to the south, rare north of VA. Mar-first frost.
Oxalis diffenii
Great Yellow Wood-Sorrel ______ (NW:396)
Oxalis grandis
Mountain Wood-Sorrel ______ (NA:446) (NW:397)
Oxalis montana

Another name for Oxalis montana is Northern Wood-Sorrel.
Common Yellow Wood-sorrel ______ (NA:242) (NW:396) (SP:100) (WP:178) DP PA Generally common, north to Nova Scotia, May-first frost.
Oxalis stricta
Violet Wood-sorrel ______ (NA:495) (NW:397) (WP:178) DP PA Apr-Jul.
Oxalis violacea

Yam Family, DIOSCOREACEAE
Wild Yam ______ (WP:361) DP PA May-Jul.
Dioscorea quaternata (or villosa)

Yellow-eyed Grass Family, XYRIDACEAE
Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass ______ DP NJ Occasional, north to NY. Jun-Jul.
Xyris caroliniana
Slender Yellow-eyed Grass ______ (NW:561) DP NJ
Xyris torta

Another name for Xyris torta is Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass.

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