Orchids
of the
Americas

in North America from
the East Coast to Alaska,
and in
the Caribbean, Mexico
Central America
and South America 

with those during 
Focus On Nature Tours
thru 2014
noted with an (*) 

during tours in the months of 
January, February, March, April,  
May, July, November, and December


This List of Orchids of the Americas compiled by Armas Hill 

Photo at upper right:  
the orchid, SOBRALIA ROSEA
photographed during the FONT tour 
in southern Ecuador in April 2014  
(photo by Marie Gardner) 


FONT tours in the Americas during which orchids have been seen have been in the eastern US, Alaska, Mexico, Central America, South America, and on islands in the Caribbean.   
Some of the countries during which we have seen them have included Argentina, Belize, Brazil, the Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, and Panama, in addition to the US and Mexico noted above.

Links to Some of the Orchid Families in this List:

Amerochis    Aplectrum    Arethusa    Bletia    Brassia    Calopogon    Calypso (Fairy Slippers)    Cattleya    

Cephalanthera    Cleistes (Spreading Pogonias)    Coeloglossum    Corallorhiza (Coralroots)   

Cypripedium_(Ladies Slippers)    Cyrtopodium    Dactylorhiza    Dendrophylax    Dichromanthus    Dracula   

Encyclia    Epipactis (Hellborines)    Epidendrum    Eulophia    Galeandra    Galearis    Gongora    

Goodyera (Rattlesnake-plantains)    Habenaria    Hexalectris    Isotria    Laelia    Liparis (Twayblades)    

Listera (Twayblades)    Lycaste    Malaxis (Adder's-mouth Orchids)    Masdevallia    Maxillaria   

Odontoglossum    Oncidium    Piperia    Platanthera    Pleurothalllis    Pogonia    Ponthieva    Prosthechea   

Pteroglossaspia    Sobralia    Sacolla    Spriranthes (Ladies Tresses)     Tipularia    Triphora    Vanilla    Zeuxine


Genera among the above Links with Species in ALASKA: Calypso, Cypripedium, Dactylorhiza, Piperia, Platanthera

Genera among the above Links with Species in ARIZONA: Dichromanthus, Hexalectris, Malaxis 

Genera among the above Links with Species in CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA: Amerochis, Aplectrum, Arethusa, Calopogon, Calypso, Coeloglossum, Corallorhiza, Cypripedium, Epidendrum, Galearis, Goodyera, Habenaria, Hexalectris, Isotria, Liparis, Listera, Malaxis, Platanthera, Pogonia, Ponthieva, Spiranthes, Triphora

Genera among the above Links with Species in EASTERN NORTH AMERICA: Amerochis, Aplectrum, Arethusa, Calopogon, Calypso, Cleistes, Coeloglossum, Corallorhiza, Cypripedium, Epipdedrum, Epipactis, Galearis, Goodyera, Habenaria, Hexalectros, Isoteia, Liparis, Listera, Malaxis, Platanthera, Pogonia, Ponthieva, Pteroglossaspis, Spiranthes, Tipularia, Triphora

Genera among the above Links with Species in FLORIDA: Bletia, Calopogon, Cyrtopodium, Dendrophylax, Dichromanthus, Encyclia, Epidendrum, Eulophia, Habenaria, Inopsis, Listera, Prosthechea, Pteroglossaspia, Sacolla, Triphora, Vanilla, Zeuxine  

Genera among the above Links with Species in TEXAS: Dichromanthus, Epipactis, Hexalectris 

Genera among the above Links with Species in WESTERN NORTH AMERICA: Amerochis, Calypso, Cephalanthera, Coeloglossum, Corallorhiza, Cypridedium, Epipactis, Goodyera, Habenaria, Listera, Piperia, Platanthera, Spiranthes

AN ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY OF PLANT GENERA IN THIS WEBSITE NOTING FAMILIES 

A Photo Gallery of Plants during a FONT Tour in the Dominican Republic
with some of the photographed plants not identified. If you can ID any, we'd greatly appreciate.   

A Photo Gallery of Plants during some FONT Tours in Ecuador

with some of the photographed plants not identified. if you can ID any, we'd greatly appreciate. 

Codes:

AK: in Alaska    AZ: in Arizona    BR: in Brazil    BZ: in Belize    CR: in Costa Rica    CNA: central North America
CY:  in the Cayman Islands    DR: in the Dominican Republic    EC: in Ecuador    ENA: eastern North America     
FL: in Florida     GU: in Guatemala    JM: in Jamaica    MX: in Mexico    PN: Panama    PR: Puerto Rico
TX: in Texas    WNA: western North America
    
(ph):  species with a photo in the FONT web-site

Other Links:  

Information about Upcoming FONT Birding & Nature Tours:
in the Caribbean     in Central America    in South America (Brazil and Ecuador)

or by month in:  2015    or:  by geographic locations worldwide 


Lists and Photo Galleries in this Website of Other Nature: 

Birds in:   the Caribbean    Central America    South America (Brazil)    South America (Ecuador) 

A List and Photo Gallery of Hummingbirds in 2 parts

Mammals:     the Caribbean    Central America    South America

Butterflies and Moths in:   the Caribbean      Central America    South America


Other Lists and Photo Galleries in this website relating to Plants:

Tropical Plants in the Americas  (in two parts, in the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America)

Tropical Plants on West Indian Islands in the Caribbean     Fruiting Plants and Others in Brazil  

Wildflowers & Other Plants in Texas    Desert Plants of the Southwest US & northern Mexico 

Wildflowers & Other Plants in Eastern North America, in two parts

Northern Plants in Alaska, Iceland, & the mountains of Hokkaido, Japan
(with some notes about medicinal and edible plants) 

Links to Other Lists & Photo Galleries of Plants      Directory of Photos in this Website

A List of Orchids of the Americas:       
       

Family ORCHIDACEAE  (Orchids)


The numerous ORCHIDS of the world can be said to be of 3 types:
1) Many grow on trees. They are EPIPHYTES.
2) Those that grow on rocks are LITHOPHYTES.
3) Those that grow in the ground are TERRESTRIALS.      

Numbers in this list noted as (BPO:xx) refer to pages with photos in the book "Botanica's Pocket Orchids", 2007.
Numbers noted as (SSO:xx) refer to numbers of photos in the book "Simon and Schuster's Guide to Orchids", by Alberto Fanfani and Walter Rossi, edited by Stanley Schuler, published by 1988. 

Numbers in this list noted as (NW:xxx) refer to pages with photos in the book the "National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Wildflowers of North America" by David Brandenburg, published in 2010.  

Some of the color illustrations in this list are from the book "Flowers of Guatemala" by Carol Rogers Chickering.
These illustrations were done about 50 years ago in 1964-1965. The book was published in 1973.  


++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

On the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, there are about 350 described species in ORCHIDACEAE.

Even on the small Cayman islands in the Caribbean, alone, there are 26 species of native orchids.
Those that are endangered there are noted as such below. 

During FONT tours on Grand Cayman Island, we visit an outstanding place, the Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park, not only for the fine birding we have there, but also to see the wonderful array of plants, many of which are native to the Caribbean. 
A link to information about FONT tours, in the Caribbean and elsewhere, is above in this file.

Even as far north as in Alaska, there are, as there are in the Cayman Islands, 26 species of orchids - in 9 or 10 genera.

In the rather small Central American country of Guatemala, there are about 1,500 species of orchids. Although small, Guatemala does have a good variety of different habitats.
         



          Genus ACACALLIS
    

1. Acacallis cyanea  ______  (SSO:1)  BR  (in Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil)
   
   An alternate name for Acacallis cyanea has been Aganisia coerulea.
   
   
   Genus ACINETA
   
   In ACINETA, there are about 20 species, ranging from Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador and Peru.
   They are robust, epiphyte plants.   
   
   
2. Acineta chrysantha  ______  CR
   
   
3. Acineta superba  ______  (SSO:2)  EC  (in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador)
   
   Alternate names for Acineta superba have been Anguloa superba and Peristera humboldtii.   
   
   
   Genus ACOSTAEA
   
   
4. Acostaea costaricensis  ______  CR
   
   
   Genus AMEROCHIS
   
   
5. Amerochis rotundifolia  ______  (NW:372)  CNA  ENA  WNA(in northern Rockies)
   Round-leaved Orchis
   
   Alternate names for Amerochis rotundifolia are Small Round-leaved Orchid and One-leaved Orchid. 
   
   
   Genus ANGULOA
   
   
6. Anguloa clowesii  ______  (SSO:8)  (in Venezuela, Colombia)
   
   
   Genus ANTILLANORCHIS
   
   
7. Antillanorchis gundlachii  ______  DR
   
   
   Genus APLECTRUM
   
   APLECTRUM has only 2 species, one in the eastern US, the other in Japan. This distribution can be explained by the movement of glaciers over 20,000 years ago, which may well have wiped out related plants in the area in between.
   Unlike most North American terrestrial orchids, APLECTRUM is a member of a large division of the orchid family that includes most of the tropical tree-dwelling species grown by orchidists. APLECTRUM, however, is not suited to cultivation.   
   
   
8. Aplectrum hyernale  ______  (BPO:67) (NW:374)  CNA  ENA
   Putty-root 
   
   Another name for Aplectrum hyernale is Adam-and-Eve.
   
   Native to the northeastern US, Aplectrum hyernale grows in deciduous forests. 
   Its common name of Putty-root arose because early colonists valued the mucilaginous flesh of its corms, using it for glue, medicine, and even food.
   As the winter leaf vanishes, the flower stalk rises to about 20 inches, carrying up to 10 flowers, each 1 inch wide.
   The plant is dormant through summer to early autumn. It flowers in the spring. 
   
   
   Genus ARETHUSA
   
   As with APLECTRUM (above) and POGONIA (below), the closest relative to ARETHUSA is in Japan.
   Now, ARETHUSA has only one species (as said in the note below).
   Like several other American terrestrial orchids, Arethusa bulbosa arises from a perennial corm.
   It produces a single flower in the early spring and one leaf after flowering. 
   
   
9. Arethusa bulbosa  ______  (BPO:69) (NW:375)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)
   Dragon's Mouth
   
   Alternate names for Arethusa bulbosa are Wild-pink and Bog-rose.
   
   In his book, "The Backyard Wilderness"", published in 1975, Vincent Abraitys wrote the following about Arethusa bulbosa:
   "The Arethusa Orchid is, to me, the noblest of wild flowers.
   In New Jersey, Memorial Day is the traditional time for its flowering, although further north it may be delayed by the lateness of spring.
   in the bog along Webb's Mill Brook, it is especially abundant, as it has been for many years. There is some condition at that spot favorable to it, for while it is abundant there, it is absent in most other southern New Jersey bogs.
   The common names for Arethusa bulbosa are Dragon's Mouth and Swamp Pink. However, since there is only one other species in the genus, and that one in Japan, the generic name of Arethusa seems preferable.
   Orchids are hard to describe so I will not attempt it except to say that the Arethusa has a single blossom on a stem which is up to a foot high with sepals and petals of magenta pink. The lip usually has white to yellow areas with crimson spots. The flower is large for a northern orchid."   
   
   Since the above was written, the genus for that orchid referred to in Japan, has been changed. So, that Japanese orchid is now Eleorchis japonica. Both Eleorchis japonica and Arethusa bulbosa are now the only members in their genera.
   
   
   Genus ASPASIA
   
   In ASPASIA there are about 8 epiphytic or lithophytic species, ranging from Guatemala to Brazil.
   They are medium-sized plants, with showy, long-lasting flowers.
   
   
10. Aspasia epidendroides  ______  (SSO:12)  CR  GU  (from Guatemala to Panama and northern South America)   
    
    
    Genus BARKERIA
    
    In BARKERIA there are 15 species that were in EPIDENDRUM. Most are in Mexico and Guatemala, with at least one species extending south into Panama. They are both epiphytes and lithophytes.  
    
    
11. Barkeria lindleyana  ______  (BPO:76)  CR 
    
    Barkeria lindleyana occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica, at low to high altitudes.
    
    
12. Barkeria spectabilis  ______  (SSO:13)  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador)
    
    An alternate name for Barkeria spectabilis has been Epidendrum spectabile.
    
    
    Genus BELOGLOTTIS
    
    
13. Beloglottis costaricensis  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)  
    
    
    Genus BIFRENARIA
    
    
14. Bifrenaria tetragona  ______  (SSO:14)  BR  (in Brazil)
    
    An alternate name for Bifrenaria tetragona has been Maxillaria tetragona.
    
    
    Genus BLETIA
    
    
15. Bletia purpurea  ______  (NW:393)  FL
    Pine-pink
    
    
    Genus BRASSAVOLA
    
    In BRASSAVOLA there are 15 showy epiphytic species, ranging from Mexico and some Caribbean islands south to Argentina.
    
    
16. Brassavola nodosa  (or Brassavola venosa)  ______  (BPO:84) (SSO:17)  CR  CY  (Central America south to Venezuela, and the West Indies) (critically endangered in CY)
    
    
    Genus BRASSIA
    
    In BRASSIA there are about 30 species throughout tropical America. Most are epiphytes in wet rain forests, from sea level to 5,000 ft.
    
    
    
    An Orchid in Brassia    
    (photo by Marie Gardner, at Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania)
    
    
17. Brassia arcuigera  ______  (BPO:85)  CR  EC
    
    Brassia arcuigera is a large plant with a stout, creeping rhizome. It occurs in Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru. 
    
    
18. Brassia caudata  ______  (BPO:85)  CR
    
    Brassia caudata grows on rocks. It is widely distributed in Florida, on Caribbean islands, and in Central and South America.
    
    
19. Brassia lanceana  ______  (BPO:86)  BR
    
    Brassia lanceana occurs from Panama to Peru and Brazil, growing at low to moderate altitudes.
    
    
20. Brassia peruviana  ______  (BPO:86)  (seemingly endemic to Peru) 
    
    
21. Brassia verrucosa  ______  (SSO:18)  CR  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Venezuela)
    
    Alternate names for Brassia verrucosa have been Brassia aristata, Brassia brachiata, Oncidium verrucosum.
    
    
    Genus BROUGHTONIA
    
    
22. Broughtonia sanguinea  ______  (SSO:19)  (in Cuba, Jamaica)
    
    Alternate names for Broughtonia sanguinea have been Epiddedrum sanguineum and Broughtonia coccinea.   
    
    
    Genus CALOPOGON 
    
    In CALOPOGON there are 4 similar North American terrestrial species. 3 occur only in the southeast US. 
    The fourth, Calopogon tuberosus, is widespread in eastern North America.
    CALOPOGON species have tall multi-flowered inflorescence, and several slim leaves rising from a small, buried corm.  
    
    
23. Calopogon pallidus  ______  (NW:377)  ENA  FL
    Pale Grass-pink
    
    
24. Calopogon tuberosus (or pulchellus)  ______  (BPO:119) (NW:377)   CNA  ENA
    Grass-pink
    
    Calopogon tuberosus is also called Tuberous Grass-pink. It is a tall, conspicuous species, and the only widespread member of its genus, ranging from maritime Canada through the east and midwest US to Cuba and the Bahamas.
    
    The pink-flowered trio of Arethusa, Pogonia, and Calopogon bloom during spring in northern bogs.
    Calopogon tuberosus is the most spectacular, mot common, and most versatile of the threesome. It also grows along road shoulders and in wet fields.
    
    Calopogon tuberosus may be as tall as 4 feet, and may carry up to 25 flowers, each more than 1 and a half inches in diameter, The flowers appear from spring in the north to summer in the south.
    
    
    Genus CALYPSO
    
    In CALYPSO there is only 1 species. It grows in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
    
    
25. Calypso bulbosa  ______  (BPO:119) (NW:375)  AK  CNA  ENA  WNA  
    Calypso bulbosa (var. amerciana)  ______  CNA  ENA  WNA(in Rocky Mtns)
    Calypso bulbosa (var. occidentalis)  ______  (NW:375)  WNA  an alternate name is Western Fairy Slipper
    Calypso Orchid  (or Fairy Slipper) 
    
    Calypso bulbosa forms dense colonies in damp areas and marshes in coniferous forests. It grows to about 8 inches high.
    A single leaf may be up to 2.5 inches long and 2 inches across.
    The leaf develops in the late summer and persists through winter, lying close to the ground.
    The single, nodding flower is about 1.5 inches long. Flowers appear in the early spring and are frost tolerant.
    
    
    Genus CATASETUM
    
    In CATASETUM there are about 70 species, in the West Indies, Central America, and South America south to Argentina.    
    
    
26. Catasetum barbatum  ______  (SSO:24)  BR  (in Guyana, Brazil, Peru)
    
    Alternate names for Catasetum barbatum have been Catasetum proboscideum and Catasetum spinosum.  
    
    
27. Catasetum fimbriatum  ______  (SSO:25)  (in tropical South America)
    
    
28. Catasetum maculatum  ______  CR
    
    
29. Catasetum pileatum  (or Catasetum bungerothii)  ______  (SSO:26)  BR  (in Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil)
    
    
    Genus CATTLEYA
    
    In CATTLEYA there are about 70 species and many varieties and forms. They are widespread in the American tropics, with two main centers of diversity: coastal Brazil, the largest area, and the Andes.
    There is also a significant number in Central America and Mexico.
    
    CATTLEYA is one of the most popular of genera for orchid hobbyists. Many thousands of hybrids are registered.  
    
      
    
    An orchid in Cattleya    
    (photo by Marie Gardner, at Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania)
    
    
30. Cattleya aclandiae  ______  (BPO:123)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
    
    Cattleya aclandiae grows on small trees and in environments near the ocean.
    
    
31. Cattleya amethystoglossa  ______  (BPO:124)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
    
    Cattleya amethystoglossa grows on coastal rocks and trees in full sun.
    
    
32. Cattleya aurantiaca  (ph)  ______  (BPO:124)  GU  (from Mexico to Nicaragua)
    
    In Guatemala, on the Pacific side of the country, Cattlya aurantiaca is a lovely little species that grow high in trees, from the Pacific plains up to the highlands.
    In spite of its small size, its orange color is outstanding.
    In Guatemala, it grows naturall around Escuintla and in ravines north of Antigua.
    
      
    
    Cattleya aurantiaca,
    from the "Flowers of Guatemala"
    
    
33. Cattleya bicolor  ______  (BPO:124)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
    
    Cattleya bicolor grows in large clumps on trees and rocks.
    
    
34. Cattleya bowringiana  ______  (BPO:125)  GU  (occurs in Guatemala and Honduras)
    
    
35. Cattleya dormaniana  ______  (BPO:125)  BR
    
    Cattleya dormaniana occurs in Brazil from 2,000 to 3,300 feet above sea level. 
    
    
36. Cattleya dowiana  ______  CR
    
    
37. Cattleya forbesii  ______  (BPO:126)  BR
    
    Cattleya forbesii occurs in Brazil in swampy coastal areas or along forested riverbanks from sea level to 670 feet.
    
    
38. Cattleya granulosa  ______  (BPO:126)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
    
    Cattleya grandulosa occurs mostly in hot, humid lowlands, often near the ocean.
    
    
39. Cattleya intermedia  ______  (BPO:126)  BR
    
    Cattleya intermedia occurs in Brazil and Uruguay, close to the ocean, mainly as an epiphyte.
    
    
40. Cattleya labiata  ______  (BPO:127)  BR
    
    Cattleya labiata is a robust plant in Brazilian mountains.
    
    
41. Cattleya loddigesii  ______  (BPO:127)  BR
    
    Cattleya loddigesii occurs in Brazil and Paraguay, growing in a variety of habitats, on rocks on trees, in both sunny and shady situations.
    
    
42. Cattleya lueddemanniana  ______  (BPO:127)  (in Venezuela)
    
    
43. Cattleya luteola  ______  (BPO:128)  BR  EC
    
    Cattleya luteola occurs in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.
    
    
44. Cattleya maxima  ______  (BPO:128)  EC
    
    Cattleya maxima occurs in dry coastal forests of Ecuador and northern Peru.
    
    
45. Cattleya percivaliana  ______  (BPO:129)  (in Venezuela)
    
    
46. Cattleya schilleriana  ______  (BPO:129)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
    
    Cattleya schilleriana is a small epiphyte that grows on mossy rocks and trees from sea level to about 2,700 feet.          
    
    
47. Cattleya skinneri  ______  (BPO:129)  CR  GU
    Candlemas
    
    Cattleya skinneri is a common orchid in Costa Rica, where it is the country's national flower. It also occurs in Mexico and in northern South America.
    
    Also occurring in Guatemala, Cattleya skinneri is a notable species in that it has a proud reputation of being one of the oldest and most important members of its genera hybridizing.
    In its natural state, the flowers are small and unadorned, but they have lovely color, ranging from lilac to purple. They bloom in a cluster that has earned the name "candelaria" (Candlemas) from local Indians.
    The plant is very hardy, and generally has at least 4 flowers to a stem,        
    
    
48. Cattleya trianaei  ______  (BPO:130)  (endemic to the mountains in Colombia)
    Winter Cattleya  (or Christmas Orchid)  (an epiphyte)
    
    
49. Cattleya velutina  ______  (BPO:130)  BR
    
    Cattleya velutina occurs in Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Guyana, often in exposed situations at elevations from about 1,000 to 2,700 feet above sea level.
    
    
50. Cattleya walkeriana  ______  (BPO:130)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
    
    Cattleya walkeriana grows on rocks or small trees near streams at elevations up to 6,700 feet above sea level. It is often exposed to full sunlight and high temperatures.
    
    
    Genus CATTLEYOPSIS
    
    In CATTLEYOPSIS there are 3 species closely related to both CATTLEYA  and LAELIA. They occur in the West Indies, mostly growing in hot, humid environments.
    
    
51. Cattleyopsis lindenii  ______  (BPO:134)
    
    Cattleyopsis lindenii is an epiphyte or lithophytic species that occurs in both Cuba and the Bahamas.
    
    
    Genus CAULARTHRON
    
    CAULARTHRON is a small genus comprised of only 2 or 3 species in South America and on islands in the West Indies. 
    They are epiphytes that grow in seasonally dry forests close to sea level.
    
    
52. Caularthron bicornutum  ______  (BPO:134)  BR
    
    Caularthron bicornutum occurs in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and in the West Indies.
    
    
    Genus CEPHALANTHERA
    
    
53. Cephalanthera austiniae  ______  (NW:371)  WNA
    Phantom Orchid
    
    An alternate name for Cephalanthera austiniae is Snow Orchid.
    
    
    Genus CHONDRORHYNCHA
    
    In CHONDRORHYNCHA there are about 30 species, ranging from southern Mexico to the Andes of South America.
    They are largely inhabitants of highland rain forests. 
    
    
54. Chondrorhyncha viridisepala  ______  (BPO:142)  (in Colombia)
    
    
    Genus CHYSIS
    
    In CHYSIS there are about 6 species. ranging from Mexico to Peru. 
    
    
55. Chysis bractescens  ______  (BPO:143)  GU  (from Mexico to Nicaragua)
    
    
56. Chysis laevis  ______  (BPO:143)  GU  (with a geographic distribution like Chysis bractescens)
    
    
57. Chysis tricostata  ______  (BPO:143)  CR  (in Nicaragua and Costa Rica)
    
    
    Genus CIRRHAEA
    
    In CIRRHAEA there are about 6 epiphyte species, occurring in central and southern Brazil.
    
    
58. Cirrhaea dependens  ______  (SSO:28)  BR  (in Brazil)
    
    Alternate names for Cirrhaea dependens have been Cirrhaea fuscolutea, Cymbidium dependens, Gongora viridipurpurea.
    
    
59. Cirrhaea saccata  ______  (BPO:144)  BR  (in southeast Brazil) 
    
    
    Genus CLEISTES
    
    The Spreading Pogonias here in CLEISTES are sometimes placed in POGONIA. 
    
    
60. Cleistes bifaria  ______  (NW:376)  ENA
    Small Spreading Pogonia     
    
    Another name for Cleistes bifaria is Small Rosebud Orchid. 
    
    
61. Cleistes divaricata  ______  (NW:376)  ENA
    Spreading Pogonia  
    
    Another name for Cleistes divaricata is Rosebud Orchid.
    
    
    Genus CLOWESIA
    
    In CLOWESIA there are about 6 species, distributed from Mexico to Ecuador.
    Mostly CLOWESIA was treated as part of CATASETUM until 1975.   
    
    
62. Clowesia rosea  ______  (BPO:145)  (occurs in Mexico, and possibly in northern South America)
    
    
63. Clowesia warscewiczii  ______  (BPO:145)  CR  
    
    Clowesia warscewiczii occurs in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, growing at low to moderate altitudes.             
    
    
    Genus COCHLEANTHES
    
    In COCHLEANTHES there are about 15 species, ranging from Costa Rica to Peru. They are epiphytes in forests between 1,600 and 5,000 feet above sea level.   
    
    
64. Cochleanthes amazonica  ______  (BPO:146)  BR  EC  (in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil)
    
    
65. Cocheanthes candida  ______  (BPO:146)  BR
    
    Cocheanthes candida is a Brazilian species that grows as an epiphyte or among leaf litter on the forest floor.   
    
    
66. Cochleanthes discolor  ______  (SSO:29)  CR  (in Cuba, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela)
    
    Alternate names for Cochleanthes discolor have been Chondrorhyncha discolor and Warrea discolor.
    
    
    Genus COCHLIODA
    
    In COCHLIODA there are about 5 species that are small to medium-sized epiphytes or lithophytes in the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. They occur at elevations between 6,700 and 11,600 feet above sea level.
    
    
67. Cochlioda noezliana  ______  (BPO:147) (SSO:30)  (from central Peru to northern Bolivia)
    
    An alternate name for Cochlioda noezliana has been Odontoglossum noezlianum. 
    
    
    Genus COELIA
    
    In COELIA there are about 5 species, distributed from Mexico to Panama, and in the West Indies.
    They are msotly epiphyte species but also occur as terrestrials or even lithophytes.
    
    In COELIA there are about 5 species, distributed from Mexico to Panama, and in the West Indies.
    They are msotly epiphyte species but also occur as terrestrials or even lithophytes.
    
    
68. Coelia bella  ______  (BPO:148) (SSO:31)  GU
    
    Coelia bella occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, where it lives in rain forests up to 5,000 feet above sea level.
    
    
69. Coelia macrostachya  ______  (BPO:148)  CR  GU  (from Mexico to Panama)
    
    
    Genus COELOGLOSSUM
    
    
70. Bracted Orchid  ______  (NW:383)  ENA  CNA  WNA(in Rocky Mtns)
    Coeloglossum viride
    
    Other names for Coeloglossum viride are Long-bracted Orchid, Frog Orchid, or Satyr Orchid.
    
    
    Genus COMPARETTIA
    
    Most of the 10 or so species in COMPARETTIA are spectacular, colorful, and small. They are found mostly in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, but with one species, Comparettia falcata, extending to the West Indies and Mexico.  
    
    
71. Comparettia falcata  (or Comparettia rosea)  ______  (BPO:159) (SSO:35)  (widespread, in South and Central America, and in the West Indies)
    
    
72. Comparettia macroplectron  ______  (BPO:159)  (occurs in Colombia)
    
    
73. Comparettia speciosa  ______  (BPO:159)  EC  (occurs in Ecuador and northeastern Peru)
    
    Comparettia speciosa flowers in the autumn months.
    
    
    Genus CONDYLAGO
    
    CONDYLAGO is a monotypic genus, allied to PLEUROTHALLIS, occurring at high altitudes in Colombia.
    
    
74. Condylago rodrigoi  ______  
    
    
    Genus CORALLORHIZA 
    
    In CORALLORHIZA, there are 10 terrestrial species, mostly in North America. 
    These plants are known as saprophytic because they have no leaves and make little chlorophyll.
    Instead of roots, they have tangled underground rhizomes which are invaded by strands of mycorrhiza. That fungus digests decaying material in the soil, which nourishes the plants with carbohydrates.
    Because they do not rely on energy from the sun, CORALLORHIZA species usually flourish in dark woods.  
    
    CORALLORHIZA is named for its rhizomes (noted above) which resemble pieces of sea coral. 
    
    
75. Corallorhiza maculata  ______  (BPO:160) (NW:373)  CNA  ENA  WNA
    Spotted Coral-root
    
    An alternate name for Corallorhiza maculata is Summer Coral-root.
    
    Corallorhiza maculata is the most common and widespread member of its genus. It occurs in the northeast US and west across Canada and south to the mountains, with a separate population in upland areas of Mexico and Guatemala.
    Its stem, usually about 12 inches tall, may reach 32 inches. It carries up to 40 white flowers with purple markings. They may not open fully, but they tend to reach a diameter of about two-thirds of an inch.
    The plant is usually self-pollinating and all the flowers bear fruit. The flowers unexpectedly pop up during late spring and summer.   
    
    
76. Corallorhiza mertensiana  ______  (NW:373)  WNA
    Pacific Coral-root
    
    An alternate name for Corallohiza mertensiana is Western Coral-root.  
    
    
77. Corallorhiza odontorhiza  ______  (NW:372)  ENA
    Autumn Coral-root 
    
    
78. Corallorhiza striata  ______  (NW:372)  CNA  WNA
    Striped Coral-root
    
    An alternate name for Corallorhiza striata is Hooded Coral-root.
    
    
79. Corallorhiza trifida  ______  (BPO:360) (NW:373)  CNA  ENA  WNA    
    Northern Coral-root
    
    Alternate names for Corallorhiza trifida are Early Coral-root, Pale Coral-root, and Yellow Coral-root. 
    
    Corallorhiza trifida has an unusual distribution. It is circumpolar, dipping into the US in the northeast and in the Rocky Mountains.
    The spring-flowering southern variety occurs in the mid-Atlantic region.
    its stem is less than 1 foot tall, and bears up to 20 flowers, each less than one-third of an inch in diameter.
    Its greenish color indicates the presence of some chlorophyll. Its stems are a clear yellow-green color and the flowers are unmarked. (Other species in the genus have purple or brown markings.)  
    
    
80. Corallorhiza wisteriana  ______  (NW:372)  CNA  ENA  
    Spring Coral-root
    
    An alternate name for Corallorhiza wisteriana is Wister's Coral-root. 
    
    
    Genus CORYANTHES
    
    In CORYANTHES there are about 30 quite extraordinary species, occurring in lowland tropical America.
    Mostly epiphytes, they have large ribbed pseudobulbs.   
    
    
81. Coryanthes macrantha  ______  (BPO:161)
    
    Coryanthes macrantha has a disjunct distribution in Trinidad and northeast Peru.
    
    
82. Coryanthes maculata  ______  CR
    
    
83. Coryanthes speciosa  ______  (SSO:36)  GU  (in Guatemala, Honduras, and hot northern regions of South America)
    
    
    Genus CUITLANZINIA
    
    CUITLANZINIA is a monotypic genus, occurring in the mountains near the Pacific coast in western Mexico, where it grows as an epiphyte in oak and oak-pine forests at altitudes from about 4,700 to 7,300 feet above sea level.
    
    
84. Cuitlanzinia pendula  ______  (BPO:164)  (endemic to Mexico)
    
    The flowers of Cuitlanzinia pendula appear during the spring and early winter months. 
    
    
    Genus CYCLOPOGON
    
    
85. Cyclopogon cranichoides  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)
    
    
86. Cyclopogon elatus  ______  CY  (endangered in CY)
    
    
    Genus CYCNOCHES
    
    In CYCNOCHES there are about 23 epiphyte species in the American tropics, where they grow in hot, humid lowland conditions.
    
    
87. Cycnoches haagii  (or Cycnoches versicolor)  ______  (SSO:37)  BR  (in Brazil)
    
    
88. Cycnoches loddigesii  ______  (BPO:165)  BR
    
    Cycnoches loddigesii in northern South America, including in Brazil, in hot, steamy lowland habitats.
    
    
89. Cycnoches ventricosum  ______  (BPO:165)  
    
    Cycnoches ventricosum occurs in Mexico and Panama, at low to moderate altitudes.
    
      
    Genus CYPRIPEDIUM
    
    The 45 species in CYPRIPEDIUM are in Eurasia and North America. The main concentration is in Asia in the Himalayas.
    There are about 15 species in North America, and 3 in Europe.
    Many tropical orchids that were classified as CYPRIPEDIUM are now in other genera such as PAPHIOPEDILUM, PHRAGMEDIUM, and SELENIPEDIUM, although all are still referred to as "slipper orchids".
    
    The lip of the flower in CYPRIPEDIUM forms a hollow pouch shaped like the toe of a slipper, a bulbous one.
    The lip's upper opening attracts bees and causes pollination. The area around the opening is very slippery so the insect falls very easily into it. Only bees of the right size are able to get through the basal openings, where the stigma and pollinia are situated. As a bee passes through, pollination occurs.  The 45 species in CYPRIPEDIUM are in Eurasia and North America. The main concentration is in Asia in the Himalayas.
    There are about 15 species in North America, and 3 in Europe.
    Many tropical orchids that were classified as CYPRIPEDIUM are now in other genera such as PAPHIOPEDILUM, PHRAGMEDIUM, and SELENIPEDIUM, although all are still referred to as "slipper orchids".
    
    The lip of the flower in CYPRIPEDIUM forms a hollow pouch shaped like the toe of a slipper, a bulbous one.
    The lip's upper opening attracts bees and causes pollination. The area around the opening is very slippery so the insect falls very easily into it. Only bees of the right size are able to get through the basal openings, where the stigma and pollinia are situated. As a bee passes through, pollination occurs.  
    
    
90. Cypripedium acaule  ______  (BPO:179) (NW:378)  CNA(north)  ENA
    Pink Lady's Slipper
    
    Another name for Cypripedium caule is Pink Moccasin Flower. 
    
    The distribution of Cypripedium acaule is limited to eastern Canada and the northeastern US.
    It grows in range of habitats, from dry pine forests to wet sphagnum bogs, but always in strongly acidic soil and under moderate shade.
    It forms large colonies and has short underground rhizome, from which a very short erect stem grows.
    The inflorescence is from 8 to 18 inches long. It usually has a small flower about 2 and a half inches wide.
    The flowering period occurs between spring and summer.    
    
    
91. Cypripedium arietinum  ______  (NW:379)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)
    Ram's-head Lady's Slipper
    
    
92. Cypripedium calceolus  (ph)  ______  (BPO:180) (NW:378) (SSO:39)  CNA  ENA  WNA(in Rocky Mtns)
    Yellow Lady's Slipper
    Cypripedium calceolus  (var. parviflorum)  Small Yellow Lady's Slipper  ______ 
    Cypripedium calceolus  (var. pubescens)  Large Yellow Lady's Slipper  ______  
    
    Another name for Cypripedium calcelus (var. parviflorum) is Yellow Moccasin Flower. It reaches from 1 to 2 feet tall, and has 2 to 4 ovate leaves on the basal part of its stem. It has 1, or rarely 2 flowers up to 6 inches across.
    
    
    
    Small Yellow Lady's Slippers, Cypripedium calceolus
    
    
93. Cypridedium californicum  ______  (NW:379)  WNA
    California Lady's Slipper
    
    
94. Cypridedium fasciculatum  ______  (NW:379)  WNA
    Clustered Lady's Slipper
    
    An alternate name for Cypridedium fasciculatum is Brownie Lady's Slipper.
    
    
95. Cypripedium candidum  ______  (NW:379)  CNA
    White Lady's Slipper
    
    Cypripedium candidum is also called the Small White Lady's Slipper.
    
    
96. Cypripedium guttatum  ______  (NW:378)  AK
    Spotted Lady's Slipper 
    
    
97. Cypripedium kentuckiense  ______  (NW:378)  CNA(south)
    Kentucky Lady's Slipper
    
    An alternate name for Cypripedium kentuckiense is Southern Lady's Slipper.
    
    
98. Cypripedium montanum  ______  (NW:379)  WNA
    Mountain Lady's Slipper
    
    
99. Cypripedium passerinum  ______  (NW:379)  AK  WNA
    Sparrow's-egg Lady's Slipper 
    
    An alternate name for Cypripedium passerinum is Northern Lady's Slipper,   
    
    
100. Cypripedium reginae  ______  (BPO:183) (NW:378)  CNA  ENA 
     Showy Lady's Slipper
     
     An alternate name for Cypripedium reginae is Queen's Lady's Slipper.
     
     "Reginae" means "queen", and Cypripedium reginae is one of the showiest in its genus. As a result of this, its numbers have been depleted in the wild.
     It occurs naturally in northeast North America, growing in wet, neutral to calcareous soils in meadows, bogs, and swamps, forming colonies of stems from about 15 to 30 inches tall.
     The inflorescence normally bears a single flower about 3 and a quarter inches across. It is white with a typically more or less rose-purple colored shoe. Flowers appear in the summer.    
     
     
     Genus CYRTOPODIUM
     
     In CYRTOPODIUM there are about 30 species of epiphytes or terrestrials. They occur in Florida, the West Indies, Central America, and South America south to Argentina.
     CYRTOPODIUM is closely related to EULOPHIA.   
     
     
101. Cyrtopodium gigas  ______  (BPO:184)  BR
     
     Cyrtopodium gigas occurs in Brazil and Argentina, where it grows at low to moderate altitudes in highlands.|
     
     
102. Cyrtopodium polyphyllum  (or C. paranaense)  ______  (BPO:184)  BR
     
     Cyrtopodium polyphyllum grows as a terrestrial in sandy soil and sometimes on rocks at low altitudes from Colombia to Brazil. 
     
     
103. Cyrtopodium punctatum  ______  (BPO:184) (NW:394)  BR  CR  CY  FL  (critically endangered in CY)
     Cow-horn Orchid
     
     Alternate names for Cyrtopodium punctatum are Bee-swarm Orchid and Cigar Orchid. 
     
     Cyrtopodium punctatum is usually epiphytic. It occurs in Florida in the US, in the West Indies, in Central America, and in south America in Brazil and Paraguay.
     
     
     Genus DACTYLORHIZA
     
     The "Marsh Orchids" or "Spotted Orchids" in DACTYLORHIZA occur in Europe, western and northern Asia, and North America.  
     In the genus there are 33 variable species, all of them terrestrials. 
     DACTYLORHIZA species grow in bogs, grasslands, and pastures. Many have spotted leaves and most have pink flowers with darker pink spots.
     These plants often tend to hybridize naturally, and so there can be some problems with identification. 
     
     
104. Dactylorhiza aristata  ______  AK  (BPO:188)
     
     Dactylorhiza aristata has a unique distribution - from Korea and Japan, north through Russia's Kuril Islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula and Komandorskije Islands, to Alaska's Aleutian Islands and mainland Alaska.
     It is the only common orchid in that range that flowers in the summer, in early July. its brilliant purple flowers lighten up the still bleak, foggy landscapes.
     
     
     Genus DENDROPHYLAX 
     
     In DENDROPHYLAX there are 8 epiphytic species restricted to the Caribbean. It is an American offshoot of the Eurasian VANDA group.
     DENDROPHYLAX orchids are leafless, and nearly stemless, with greenish flattened roots that do the photosynthetic function of leaves.
     Having no ability to store water, they are limited to humid, shady, and swampy habitats. 
     Most DENDROPHYLAX orchids have large flowers with a long spur.    
     
     
105. Dendrophylax fawcettii  (*) (ph)  ______  CY  (endemic to Grand Cayman Island, in the Caribbean) (critically endangered)
     Ghost Orchid
     
     Dendrophylax fawcettii is found only on Grand Cayman Island. It flowers for about 2 weeks between April and June.
     It grows mainly on 6 acres in the Ironwood forest in Georgetown. 
     A small number have been transplanted to the Queen Elizabeth II Botanical Garden, where we've seen it during FONT tours. 
     
     
     
     Ghost Orchid
     
     
106. Dendrophylax lindenii  ______  (BPO:228) (NW:393)  FL
     Ghost Orchid
     
     Dendrophylax lindenii is a striking species that occurs in Cuba, and in southern Florida in the US.
     
     
107. Dendrophylax porrectus  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
     Genus DICHAEA
     
     
108. Dichaea muricata  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus DICHROMANTHUS
     
     
109. Dichromanthus cinnabarinus  ______  (NW:389)  FL
     Cinnabar Ladies Tresses
     
     
110. Dichromanthus michuacanus  ______  (NW:389)  AZ  TX
     Michuacan Lady Orchid
     
     
     Genus DILOMILIS
     
     
111. Dilomilis montana  ______  DR  PR  (in the Dominican Republic, in the Cordillera Central, in Puerto Rico in El Yunque)
     
     
     Genus DIMERANDRA
     
     
112. Dimeranda emarginata  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus DRACULA
     
     DRACULA is closely allied to MASDEVALLIA. The 90 species in DRACULA occur in moist forest from Mexico to Peru. Their greatest diversity is in Colombia and Ecuador. The flowers are large and colorful.
     
     
113. Dracula bella  ______  (BPO:243)
     
     Dracula bella is a large, densely-tufted epiphyte restricted to the western cordillera in Colombia, at altitudes of 6,000 to 8,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
114. Dracula bendictii  ______  (BPO:243)
     
     Dracula bendictii is a medium-sized epiphyte in the western cordillera in Colombia, occurring at altitudes of 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
115. Dracula cordobae  ______  (BPO:244)  EC
     
     Dracula cordobae is a medium to large epiphyte in Ecuador occurring in wet forests at low altitudes from about 1,700 to 2,000 feet above sea level.     
     
     
116. Dracula erythrochaete  ______  (SSO:51)  CR  (from Costa Rica to Colombia)
     
     Alternate names for Dracula erythrochaete have been Masdevallia astuta and Masdevallia erythrochaete.  
     
     
117. Dracula ligiae  ______  (BPO:244)  (occurs in Colombia)
     
     
118. Dracula sodiroi  ______  (BPO:244)  EC  (endemic to Ecuador)
     
     Dracula sodiroi occurs at altitudes from about 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
     Genus DRYADELLA
     
     In DRYADELLA there are about 40 rather small species, ranging from Guatemala to southern Brazil.
     They superficially resemble MASDEVALLIA.
     They are tufted plants with narrow, fleshy leaves.  
     
     
119. Dryadella edwallii  ______  (BPO:245)  BR
     
     Dryadella edwallii occurs in the mountains of eastern Brazil at about 4,300 feet above sea level. 
     It grows as an epiphyte.
     
     
120. Dryadella simula  ______  (BPO:245)  CR  GU  EC  (occurs from Guatemala to Ecuador)
     
     
121. Dryadella zebrina  ______  (BPO:245) (SSO:52)  BR
     
     Dryadella zebrina occurs in the temperate region of southeast Brazil. Many flowers appear at one time and they appear during the winter months.  
     
     
     Genus ELLEANTHUS
     
     Orchids in ELLEANTHUS occur in the warmer parts of the Western Hemisphere in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies.    
     
     
122. Elleanthus robustus  (*) (ph)  ______  CR  EC 
     
     Elleanthus robustus has been found in Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. 
     
     
     
     The orchid Elleanthus robustus photographed 
     during the April 2014 FONT Ecuador Tour
     at Copalinga, in the southern part of the country.
     (photo by Marie Gardner)  
     
     
     Genus ELTROPLECTRIS
     
     
123. Eltroplectris calcarata  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
     Genus EMBREEA
     
     There is only 1 species in EMBREEA, It grows on Colombia and Ecuador, as an epiphyte in very wet cloud forests at altitudes of about 2,700 to 3,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
124. Embreea rodigasiana  ______  (BPO:249)  EC  
     
     
     Genus ENCYCLIA
     
     In ENCYCLIA there are about 250 epiphytic or lithophytic species mostly in Central America and the West Indies.
     Most occur in seasonally dry forests below 3,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
125. Encyclia adenocaula  ______  (BPO:250)  
     
     Encyclia adenocaula occurs in Mexico in oak and pine forests at altitudes of about 3,300 to 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
126. Enclyclia alata  ______  (BPO:250)  CR  GU
     
     Enclyclia alata occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica, growing in semi-deciduous forests below 3,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
127. Enclyclia ambigua  ______  (BPO:251)  GU
     
     Enclyclia ambigua occurs in southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, growing at altitudes of 3,300 to 5,000 feet above sea level in dry oak forests. 
     
     
128. Enclyclia atrorubens  ______  (BPO:251)
     
     Enclyclia atrorubens grows in oak forests in Mexico at an altitude of about 4,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
129. Enclyclia bractescens  ______  (BPO:251)  GU
     
     Enclyclia bractescens occurs from Mexico to Honduras, growing in rather dry oak forests below an altitude of 4,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
130. Encyclia chacaoensis  ______  CR 
     
     
131. Encyclia cochleata  (or Epidendrum cochleatum)  ______  (SSO:53)  (in Florida, the West Indies. Central America, Colombia, Venezuela)
     
     
132. Encyclia cordigera  ______  (BPO:252)  CR
     
     Encyclia cordigera occurs from Mexico to Venezuela, in dry, scrubby forests from sea level to about 3,000 feet.
     This attractive species is in many collections with an outdated label of Epidendrum atropurpureum.
     
     
133. Encyclia dichroma  ______  (BPO:252)  BR
     
     Encyclia dichroma occurs in Brazil and Suriname, growing on trees or on rocks in savanna areas, where it is in exposed situations at low to moderate altitudes.
     
     
134. Encyclia dickinsoniana  ______  (BPO:252)  GU
     
     Encyclia dickinsoniana occurs from Mexico to Nicaragua in dry oak forests or in tropical deciduous forests at low to moderate altitudes.
     It seems that most of the plants in collections labeled Encyclia guatemalensis are actually Encyclia dickinsoniana.
     
     
135. Encyclia hanburyi (or Epidendrum hanburyi)  ______  (BPO:253)   
     
     Encyclia hanburyi occurs in Mexico and possibly Guatemala. It grows on trees, or occasionally, on rocks in dry oak forests at altitudes of 4,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
136. Encyclia kingsii  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
137. Encyclia maculosa  (or Epidendrum maculosum)  ______  (SSO:54)  (in Mexico)
     
     
138. Encyclia mariae  ______  (SSO:55)  (in Mexico) 
     
     
139. Encyclia megalantha  ______  (BPO:253)  BR  
     
     Encyclia megalanha occurs in Brazil. It is an epiphyte species.
     
     
140. Encyclia mooreana  ______  (BPO:253)  CR
     
     Encyclia mooreana occurs from El Salvador to Panama. It is an epiphyte species, with attractive, colorful, and fragrant flowers.
     
     
141. Encyclia nematocaulon  (or Epidendrum nematocaulen)  ______  (BPO:254)  GU
     
     Encyclia nematocaulon occurs in the Bahamas, Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, growing in lowlands in dry scrub and tropical deciduous forests. 
     
     
142. Encyclia onicidioides  (or Epidendrum onicidioudes)  ______  (BPO:254)  (occurs on northern South America)
     
     
143. Encyclia patens  (or Epidendrum odoratissimum)  ______  (BPO:254)
     
     Encyclia patens occurs in Brazil at low to moderate altitudes.
     
     
144. Encyclia phoenicia  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
145. Encyclia polybulbon  (or Epidendrum polybulbon)  ______  (BPO:255)  GU
     
     Encyclia polybulgon occurs in Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, growing as an epiphyte or, occasionally, on rocks in oak or mixed forests at altitudes from about 2,000 to 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
146. Encyclia spatella  (or Epidendrum spatella)  ______  (BPO:255)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     Encyclia spatella grows in oak forests, rain forests, or on lava rocks at altitudes of about 2,500 to 5,000 feet above sea level.    
     
     
147. Encyclia tampensis  ______  (NW:392)  FL
     Florida Butterfly Orchid
     
     An alternate name for Encyclia tampensis is Tampa Butterfly Orchid.
     
     
148. Encyclia vitellina  (or Epidendrum vitellinum)  ______  (SSO:56)  CR  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica)
     
     
     Genus EPIDENDRUM
     
     EPIDENDRUM species may be epiphytic, terrestrial, or lithophytic. There are at least 1,000 species found throughout the Americas from Florida to Argentina.
     They grow in a variety of habitats and at various altitudes.
     In this genus there may still be taxonomic name changes, and it can be difficult to know which species one may be.  
     
     In Puerto Rico, EPIDENDRUM orchids are fed upon by the Puerto Rican Emerald, Chlorostilbon maugaeus, a hummingbird endemic to that island. 
     
     In Guatemala, there are around 175 species of EPIDENDRUM.
     
     
     
     An Epidendrum orchid photographed during the April 2014 FONT tour
     in southern Ecuador, in the botanical garden in Loja
     (photo by Marie Gardner) 
     
     
149. Epidendrum ackermani  ______  PR
     
     
150. Epidendrum amphistomun  ______  (BPO:256) (NW:393)  FL
     Dingy-flowered Star Orchid
     
     Epidendrum amphistomum has been known as Epidendrum anceps and Epidendrum secundum.
     An alternate common name for Epidendrum amphistomum is Big-mouthed Star Orchid.   
     
     
151. Epidendrum caphoporum  ______  PR
     
     
152. Epidendrum catillus  ______  (BPO:256)  EC
     
     Epidendrim catillus is an epiphyte occurring at altitudes of about 2,500 to 5,300 feet, growing in savanna woodlands and in montane forests in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.
     
     
153. Epidendrum ciliare  ______  (BPO:257) (SSO:57)  CR  GU
     
     Epidendrum ciliare occurs in the West Indies and from southern Mexico to the northern part of South America, growing on trees, or on rocks, often in full sun, at low to moderate altitudes.  
     
     
154. Epidendrum conopseum  ______  (BPO:257)
     Greenfly Orchid
     
     Epidendrum conopseum occurs in eastern Mexico, and in the eastern US from northern Florida to North Carolina.
     
     
155. Epidendrum coriifolium  ______  (BPO:258)  GU  (endemic to Guatemala)
     
     Similar species south to Peru have been regarded as part of Epidendrum corifolium, which grows on trees or rocks at low to moderate altitudes.
     
     
156. Epidendrum coronatum  ______  (BPO:258)  CR  EC  GU
     
     Epidendrum coronatum is a widespread species that grows in lowlands from Mexico to Peru.  
     
     
157. Epidendrum cristatum  (or Epidendrum raniferum)  ______  (SSO:58)  CR  (in Central America, and in northern South America) 
     
     
158. Epidendrum densiflorum  ______  (BPO:259)  CR
     
     Epidendrum densiflorum occurs in Central America and grows on trees.
     It is closely related to Epidendrum paniculatum and is considered by some as part of that species.
     
     
159. Epidendrum denticulatum  ______  (BPO:259)  BR
     
     Epidendrum denticulatum occurs in the mountains of eastern Brazil, where it grows as a terrestrial in dry scrubs under full sun at altitudes above 3,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
160. Epidendrum diffusum  ______  (BPO:259)  CR  GU
     
     Epidendrum diffusum ranges from Mexico and the West Indies to northern South America, growing as an epiphyte or lithophyte in open forests at low to moderate altitudes.     
     
     
161. Epidendrum ibaguense  ______  (SSO:59)  CR  (widespread in Central and South America)
     Fiery Reed Orchid  (an epiphyte)
     
     
162. Epidendrum ilense  ______  (BPO:260)  EC
     
     Epidendrum ilense is a strange-looking species that grows in lowlands in Ecuador, where conditions are hot and humid.
     
     
163. Epidendrum longipetalum  ______  (BPO:260)
     
     Epidendrum longipetalum grows in Mexico in wind-swept cloud forests, at moderate to high altitudes.
     
     
164. Epidendrum magnoliae  ______  (NW:392)  CNA(south)  ENA(south)  FL
     Green Fly Orchid
     
     
165. Epidendrum marmoratum  ______  (BPO:261)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     Epidendrum marmoratum grows at moderate altitudes in the Mexican southern sierras.
     
     
166. Epidendrum nocturnum  ______  (BPO:261) (NW:393)  CY  DR  FL  (occurs from Florida through the West Indies and in Central America and South America south to Bolivia) (critically endangered in CY)
     Night-scented Orchid 
     
     Epidendrum nocturnum grows in a range of habitats from lowlands to moderate altitudes, and from humid forests to dry savannas.
     The flowers of Epidendrum nocturnum have a strong pungent fragrance that is produced at night. Those flowers are borne one or two at a time at the end of a short inflorescence. 
     The size of the flowers is variable. They may be 2 or 4 inches across, but sometimes they do not open widely. Flowering is throughout the year, but more so in the summer and autumn.
     The erect leafy stems are about 40 inches tall.
     
     
167. Epidendrum nutans  ______  (BPO:261)  (endemic to Jamaica)
     
     Epidendrum nutans grows as an epiphyte or lithophyte.
     
     
168. Epidendrum parkinsonianum  ______  (BPO:262) (SSO:60)  CR  GU
     
     Epidendrum parkinsonianum occurs from Mexico to Panama in shady mixed forest at low to moderate altitudes.
     
     
169. Epidendrum pseudepidendrum  ______  (BPO:262)  CR
     
     Epidendrum pseudepidendrum occurs in Costa Rica and western Panama, where it grows on trees at low altitudes. 
     
     
170. Epidendrum purpurascens  (or Epidendrum clavatum)  ______  (SSO:61)  CR
     
     
171. Epidendrum pygmaeum  ______  PR
     
     
172. Epidendrum radicans  ______  CR
     
     
173. Epidendrum revolutum  ______  (BPO:262)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     Epidendrum revolutum grows in lowlands near Rio de Janeiro.
     
     
174. Epidendrum rigidum  ______  (BPO:263)  CY  (critically endangered in CY) 
     
     Epidendrum rigidum is a widespread species ranging from Florida in the US south through Central America and into South America to Brazil and Peru. It grows as an epiphyte in rain forests at low to moderate altitudes. 
     
     
175. Epidendrum schomburgkii  ______  (BPO:263)  BR
     
     Epidendrum schomburgkii has been reported in Brazil, Guyana, and other places in South America.
     
     
176. Epidendrum secundum  (or Epidendrum anceps)  ______  (BPO:264)
     
     Epidendrum secundum is a large epiphyte in Central America and northern South America.  
     
     
177. Epidendrum stamfordianum  ______  (BPO:264)  CR  GU
     
     Epidendrum stamfordianum occurs from Mexico to Venezuela, growing at low altitudes in open forests and coffee plantations, in areas with a distinct dry season.
     
     
     Genus EPIPACTIS
     
     The 35 species or so in EPIPACTIS range from Europe to Ethiopia, across northern Asia to Japan, and in North America.
     They are terrestrial, usually growing in wet habitats, and with fleshy rhizomes and leafy stems often reaching a height up to 40 inches.    
     
     
178. Epipactis helleborine  ______  (BPO:268) (NW:590)  ENA  (not native to eastern North America, from Eurasia)
     Helleborine
     
     Epipactis helleborine grows in light, deciduous as well as coniferous forests, shrublands, and meadows from sea level to various places in its range (but not of course in the eastern US) up to 8,300 feet above sea level.
     The stem is 8 to 28 inches long. It has 5 to 9 large, egg-shaped leaves.
     Its many-flowered inflorescence is conspicuously bent below the flowers. The flowers are about two-thirds of an inch across, and vary in color from greenish to reddish. The flowering period is in the summer.  
     
     
179. Epipactis gigantea  ______  (NW:391)  TX  WNA
     Giant Helleborine
     
     Alternate names for Epipactis gigantea are Stream Orchid and Chatterbox.
     
     
     Genus EUCHILE
     
     Both of the species in EUCHILE are restricted to Mexico. They occur in dry, oak forests.
     
     
180. Euchile citrina  ______  (BPO:275)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     Euchile citrina is in western Mexico growing in dry, open and cool forests at an altitude of about 4,300 to 7,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
181. Euchile mariae  ______  (BPO:275)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     Euchile mariae occurs in northeast Mexico from altitudes of about 3,300 to 4,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
     Genus EULOPHIA
     
     In EULOPHIA there are over 250 species distributed throughout the tropics in America, Asia, and Africa, with most in Africa.
     Almost all of them are terrestrial. Some have swollen underground rhizomes. Some have above-ground pseudobulbs.
     The upright inflorescences are tall with numerous flowers. 
     
     
182. Eulophia alta  ______  (NW:391)  DR  FL  (in the Dominican Republic, in the Cordillera Central)
     Wild Coco
     
     
     Genus GALEANDRA
     
     In GALEANDRA there are about 25 species ranging from Mexico to Bolivia, with the highest diversity in the Amazon Basin.
     
     
183. Galeandra batemanii  ______  (BPO:284)  CR  GU
     
     Galeandra batemanii occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica in seasonally dry forests.
     
     
184. Galeandra baueri  ______  (BPO:284) (SSO:65)  CR  GU
     
     Galeandra baueri occurs from Mexico to Suriname. it is similar to Galeandra batemanii and is by some considered synonymous with it.
     
     
185. Galeandra claesii  ______  (BPO:264)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     Galeandra claesii is similar to Galeandra batemanii and Galeandra baueri.
     
     
     Genus GALEARIS
     
     In GALEARIS there are 2 or 3 terrestrial species, found in North America and Japan.
     
     GALEARIS is closely related to ORCHIS, a genus in Europe, Africa, and Asia east to Japan. 
     
     
186. Galearis spectabilis  (has been Orchis spectabilis)  (ph)  ______  (BPO:285) (NW:380)   CNA  ENA
     Showy Orchis
     
     Other names for Galearis spectabilis are Two-leaved Orchis, and Purple-hooded Orchis.
     
     Galearis spectabilis is a temperate, terrestrial species native to northeastern North America, south and west to Arkansas.
     It is a splendid, early-spring blooming wildflower in deciduous woodlands. 
     The height of the plant is up to 14 inches. There are 2 leaves, 8 inches long and 4 inches wide at the base of the stem.
     A raceme bears up to 15 loosely-packed flowers with diameters of about an inch.
     
     
     
     Showy Orchis
     
     
     Genus GOMESA
     
     In GOMESA there are about 10 small species in Brazil. They are epiphytic or lithophytic.
     
     
187. Gomesa crispa  ______  (BPO:288)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     Gomesa crispa grows at moderate altitudes in moist forests in southeast Brazil.
     
     
188. Gomesa recurva  ______  (BPO:288) (SSO:67)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     Gomesa recurva grows in the cool, moist mountains in southeast Brazil.       
     
     
     Genus GONGORA
     
     GONGORA species range from Mexico and Central America to Peru and Bolivia. Its habitats range from lowlands up to at least 6,300 feet above sea level in the Andes.
     Most grow as epiphytes, but some also occur as lithophytes.   
     
     
189. Gongora armeniaca  ______  CR
     
     
190. Gongora galeata  ______  (BPO:289)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     
191. Gongora histrionica  ______  (BPO:289)  CR
     
     Gongora histrionica occurs in Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, at altitudes of about 330 to 2,500 feet above sea level.
     
     
192. Gongora leucochila  ______  (BPO:289)  CR  GU
     
     Gongora leucochila occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica, and possibly Panama, growing at altitudes of 670 to 4,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
193. Gongora pleiochroma  ______  (BPO:290)  EC
     
     Gongora pleiochroma occurs from Colombia to Peru, and possibly in Brazil and Guyana. It is found on the eastern slope of the Andes at a low altitude of 2,000 to 3,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
194. Gongora rufescens  ______  (BPO:290)  (endemic to Colombia)
     
     
195. Gongora scaphephorus  ______  (BPO:291)  EC
     
     Gongora scaphephorus occurs from Colombia to Peru, growing in humid rain forests at altitudes of about 2,000 to 3,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
196. Gongora truncata  ______  (BPO:291) (SSO:68)
     
     Gongora truncata is widely distributed in Mexico, Belize, and Honduras. 
     
     
     Genus GOODYERA
     
     Plants in GOODYERA are small terrestrial species in the northern Temperate Zone s well as in tropical forests of southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and some Pacific islands.
     Most grow in shady places on the floors of forests at low altitudes.    
     
     
197. Goodyera oblongifolia  ______  (NW:388)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)  WNA
     Giant Rattlesnake-plantain
     
     
198. Goodyera pubescens  ______  (NW:387)  CNA  ENA
     Downy Rattlesnake-plantain  
     
     
199. Goodyera repens  ______  (NW:388)  CNA(north)  ENA  WNA(in Rocky Mtns)  
     Dwarf Rattlesnake-plantain
     
     
200. Goodyera tesselata  ______  (NW:388)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)
     Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain  
     
     
     Genus GROBYA
     
     In GROBYA, endemic to Brazil, and related to CYRTOPODIUM, there are 3 species that grow in humid rain forests as small epiphytes.
     
     
201. Grobya amherstiae  ______  (BPO:297)  BR
     
     Grobya amherstiae grows at altitudes of about 2,000 to 3,000 feet in eastern Brazil. 
     
     
     Genera HABENARIA and PLATANTHERA
     
     HABENARIA is a large genus with about 500 species, with a distribution that is virtually worldwide, occurring in temperate and tropical grasslands in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
     The greatest number of species are in areas with seasonal rainfall. All HABENARIA plants are terrestrial.
     
     PLATANTHERA is very closely related to HABENARIA. Many of the 200 terrestrial species in PLATANTHERA, in temperate regions around the world, occur in northeastern North America, where they are among the most conspicuous of wild flowers during July and August. 
     Habitats vary from woods to fields to peat bogs.
     All PLATANTHERA plants are erect, usually tall and leafy, with dense many-flowered terminal infloresceences.    
     
     
202. Habenaria blephariglottis  (or Platanthera blephariglottis)  ______  (NW:385)  CNA(Michigan)  ENA  FL(north)
     White Fringed Orchid
     
     The White Fringed Orchid is found in very acidic aphagnum bogs.
     
     
203. Habenaria ciliaris  (or Platanthera ciliaris)  ______  (BPO:456) (NW:384)  CNA  ENA
     Yellow Fringed Orchid
     
     Habenaria, or Platanthera ciliaris is also called Orange-fringed Orchid. It is a brilliant, solely North American species, in various habitats, from Maine south to Texas. It is becoming uncommon.
     The height of the plant is about 40 inches. There are several pointy leaves up to 1 foot long and 2 inches wide.
     Up to 60 yellow-orange flowers, each about 1 inch in diameter, have long spurs that stretch downward, The flowers appear during August.  
     
     
204. Habenaria clavellata  (or Platanthera clavellata)  ______  (NW:386)  CNA  ENA
     Green Woodland Orchid
     
     Other names for Habenaria clavellata are Small Woodland Orchid and Club-spur Orchid.
     
     
205. Habenaria cristata  (or Platanthera cristata)  ______  (NW:384)  ENA  FL(north)
     Crested Fringed Orchid
     
     Habenaria, or Platanthera cristata is also called Crested Yellow Orchid.
     
     
206. Habenaria fimbriata  (or Platanthera fimbriata)  ______  ENA
     Large Purple Fringed Orchid
     
     
207. Habenaria flava  (var. herbiola)  (or Platanthera flava)  ______  (NW:387)  CNA  ENA
     Pale Green Orchid
     
     Habenaria, or Platanthera flava is also called Tubercled Orchid.
     
     
208. Habernaria grandiflora  (or Platanthera grandiflora)  ______  (BPO:466) (NW:385)  ENA
     Greater Purple Fringed Orchid
     
     
209. Habernaria hookeri  (or Platanthera hookeri)   ______  (NW:386)  CNA(north)  ENA
     Hooker's Orchid
     
     
210. Habernaria integra  (or Platanthera integra)   ______  (BPO:457) (NW:384)  ENA  FL(north)
     Yellow Fringeless Orchid
     
     Habernaria, or Platanthera integra is also called Southern Yellow Orchid.
     
     
211. Habernaria lacera  (or Platanthera lacera)  ______  (NW:385)  CNA  ENA
     Ragged Fringed Orchid
     
     Another name for the Ragged Fringed Orchid is Green Fringed Orchid.
     
     
212. Habenaria leucophaea  (or Platanthera leucophaea)  ______  (NW:385)  CNA
     Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid
     
     Habenaria leucophaea is also called simply Prairie Fringed Orchid.  
     
     
213. Habenaria macrophylla  (or Platanthera macrophylla)  ______  (NW:386)  ENA(north)
     Greater Round-leaved Orchid
     
     
214. Habenaria nivea  (or Platanthera nivea)  ______  (NW:386)  ENA  FL(north) 
     Snowy Orchid
     
     
215. Habenaria obtusata  (or Platanthera obtusata)  ______  (NW:387)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)  WNA(in Rocky Mtns)
     Blunt-leaved Orchid
     
     
216. Habernaria odontopetala  ______  (NW:384)  FL
     Toothpetal Orchid
     
     Alternate names for Habernaria odontopetala are Toothed Habernaria and Mignonette Orchid.
     
     
217. Habernaria orbiculata  (var. orbiculata)  (or Platanthera orbiculata)  ______  (NW:386)  CNA(north)  ENA  WNA(north)
     Lesser Round-leaved Orchid
     
     Another name for the Lesser Round-leaved Orchid is Pad-leaf Orchid. 
     
     
218. Habernaria peramoena  (or Platanthera peramoena)  ______  (BPO:458) (NW:385)  CNA  ENA
     Purple Fringeless Orchid
     
     In Pennsylvania, the Purple Fringeless Orchid has been found in the lower Susquehanna Valley, and in the southwestern part of the state.  
     
     
219. Habernaria psycodes  (or Platanthera psycodes)  ______  (BPO:458) (NW:385)  CNA(north)  ENA
     Lesser Purple-fringed Orchid
     
     
220. Habernaria quinqueseta  ______  (NW:384)  FL
     Michaux's Orchid
     
     
221. Habernaria repens  ______  (NW:384)  FL
     Water-spider Orchid
     
     
     Genus HELCIA
     
     
222. Helcia sanguinolenta  ______  (SSO:69)  EC  (in Colombia, Ecuador)  
     
     
     Genus HEXALECTRIS
     
     
223. Hexalectris grandiflora  ______  (NW:373)  TX  (in southwestern Texas, in wooded slopes and canyons)
     Giant Coral-root
     
     An alternate name for Hexalectris grandiflora is Greenman's Hexalectris.
     
     
224. Hexalectris spicata  ______  (NW:373)  AZ  CNA(south)  ENA
     Crested Coral-root
     
     
225. Hexalectris warnockii  ______  (NW:373)  TX  
     Purple-spike Crested Coral-root
     
     An alternate name for Hexalectris warnockii is Texas Purple-spike.
     
     
     Genus HEXISEA
     
     In HEXISEA there are 6 species, in Central America, the Amazon Basin, and Colombia.
     They are epiphytes that grow in moist forests from 670 to 1,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
226. Hexisea bidentata  ______  (BPO:301)  CR  GU
     
     Hexisea bidentata occurs from Mexico to Brazil, on the eastern side of the Andes.
     
     
227. Hexisea imbricata  ______  (BPO:301)  (in Venezuela)
     
     Hexisea imbricata is said by some to be synonymous with Hexisea bidentata.
     
     
     Genus HOMALOPETALUM
     
     In HOMALOPETALUM there are 4 very small species that occur in Cuba, elsewhere in the West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. 
     
     
228. Homalopetalum pumilio  ______  (BPO:304)  CR  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica)
     
     Homalopetalum pumilio grows as a lithophyte or epiphyte in woodlands up to about 6,700 feet above sea level.  
     
     
     Genus HUNTLEYA
     
     In HUNTLEYA there are about 10 species, ranging from Costa Rica to Bolivia. 
     They are epiphytes occurring in wet cloud forests from 1,700 to 4,000 feet above sea level. 
     
     
229. Huntleya bartii  ______  CR
     
     
230. Huntleya meleagris  ______  (SSO:70)  BR  (in Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil)
     
     Alternate names for Huntleya meleagris have been Batemania burtii and Zygopetalum meleagris.
     
     
231. Huntleya wallisii  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus IONOPSIS
     
     In IONOPSIS there are 5 species, occurring in lowland tropical America. They are epiphytes that grow from sea level to about 2,700 feet.
     IONOPSIS orchids have a single leaf on a pseudobulb with one internode. The leaf is flat or terete and the inflorescence emerges from the axil of the leaf. 
     
     
232. Ionopsis utricularioides  ______  (BPO:305) (NW:393) (SSO:71)  CR  CY  FL  (in Florida, the West Indies, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil) (critically endangered in CY) 
     Delicate Ionopsis 
     
     Alternate names for Ionopsis utricularioides have been Epidendrum utricularioides and Ionopsis paniculata. 
     An alternate common name for Ionopsis utricularioides is Delicate Violet Orchid,
     
     
     Genus ISABELIA
     
     In ISABELIA there are 5 species that grow as epiphytes in humid forests in Brazil.
     
     
233. Isabelia virginalis  ______  BR 
     
     
     Genus ISOCHILUS
     
     In ISOCHILUS there are about 7 species, in tropical America, ranging from Cuba and Mexico to Argentina.
     They are epiphytes, growing in moist lowland forests from about 330 to 1,300 feet above sea level.  
     
     
234. Isochilus linearis  ______  (BPO:306)
     
     Isochilus linearis is widespread in tropical America, found mostly in lowland areas.
     
     
235. Isochilus major  ______  (BPO:306)  CR  GU  (occurs from Mexico to Panama, and in the Caribbean on Jamaica) 
     
     
     Genus ISOTRIA
     
     In ISOTRIA there are only 2 terrestrial species limited to the eastern US.
     Both usually have 5 leaves that appear in a single whorl, hence the common name "Whorled".
     This form is unique among orchids, with ISOTRIA species thus resembling closely a common wildflower in eastern North America, the Indian Cucumber-root, Medeola virginiana in the Lily family.
       
     
236. Isotria medeoloides  ______  (BPO:307) (NW:380)  ENA
     Small Whorled Pogonia
     
     Another name for Isotria medeoloides is Green Five-leaved Orchid.
     
     Isotria medeoloides is classified as endangered both by the US and the state of Pennsylvania. In that state, two sites for it have recently been found in central PA.   
     
     
237. Isotria verticiliata  ______  (BPO:307) (NW:380)  CNA(south)  ENA
     Whorled Pogonia
     
     Other names for Isotria verticillata are Large Whorled Pogonia and Purple Five-leaved Orchid. 
     
     
     Genus KEFERSTEINIA
     
     Species in KEFERSTEINIA range from Mexico to Bolivia, with the maximum diversity and abundance in the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador. The species are mostly epiphytes or, rarely, as terrestrials in wet forests at altitudes of about 1,000 to 8,300 feet above sea level.  
     
     
238. Kefersteinia graminea  ______  (BPO:312)  EC  (occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus KOELLENSTEINIA
     
     In KOELLENSTEINIA there are about 16 species ranging from Panama to Brazil and Bolivia.
     
     
239. Koellensteinia graminea  ______  (BPO:312)  BR  (occurs from Colombia to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus LAELIA
     
     In LAELIA until recently there were more than 60 species, but the taxonomy has recently been revised and the genus now contains only a few species in Central America.
     Most of the other species have been transferred to SOPHRONITIS. 
     
     
240. Laelia albida  ______  (BPO:313)
     
     Laelia albida occurs in Mexico, on the Pacific side of the country, growing in oak or oak-pine forests in tropical, deciduous forests that are inland or up to altitudes of about 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
241. Laelia anceps  ______  (BPO:313)  (in Mexico and Honduras)
     
     Laelia anceps is found in a variety of habitats, from coffee plantations and pastures to oak and oak-pine forests at altitudes up to about 5,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
242. Laelia autumnalis  ______  (BPO:314)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     Laelia autiumnalis grows in open oak forests at altitudes of about 5,000 to 8,300 feet above sea level. 
     It occurs mostly as an epiphyte but is also found as a lithophyte.  
     
     
243. Laelia flava  ______  (SSO:74)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     Alternate names for Laelia flava have been Laelia fulvia and Cattleya lutea.
     
     
244. Laelia gouldiana  ______  (SSO:75)  (in Mexico)
     
     
245. Laelia grandis  ______  (SSO:76)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
246. Laelia jongheana  ______  (SSO:77)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
247. Laelia rubescens  ______  (BPO:314)  CR  
     
     Laelia rubescens occurs from Mexico to Panama, in dry woodlands, from sea level to about 5,700 feet above sea level.. 
     
     
248. Laelia superbiens  ______  GU
     
     In Guatemala, Laelia superbiens is often brought into markets for sale, or sold from house to house. 
     
     
     Genus LANIUM
     
     In LANIUM there are 4 species in northern South America. This genus is part of the LAELIA Group.
     The species occur as either epiphytes or lithophytes.     
     
     
249. Lanium avicula  ______  (BPO:315)  BR  (occurs in the Amazonian regions of Brazil and Peru)
     
     
     Genus LEMBOGLOSSUM
     
     
250. Lemboglossum cervantesii  ______  (SSO:78)  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala)
     
     Alternate names for Lemboglossum cervantesii have been Odontoglossum cervantesii and Odontoglossum membranaceum.    
     
     
     Genus LEPANTHES
     
     
251. Lepanthes elata  ______  CR
     
     
252. Lepanthes ovalis  ______  (SSO:79)  (in Cuba, Jamaica)
     
     
253. Lepanthes sp.  ______  DR
     
     
     Genus LEPANTHOPSIS
     
     
254. Lepanthopsis constanzensis  ______  DR
     
     
255. Lepanthropsis cucullata  ______  DR
     
     
     Genus LEPTOTES
     
     In LEPTOTES there are 3 very attractive, small species in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. They are epiphytes.
     
     In LEPTOTES there are 3 very attractive, small species in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. They are epiphytes.
     
     
256. Leptotes bicolor  (or Tetramicra bicolor)  ______  (BPO:316) (SSO:80)  BR
     
     Leptotes bicolor occurs in southern Brazil and Paraguay, growing in subtropical rainforests at altitudes of about 1,700 to 3,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
257. Leptotes tenuis  ______  (BPO:316)   BR
     
     Leptotes tenuis occurs in the cool mountains in southeast Brazil.
     
     
258. Leptotes unicolor  ______  (BPO:316)  BR
     
     Leptotes unicolor occurs in the cool mountains in southeast Brazil, in about same geographical range as the similar Leptotes tenuis. 
     
     
     Genus LIPARIS
     
     In LIPARIS there are about 250 species, occurring on all continents except Antarctica.
     They are closely related to those in MALAXIS.
     LIPARIS orchids grow in temperate climates as terrestrials and in humid, tropical climates as epiphytes and terrestrials.  
     
     LIPARIS species are also called "wide-lipped orchids". 
     
     
259. Liparis lilifolia  _____  (BPO:318) (NW:381)  CNA   ENA
     Large Twayblade
     
     Liparis lilifolia is also called Large-leaved Twayblade, Lily-leaved Twayblade, or Purple Twayblade.
     
     
260. Liparis loeselii  ______  (BPO:319) (NW:381)  CNA(north)  ENA
     Bog Twayblade
     
     Other names for Liparis loeselii are Loesel's Twayblade, Green Twayblade, Fen Orchid.  
     
     
     Genus LISTERA
     
     Occurring in the northern Temperate Zone, in LISTERA there are about 25 diminutive and delicate terrestrial species.
     As one would walk in a northern woods, near bogs or mossy rocks, a pleasant and unexpected find of a LISTERA orchid could be had. 
     If so, the flowers are well worth an inspection with a magnifying glass. They have a complicated trigger mechanism that "explodes" the pollinia onto the backs of tiny insects.   
     
     
261. Listera australis  ______  (NW:382)  ENA  FL
     Southern Twayblade
     
     
262. Listera borealis  ______  (NW:382)  WNA
     Northern Twayblade
     
     
263. Listera convallarioides  ______  (NW:382)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)  WNA
     Broad-leaved Twayblade
     
     An alternate name for Listera convallarioides is Broad-tipped Twayblade. 
     
     
264. Listera cordata  ______  (BPO:320) (NW:382)  CNA(north)  ENA  WNA(north)
     Heart-leaved Twayblade
     
     In Pennsylvania, Listera cordata is found at only a very few sites. It grows in mossy wet woods or edges of bogs.  
     
     
265. Listera smallii  ______  ENA.
     Small Kidney-leaved Twayblade
     
     Another name for Listera smallii is the Appalachian Twayblade. 
     
     
     Genus LOCKHARTIA
     
     In LOCKHARTIA there are about 30 species ranging from Mexico to the southern part of South America. The genus also occurs on Trinidad and Tobago.
     LOCKHARTIA species grow mainly as epiphytes. 
     
     
266. Lockhartia acuta  ______  (BPO:321)  (occurs in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago)
     
     
267. Lockhartia amoena  ______  CR
     
     
268. Lockhartia lunifera  ______  (BPO:321) (SSO:82)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
269. Lockhartia oestedii  ______  (BPO:321)  BR  GU  (from Mexico to Panama)
     
     
     Genus LYCASTE
     
     In LYCASTE there are 45 species ranging from Mexico to Peru from sea level to about 8,300 feet. They are epiphytic or lithophytic.
     LYCASTE species are closely related to those in MAXILLARIA.  
     
     
270. Lycaste aromatica  (or Maxillaria aromatica)  ______  (BPO:323) (SSO:84)  GU
     
     Lycaste aromatica occurs from Mexico to Nicaragua, growing on rain forest trees or on limestone cliffs at altitudes of about 3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
271. Lycaste candida  ______  (BPO:323)  CR
     
     Lycaste candida occurs from Nicaragua to Panama, growing as an epiphyte in wet mountainous forests at an altitude of about 2,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
272. Lycaste ciliata  (or Maxillaria ciliata)  ______  (BPO:324)  EC
     
     Lycaste ciliata occurs from Colombia to Bolivia, at altitudes of about 3,300 to 8,000 feet above sea levels.
     It is found as a lithophyte on the walls of gorges or on old tree stumps where the roots grow in the decaying wood.
     
     
273. Lycaste cochleata  ______  (BPO:324)  GU
     
     Lycaste cochieata occurs in mangrove swamps and other lowland areas in Mexico and Guatemala.
     
     
274. Lycaste cruenta  (or Maxillaria cruenta)  ______  (BPO:324)  GU
     
     Lycaste cruenta is a large epiphyte or lithophyte occurring in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador, at moderate to high altitudes.
     
     
275. Lycaste deppei  (or Maxillaria deppei)  ______  (BPO:325) (SSO:85)  GU
     
     Lycaste deppei occurs from Mexico to Nicaragua at about a 4,000 foot altitude above sea level.   
     
     
276. Lycaste dowiana  ______  (BPO:325)  CR  GU  (occurs from Guatemala to Panama and some areas of South America) 
     
     Lycaste dowiana is an attractive, small species.
     
     
277. Lycaste lasioglossa  ______  (BPO:325)  GU
     
     Lycaste lasioglossa is a large-flowered species recorded from Guatemala and Mexico, although it is thought to be extinct in the latter country. It is reported to be a terrestrial species.
     
     
278. Lycaste macrophylla  ______  (BPO:326)
     
     Lycaste macrophylla occurs extensively in Central and South America, from low altitudes up to 8,000 feet above sea level.
     It is extremely variable with some 7 subspecies, all differing in the color of their flowers. 
     
     
279. Lycaste tricolor  ______  (BPO:326)  CR
     
     Lycaste tricolor is a small species that occurs in Costa Rica and Panama in cloud forests at altitudes of about 2,000 to 3,300 feet above sea level, where the moisture levels are high.
     
     
280. Lycaste virginalis  (ph)  ______  GU
     Lycaste virginalis alba  ______  GU
     White Nun
     S: Monja Blanca 
     
     The beauty of Lycaste virginalis alba is subtle and subdued but breathtaking. A faint glow of colors tints the pearly whiteness. and the  "little white nun" is there behind her lectern.
     Lycaste virginalis alba is a native of the Alta Verapaz region of Guatemala, where it grows in humid forests from 4,000 to as high as 7,000 feet above sea level.
     The pink variety is well known to Guatemalans and is more common there than the white Monja Blanca, the national flower of Guatemala, which has been widely popularized in the literature of the country, and has been depicted on a Guatemalan postage stamp. 
     
      
     
     Lycaste virginalis,
     from the "Flowers of Guatemala"            
     
     
281. Lycaste xytriophora  ______  (BPO:326)  EC
     
     Lycaste xytriophora occurs in Ecuador, growing on rocks in the Andes at altitudes of about 2,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
     Genus MACRADENIA
     
     In MACRADENIA there are about 15 relatively small orchids ranging from Guatemala to Brazil.
     
     
282. Macradenia multiflora  ______  (BPO:331) (SSO:86)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus MACROCLINIUM
     
     Those in MACROCLINIUM were previously in NOTYLIA. The species are distributed from Mexico to Colombia.
     The plants are small.
     
     
283. Macroclinium xiphophorus  ______  (BPO:331)  EC  (occurs in Ecuador and Peru)   
     
     
     Genus MALAXIS
     
     
284. Malaxis monophyllos  (var. brachypoda)  ______  ENA
     White Addersmouth
     
     
285. Malaxis porphyrea  ______  (NW:381)  AZ(and New Mexico)
     Cochise Adder's-mouth Orchid
     
     An alternate name for Malaxis porphyrea is Purple Malaxis.
     
     
286. Malaxis soulei  ______  (NW:381)  AZ(and New Mexico) 
     Chiricahua Adder's-mouth Orchid
     
     Alternate names for Malaxis soulei are Mountain Malaxis or Rat-tail Malaxis.   
     
     
287. Malaxis unifolia  ______  (NW:381)  CNA  ENA  
     Green Adder's-mouth   
     
     
     Genus MASDEVALLIA
     
     In MASDEVALLIA there are about 350 species, occurring in most of Central and South America.
     Many of them grow at high altitudes in the Andes.  
     
     
288. Masdevallia amabilis  ______  (BPO:332)  (in northern Peru)
     
     
289. Masdevallia amanda  ______  (BPO:332)  (in Colombia)
     
     
290. Masdevallia angulata  ______  (BPO:333)  EC
     
     Masdevallia angulata occurs in Ecuador and Colombia at moderate altitudes.
     
     
291. Masdevallia attenuata  ______  (BPO:333)  CR
     
     Masdevallia attenuata occurs in Costa Rica and Panama at moderate to high altitudes.
     
     
292. Masdevallia barlaeana  ______  (BPO:333)
     
     Masdevallia barlaeana grows on rocks in moss and leaf litter at high altitudes in the Andes  of Peru.
     
     
293. Masdevallia bicolor  ______  (BPO:334)
     
     Masdevallia bicolor has been recorded in Peru and Venezuela at high altitudes, growing as an epiphyte.
     
     
294. Masdevallia caesia  ______  (BPO:334)  (in southwest Colombia)
     
     
295. Masdevallia caloptera  ______  (BPO:334)
     
     Masdevallia caloptera occurs in northern Peru, growing in moist forests at an altitude of about 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
296. Masdevallia caudata  ______  (BPO:334)  EC
     
     Masdevallia caudata occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, , growing in cloud forests with high moisture, at altitudes of about 6,700 to 8,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
297. Masdevallia civilis  ______  (BPO:335)  EC
     
     Masdevallia civilis is a small epiphyte occurring in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, where it is found at an altitude of about 8,300 feet above sea level. It grows as a terrestrial or in leaf mold on rocks.
     
     
298. Masdevallia colossus  ______  (BPO:335)  EC
     
     Masdevallia colossus is a medium to large-sized species in northern Peru and Ecuador.
     
     
299. Masdevallia decumana  ______  (BPO:335)  EC
     
     Masdevallia decumana occurs in southern Ecuador and northern Peru, growing at altitudes of about 4,700 to 8,700 feet above sea level. It has large flowers on a small plant.
     
     
300. Masdevallia floribunda  ______  (BPO:336)  CR  GU
     
     Masdevallia floribunda prefers warm growing conditions. It occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica, at altitudes of about 3,000 to 4,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
301. Masdevallia glandulosa  ______  (SSO:88)  (in Peru)
     
     
302. Masdevallia herradurae  ______  (BPO:336)  (in the mountains of Colombia)
     
     
303. Masdevallia hirtzii  ______  (BPO:336)  EC
     
     Masdevallia hirtzii is a medium-sized epiphyte found in the mountains of Ecuador, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
304. Masdevallia ignea  (or Masdevallia militaris)  ______  (SSO:89)  (in Colombia) 
     
     
305. Masdevallia instar  ______  (BPO:337)  EC
     
     Masdevallia instar occurs in Ecuador and Peru at altitudes from about 7,000 to 9,300 feet above sea level. It is a medium-sized epiphyte.
     
     
306. Masdevallia lepida  ______   (BPO:337)
     
     Masdevallia lepida occurs in eastern Colombia and western Venezuela, growing in cool, moist cloud forests, above 8,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
307. Masdevallia mendozae  ______  (BPO:337)  EC
     
     Masdevallia mendozae occurs in Ecuador in cloud forests at an altitude of about 7,300 feet above sea level. it is a small epiphyte that forms small clumps.
     
     
308. Masdevallia nidifica  ______  (BPO:338)  CR  EC
     
     Masdevallia nidifica is a miniature epiphyte that occurs in Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, at altitudes of about 1,700 to 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
309. Masdevallia pachyura  ______  (BPO:338)  EC
     
     Masdevallia pachyura occurs at high altitudes on the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador.
     
     
310. Masdevallia peristeria  ______  (BPO:338)
     
     Masdevallia peristeria occurs in Colombia at an altitude of about 6,700 feet above sea level. It is a medium-sized epiphyte or terrestrial that grows low down on tree trunks.
     
     
311. Masdevallia picea  ______  (BPO:338)  (endemic to Peru)
     
     Masdevallia picea is known for its foul-smelling odor. It occurs at altitudes of about 7,000 to 9,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
312. Masdevallia prodigiosa  ______  (BPO:339)
     
     Masdevallia prodigiosa is a recently discovered species in northern Peru, with relatively large flowers in relation to the size of the plant. It grows in cloud forests at an altitude of about 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
313. Masdevallia schroederiana  ______  (BPO:339)
     
     Masdevallia schroederiana occurs in Peru. Not much is known about its habitat.           
     
     
314. Masdevallia striatella  ______  CR
     
     
315. Masdevallia tovarensis  ______  (BPO:339)
     
     Masdevallia tovarensis is an epiphyte that occurs in Venezuela at an altitude of about 6,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
316. Masdevallia triangularis  ______  (BPO:339) (SSO:90)
     
     Masdevallia trianularis is a medium-sized epiphyte that occurs in Colombia and Venezuela, growing in cloud forests at altitudes from about 4,700 to 7,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
317. Masdevallia uniflora  ______  (BPO:340)
     
     Masdevallia uniflora is one of the first species in the Masdevallia genus to be discovered and described, back in 1794.
     It is a small pant found at an altitude of about 10,000 feet above sea level in Peru,
     
     
318. Masdevallia urosalpins  ______  (BPO:340)  (endemic to Peru)
     
     Masdevallia urosalpins is a medium-sized epiphyte.
     
     
319. Masdevallia velifera  ______  (BPO:340)  (from medium to high altitudes in Colombia)
     
     
320. Masdevallia wagneriana  ______  (BPO:340)
     
     Masdevallia wagneriana is a miniature species that occurs in the mountains of Venezuela, growing at an altitude of about 6,000 feet above sea level.     
     
     
     Genus MAXILLARIA
     
     MAXILLARIA is one of the largest genera of orchids, with more than 300 species. They occur from Florida to Argentina.
     Most are epiphytes found at moderate altitudes, but some occur in tropical lowlands and others at high altitudes.  
     
     In Guatemala, there are approximately 70 species of MAXILLARIA. 
     
     
321. Maxillaria crassifolia  ______  (BPO:342)  BR  CR
     
     Maxillaria crassifolia is a widespread species, occurring from Florida, USA through the West Indies, and Central America, and as far south as Brazil in South America. it is an epiphyte that grows in rain forests at low altitudes.
     
     
322. Maxillaria cucullata  ______  (BPO:343)  CR  GU
     
     Maxillaria cucullata occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica, growing in wet forests at altitudes from about 5,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
323. Maxillaria densa  ______  (BPO:343)  GU  (from Mexico to Honduras)
     
     
324. Maxillaria elator  ______  (BPO:343)   CR  GU
     
     Maxillaria elator occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica at altitudes of about 1,300 to 5,000 feet above sea level. It is an epiphyte or, occasionally a terrestrial that grows in rain forests.
     
     
325. Maxillaria hematoglossa  ______  (BPO:344)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     Maxillaria hematoglossa grows as an epiphyte in deciduous forests at altitudes of about 3,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
326. Maxillaria inaudita  ______  CR
     
     
327. Maxillaria lepidota  ______  (BPO:344)  EC
     
     Maxillaria lepidota occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador at altitudes from about 5,000 to 6,700 feet above sea level in the Andes.
     
     
328. Maxillaria luteo-alba  ______  (BPO:344)  CR  EC  
     
     Maxillaria luteo-alba is a very attractive species that occurs from Costa Rica to Venezuela and Ecuador, growing at altitudes from about 1,700 to 5,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
329. Maxillaria marginata  ______  (BPO:345)  BR
     
     Maxillaria marginata occurs at low to moderate altitudes in Brazil.
     
     
330. Maxillaria meleagris  ______  (BPO:345)  GU
     
     Maxillaria meleagris occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, growing in rain forests at altitudes up to about 6,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
331. Maxillaria nigrescens  ______  (BPO:345)
     
     The large spidery flowers of Maxillaria nigrescens make it a spectacular plant when in bloom. It grows in rain forests at altitudes of about 5,000 to 8,300 feet above sea level in the Andes of Colombia and Venezuela.
     
     
332. Maxillaria notylioglossa  ______  (BPO:346)  BR
     
     Maxillaria notylloglossa occurs in Venezuela and Brazil at an altitude of 3,300 feet or more above sea level.
     
     
333. Maxillaria ochrolenca  ______  (BPO:346)  BR
     
     Maxillaria ochrolenca occurs in Brazil and Venezuela at moderate to high altitudes.
     
     
334. Maxillaria picta  (or Maxillaria leucocheila)  ______  (BPO:347) (SSO:92)  BR    
     
     Maxillaria picta occurs in southeastern Brazil, as an epiphyte or occasionally on rocks at moderate altitudes.
     
     
335. Maxillaria porphryostele  ______  (BPO:347)  BR  (occurs in Brazil at moderate altitudes)
     
     
336. Maxillaria rufescens  (or Maxillaria acutifolia)  ______  (SSO:93)  CR  (in the West Indies, Central America, northern South America) 
     
     
337. Maxillaria sanguinea  ______  (BPO:348)  CR
     
     Maxillaria sanguinea occurs in Costa Rica and western Panama, growing in lowland tropical and lower mountain rain forests up to about 3,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
338. Maxillaria sophronitis  ______  (BPO:348)  
     
     Maxillaria sophronitis is a miniature, creeping epiphyte in Venezuela and northeast Colombia, where it grows at altitudes from about 2,500 to 5,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
339. Maxillaria tenuifolia  ______  (BPO:348)  GU
     
     Maxillaria tenuifolia occurs from Mexico to Nicaragua, growing in rain forests at low altitudes, up to about 4,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
340. Maxillaria tenuis  ______  (BPO:349)
     
     Maxillaria tenuis is a small epiphyte that grows in forests near Iquitos in northeast Peru.
     
     
341. Maxillaria ubatubana  ______  (BPO:349)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     Maxillaria ubatubana occurs in the Brazilian states of Espiritu Santo, Rio de Janiero, and Sao Paulo. It grows on trees and , occasionally, mossy rocks at moderate altitudes.
     Ubatuba (in the scientific name) is a Brazilian ocean-side city in the state of Sao Paulo, located right on the Tropic of Capricorn. We have visited that place many times during FONT tours.   
     
     
342. Maxillaria variabilis  ______  (BPO:349)  CR  GU  (occurring from Mexico to Panama)
     
     Maxillaria variabilis is a common species. growing as an epiphyte, lithophyte, or terrestrial in rain forests from sea level to about 6,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
     Genus MEXICOA
     
     There is only 1 species in MEXICOA, in southern Mexico. 
     
     
343. Mexicoa ghiesbreghtiana  ______  (BPO:351)  (endemic to Mexico)
     
     Mexicoa ghiesbreghtiana grows on oak trees at elevations of about 4,700 to 7,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
     Genus MILTONIA
     
     In MILTONIA there are about 10 species in Brazil at low to moderate altitudes. 
     
     
     
     An orchid in Miltonia    
     (photo by Marie Gardner, at Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania)
     
     
344. Miltonia candida  ______  (BPO:354)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     Miltonia candida grows as an epiphyte in southeast Brazil.
     
     
345. Miltonia clowesii  ______  (BPO:355)  BR  (in southeast Brazil) 
     
     
346. Miltonia flavescens  ______  (BPO:355)  BR
     
     Miltonia flavescens grows in hot lowlands from northern Brazil to Paraguay and Argentina. 
     
     
347. Miltonia regnellii  ______  (BPO:355)  BR  (endemic to Brazil) 
     
     Miltonia regnellii is an epiphyte occurring at moderate altitudes in eastern Brazil. 
     
     
348. Miltonia russelliana  ______  (BPO:356)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     Miltonia russelliana grows as an epiphyte at low to moderate altitudes in eastern Brazil.
     
     
349. Miltonia spectabilis  ______  (BPO:356)  BR
     
     Miltonia spectabilis is found in eastern Brazil, and perhaps Venezuela, growing at low to moderate altitudes.  
     
     
     Genus MILTONIOPSIS
     
     In MILTONIOPSIS there are about 6 epiphyte species that occur in wet cloud forests at moderate to high altitudes in the mountains of Costa Rica. 
     
     
350. Miltoniopsis roezlii  ______  (BPO:357)
     
     Miltoniopsis roezlii occurs in Panama and Colombia where it always grows in wet forests, not much above sea level up to an altitude of 3,300 feet.
     
     
351. Miltoniopsis santanaei  ______  (BPO:358)  EC
     
     Miltoniopsis santanaei occurs in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and northwestern Venezuela, growing in cloud forests and other moist environments at altitudes of about 1,300 to 3,300 feet above sea level. 
     
     
352. Miltoniopsis vexillaria  ______  (BPO:358)  EC
     
     Miltoniopsis vexillaria occurs in Colombia and northern Ecuador, growing in the margins of wet foress at altitudes of about 4,000 to 7,300 feet above sea level. 
     
     
353. Miltoniopsis warscewiczii  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus MORMODES
     
     In MORMODES there are about 20 species in Central and South America, mostly at lower altitudes.
     The genus is related to CATASETUM.   
     
     
354. Mormodes vinacea  ______  (BPO:360)  BR  CR  EC
     
     Mormodes vinacea occurs from Mexico to southern South America. It grows in rain forests at low altitudes.
     
     
355. Mormodes warscewiczii  (or Mormodes histrio)  ______  (SSO:95)  CR  EC  GU  (from Mexico to Peru)
     
     
     Genus MORMOLYCA
     
     In MORMOLYCA there are about 7 species ranging from Mexico to southeast Brazil. Most of them grow at altitudes of about 2,500 to 6,000 feet above sea level, either in the Andes of Venezuela or in the mountains in southeastern Brazil.
     
     
356. Mormolyca ringens  ______  (BPO:360)  CR  GU
     
     Mormolyca ringens occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica, growing as an epiphyte in open oak and in dense, humid forests from sea level to about 4,700 feet. 
     
     
     Genus MYOXANTHUS
     
     
357. Myoxanthus uncinatus  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus MYRMECOPHILA
     
     In MYRMECOPHILA there are about 8 species, ranging from Mexico to Venezuela, and in the West Indies.
     They are large robust epiphytes or lithophytes.
     
     MYRMECOPHILA species were part of SCHOMBUGKIA, and some still consider them to be. They are closely related to CATTLEYA, SOPHRONITIS, and LAELIA.
     
     
358. Myrmecophila thompsoniana  ______  (BPO:361)  CY  (occurs in the Cayman Islands and Cuba)  (endangered in CY)
     Banana Orchid
     
     The Banana Orchid grows on trees or on eroded limestone rocks in lowland forests.
     
     
359. Myrmecophila tibicinis  ______  (BPO:362)  GU
     
     Myrmecophila tibicinis is a common, robust species occurring from Mexico to Honduras. It often grows on trees near the coast at low altitudes.
     
     
360. Myrmecophila wendlandii  ______  (BPO:362)  GU
     
     Myrmecophila wendlandii occurs in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, growing as an epiphyte or lithophyte under full sun at low altitudes.
     
     
     Genus NAGELIELLA
     
     In NAGELIELLA there are 3 species, occurring from Mexico to Honduras.
     
     
361. Nageliella purpurea  (or Hartwegia purpurea)   ______  (BPO:364) (SSO:96)  GU
     
     Nageliella purpurea grows on oak trees in mountain forests, from Mexico to Honduras, at altitudes of about 5,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
     Genus NEOLEHMANNIA
     
     The 3 species in NEOLEHMANNIA were once part of EPIDENDRUM. They range mainly from Mexico to Colombia, and have similar characteristics to those in EPIDENDRUM.
     
     
362. Neolehmannia porpax  ______  (BPO:366)  CR  GU
     
     Neolehmannia porpax occurs from Mexico to Panama, and in Venezuela and Peru, growing as an epiphyte in pine and oak forests at altitudes up to about 6,700 feet above sea level.      
     
     
     Genus NIDEMA
     
     
363. Nidema ottonis  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus NINDMA
     
     In NINIDMA there are 2 species distributed from Mexico to Peru. They are epiphytes that grow in wet forests from se level to about 4,700 feet.
     
     
364. Nindma boothii  ______  (BPO:371)  (in Mexico, Panama, and Suriname).
     
     
     Genus NOTYLIA
     
     Species in NOTYLIA occur from Mexico to Colombia and Ecuador, and in Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, and Bolivia. They are epiphytes in wet forests from sea level to about 2,700 feet.   
     
     
365. Notylia barkeri  ______  (BPO:371) (SSO:98)  CR  GU
     
     Notylia barkeri ranges from Mexico to Panama. In Mexico. It grows in sheltered situations  at elevations between se level and about 3,000 feet.
     
     Alternate names for Notylia barkeri have been Notylia trisepala and Notylia bipartita. 
     
     
     Genus OCTOMERIA
     
     In OCTOMERIA there are an estimated 150 species in Central and South America and the West Indies. Most of them occur in Brazil.
     They are diverse plants, but are usually small with flowers in bunches at the base of the fleshy or leathery leaves.
     
     
366. Octomeria crassifolia  ______  (BPO:376)  BR  (occurs in southeast Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
     
     
367. Octomeria grandiflora  ______  (BPO:376)  BR
     
     Octomeria grandiflora is one of the largest species in its genus. It is found in Guyana, Brazil, and Bolivia.
     
     
     Genus ODONTOGLOSSUM
     
     Species in ODONTOGLOSSUM occur in the Andes in South America, mostly in cloud forests and constantly cool, wet habitats at altitudes above 5,000 feet above sea level.
     Many believe the the differences between ODONTOGLOSSUM and ONCIDIUM are insignificant, but ODONTOGLOSSUM continues in common use.
     
     
368. Odontoglossum crispum  (or Odontoglossum alexandre)  ______  (SSO:99)  (in Colombia)
     
     
369. Odontoglossum grande  (ph)  ______  GU
     Flor de Tigre ("Tiger Flower"), or Boca de Tigre 
     
     Odontoglossum grande is the largest flowered orchid in Guatemala. It has been used extensively in horticulture.
     It is showy and fairly abundant on the sunny slopes of volcanoes in the central part of Guatemala, and on tall trees in ravines near Antigua.
     It likes the climate of regions with moderate rainfail and coolness, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet above sea level.
     Odontoglossum grande is often brought into Guatemalan markets for sale. But unfortunately, for those who wish to grow orchids in their gardens, the local Indians have a habit of bringing sprays of flowers with rootless pseudobulbs, rather than clumps that would be easy to grow.
     
       
     
     Odontoglossum grande, the Tiger Flower or Flor de Tigre,
     from the "Flowers of Guatemala"
     
     
370. Odontoglossum hallii  ______  (BPO:377)  EC
     
     Odontoglossum hallii occurs in the Andes in Ecuador, as an epiphyte or terrestrial that grows in leaf litter in cloud forests at altitudes of about 5,700 to 10,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
371. Odontoglossum luteopurpureum  ______  (BPO:377)  (in Colombia)
     
     Odontoglossum luteopurpureum is an epiphyte that grows in cloud forests at altitudes of about 7,700 to 10,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
372. Odontoglossum maculatum  ______  (SSO:100)  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala)
     
     
373. Odontoglossum nobile  ______  (BPO:378)  (in Colombia)
     
     Odontoglossum nobile grows as an epiphyte in open cloud forests at about 7,700 feet above sea level.
     It is a variable species with flower colors from white to yellow, and with various combinations of purplish-red spots or stripes. 
     
     
374. Odontoglossum wallisii  ______  (BPO:378)  (in Colombia)
     
     Odontoglossum wallisii grows in cloud forest margins at altitudes of about 6,700 to 8,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
375. Odontoglossum wyattianum  ______  (BPO: 378)  EC
     
     Odontoglossum wyattianum occurs in Ecuador and Peru, growing on solitary trees in cloud forests at altitudes of about 5,300 to 7,300 feet above sea level.
     
     
     Genus OECEOCEADES
     
     The 30 terrestrial species now in OECEOCEADES were, until a few years ago, in the genus EULOPHIDIUM. 
     They are found in the tropics around the world, in Central and South America, as well as in Africa and southeast Asia.
     
     
376. Oceceoceades maculata  ______  (BPO:379) (SSO:102)  CR
     
     Oceceoceades maculata occurs in Central America, and in Florida in the US. It grows in shady situations, mostly at low altitudes.
     
     An alternate name for Oceceoceades maculata has been Eulophidium maculatum.
     
     
     Genus OERSTEDELLA
     
     Species now in OERSTEDELLA were once in EPIDENDROM. But those in OERSTEDELLA can easily be distinguished by their purple-warted stems.
     OERSTEDELLA orchids are found in Mexico, Costa Rica, and from Panama to Bolivia.  
     
     
377. Oerstedella centradenia  ______  (BPO:381)  CR
     
     Oerstedella centradenia occurs in Costa Rica and Panama, growing at low elevations, up to about 4,000 feet above sea level, where there are wet and dry seasons.
     
     
378. Oerstedella exasperata  ______  CR
     
     
379. Oerstedella myriantha  ______  (BPO:381)  GU
     
     Oerstedella myriantha grows as a terrestrial from Mexico to Honduras, on grassy slopes aand rocky banks, in thickets, and in forests up to about 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
380. Oerstedella pseudoschumanniana  ______  (BPO:382)  CR
     
     Oerstedella pseudoschumanniana has been found in Costa Rica and Colombia, growing as both an epiphyte and a terrestrial in open situations, with light, at altitudes of about 4,000 to 6,700 feet above sea level.
     
     
381. Oerstedella schweinfurthianum  ______  (BPO:382)  GU  (occurs in Guatemala)
     
     Oerstedella schweinfurthianum grows at altitudes from about 7,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level.
     
     
382. Oerstedella verrrucosa  ______  (BPO:382)  GU
     
     Oerstedella verrucosa occurs from Mexico to Nicaragua, and also in Colombia and Jamaica.           
     
     
     Genus ONCIDIUM
     
     ONCIDIUM is a very large genus of orchids, with more than 600 species. But a more exact number is dependent upon the taxonomic treatment of the group. There have been many name changes in ONCIDIUM, and with the large genus it seems as if there will be more before a stable nomenclature is achieved.
     
     ONCIDIUM range throughout the American tropics from Florida to Argentina, from sea level to as high as 13,300 feet.
     The areas with the greatest diversity are Brazil and the Andes. Most are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial. 
     
     In Guatemala, various ONCIDIUM species are either often brought into markets for sale, or sold from house to house.
     There are about 70 species of ONCIDIUM in Guatemala. 
     
     
383. Oncidium ampliatum  ______  (BPO:383)
     
     
384. Oncidium barbatum  ______  (BPO:384)
     
     
385. Oncidium blanchettii  ______  (BPO:384)
     
     
386. Oncidium cariniferum  ______  (BPO:384)
     
     
387. Oncidium cavendishianum  ______  GU
     
     Oncidium cavendishianum is similar in appearance to Oncidium splendidum (below), but it has large heavy leaves with a purplish tone, that are rather than bright green.     
     
     
388. Oncidium cebolleta  ______  (SSO:103)  (in tropical America)
     
     An alternate name for Oncidium cebolleta has been Dendrobium cebolleta. 
     
     
389. Oncidium cheirophorum  ______  (BPO:385)
     
     
390. Oncidium concolor  ______  (BPO:385)
     
     
391. Oncidium crispum  ______  (BPO:385)
     
     
392. Oncidium cruciatum  ______  (BPO:386)
     
     
393. Oncidium dasystele  ______  (BPO:386)
     
     
394. Oncodium divaricatum  ______  (BPO:386)
     
     
395. Oncodium enderianum  ______  (BPO:387)
     
     
396. Oncidium fimbriatum  ______  (BPO:388) (SSO:104)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
397. Oncidium flexuasum  ______  (BPO:387)  BR  (occurs in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina)
     Dancing Doll Orchid  (an epiphyte)
     
     
398. Oncidium forbesii  ______  (BPO:388)
     
     
399. Oncidium fuscatum  ______  (BPO:388)
     
     
400. Oncidium gardneri  (or Oncidium flabelliferum)  ______  (BPO:389) (SSO:105)  BR  (endemic to Brazil)
     
     
401. Oncidium gracile  ______  (BPO:389)
     
     
402. Oncidium harrisonianum  ______  (BPO:389)
     
     
403. Oncidium hastilabium  ______  (BPO:390)
     
     
404. Oncidium incurvum  ______  (BPO:390)
     
     
405. Oncidium laeve  ______  (BPO:390)
     
     
406. Oncidium leucochilum  ______  (BPO:391)
     
     
407. Oncidium luridum  (or Oncidium guttatum)  ______  (SSO:106)
     
     
408. Oncidium klotzschianum  ______  CR
     
     
409. Oncidium longipes  ______  (BPO:391)
     
     
410. Oncidium macranthum  ______  (BPO:391)
     
     
411. Oncidium macronix  ______  (BPO:392)
     
     
412. Oncidium macropetalum  ______  (BPO:392) (SSO:107)  BR  (in Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil)
     
     
413. Oncidium maculatum  ______  (BPO:392)
     
     
414. Oncidium marshallianum  ______  (BPO:393)
     
     
415. Oncidium microchildum  ______  GU
     
     In her book "Flowers of Guatemala", Carol Rogers Chickering (in 1973) noted that she had bought plants that she had hoped were Oncidium splendidum (below), but the leaves never grew very large, and when a spray of flowers opened, the plants proved to be Oncidium microchildum.    
     
     
416. Oncidium micropogon  ______  (BPO:393)
     
     
417. Oncidium onustum  ______  (SSO:108)  EC  (in Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) 
     
     
418. Oncidium ornithorhyncum  ______  (BPO:393) (SSO:109)  CR  (in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica)  
     
     
419. Oncidium phymatochilum  ______  (BPO:394)
     
     
420. Oncidium pulchellum  ______  (SSO:110)  (in the West Indies)
     
     
421. Oncidium reteneyerianum  ______  (BPO:394)
     
     
422. Oncidium sarcodes  ______  (BPO:394) 
     
     
423. Oncidium schroederianum  ______  CR
     
     
424. Oncidium sphacelatum  (or Oncidium massangei)  ______  (BPO:395) (SSO:111)  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras)
     
     
425. Oncidium sphegiferum  ______  (BPO:395)
     
     
426. Oncidium spilopterum  ______  (BPO:396)
     
     
427. Oncidium splendidum  (ph)  ______  GU
     Dancing Ladies
     
     Oncidium splendidum is the largest and showiest of its genus found in Guatemala, where it as been said to be rare.
     It certainly can not be called a common wayside plant. But it is a beautiful one.
     In her book "Flowers of Guatemala" published in 1973, Carol Rogers Chickering noted that she knew of only 2 or 3 places where it was seen in the wild. 
     One was near Lake Atescatempa, near the Guatemala-El Salvador border, where a botanist named Margaret Lewis discovered it around 1945. She wisely refused to tell anyone where it was found because she had seen only a few specimens and feared that commercial orchid collectors would clean out the little colony.
     The species is known to be more common in Honduras at elevations of around 3,000 feet above sea level. It has occasionally been brought into markets of Tegucigalpa.
     In the Antigua area of Guatemala, Oncidium splendidum has at times been grown, but the climate there is apparently too cold, and so its growth is exceedingly slow.   
     
     See note above under Oncidium microchilum.   
     
       
     
     Oncidium splendidum,
     from the "Flowers of Guatemala"         
     
     
428. Oncidium truiliferum  ______  (BPO:396)
     
     
429. Oncidium varicosum  ______  (BPO:396) (SSO:112)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
     Genus ORNITHOCEPHALIS
     
     
430. Ornithocephalis inflexus  (or Ornithocephalis elaphas)  ______  (SSO:115)  CR  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica)
     
     
431. Ornithocephalis iridifolius  ______  (BPO:409)
     
     
432. Ornithocephalis myrticola  ______  (BPO:409)
     
     
     Genus ORNITHOPHORA
     
     
433. Ornithophora radicans  ______  (BPO:410)
     
     
     Genus OSMOGLOSSUM
     
     
434. Osmoglossum candida  ______  (BPO:411)
     
     
435. Osmoglossum pulchellium  ______  (BPO:411)
     
     
     Genus PABSTIA
     
     
436. Pabstia jugosa  ______  (BPO:414) (SSO:116)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     Alternate names for Pabstia jugosa have been Colax jugosus and Maxillaria jugosa.
     
     
437. Pabstia viridis  ______  (BPO:414) 
     
     
     Genus PESCATOREA
     
     In PESCATOREA there are 15 species ranging from Costa Rica to Ecuador. They are epiphytes in wet forests at altitudes from 330 to 8,700 feet above sea level. Their inflorescence has one flower. 
     
     
438. Pescatorea cerina  ______  (BPO:437) (SSO:118)  CR  (in Costa Rica and Panama) 
     
     Alternate names for Pescatorea cerina have been Huntleya cerina and Zygopetalum cerinum.
     
     
439. Pescatorea dayana  ______  (BPO:437)  (in Colombia)
     
     
440. Pescatorea lehmannii  ______  (SSO:119)  EC  (in Colombia, Ecuador)
     
     
     Genus PHRAGMIPEDIUM
     
     With about 15 species, PHRAGMIPEDIUM is closely related to PAPHIOPEDILUM and CYPRIPEDIUM.
     But PHRAGMIPEDIUM species are generally larger.
     They range from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, and grow in moist areas, often in shady places, at a range of altitudes.
     PHRAGMIPEDIUM species are terrestrials, lithophytes, or rarely epiphytes. They have several strap-like leaves, often arranged as a fan. 
     The erect inflorescence is usually unbranched with a few flowers that open successively.  
     
     
441. Phragmipedium besseae  ______  (BPO:452)
     
     
442. Phragmipedium caudatum  ______  (BPO:452)
     
     
443. Phragmipedium lindleyanum  ______  (BPO:453)
     
     
444. Phragmipedium longifolium  ______  CR
     
     
445. Phragmipedium pearcei  (or Selenipedium peacei)  ______  (BPO:453) (SSO:122)  CR  EC  (in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador)  
     
     
446. Phragmipedium sargentianum  ______  (BPO:453)
     
     
447. Phragmipedium schlimii  ______  (BPO:453) (SSO:123)  (in Colombia)
     
     Alternate names for Phragmipedium schlimii have been Cypripedium schlimii, Selenipedium schlimii, Paphiopedilum schlimii.
     
     
     Genus PIPERIA
     
     
448. Piperia elegans  ______  (NW:383)  WNA
     Elegant Piperia
     
     An alternate name for Piperia elegans is Coast Piperia.
     
     
449. Piperia elongata  ______  (NW:383)  WNA
     Long-spurred Piperia
     
     Alternate names for Piperia elongata are Dense-flowered Piperia and Chaparral Orchid.
     
     
450. Piperia unalascensis  ______  (NW:383)  AK  WNA 
     Alaska Piperia
     
     Another name for Piperia unalascensis is Slender-spire Orchid.
     
     
     Genus PLATANTHERA
     
     PLATANTHERA is a terrestrial genus with about 200 species inhabiting temperate regions around the world.
     In parts of northern North America, these species are among the most conspicuous wildflowers in July and August.
     
     Most of the PLATANTHEREA species are in two subgroups:
     One, the dilatata/hyperborea complex is usually with white or green flowers, with a plain, narrow lip.  It has a northerly, transcontinental range in the US and Canada.
     The other subgroup are brightly colored fringed orchids, usually with incised lips. These species extend in North America from Newfoundland to Texas.
     
     The habitats for PLATANTHERA varies from woods to fields and peat bogs.
     All of the species are erect, and are usually tall and leafy with dense, many-flowered terminal inflorescences.
     The lip is typically long and curved downward. it contains nectar that attracts pollinating moths.
     
     
451. Platanthera aquilonis  ______  (NW:387)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)  WNA(in Rocky Mtns)
     Green Bog Orchid
     
     An alternate name for Platanthera aquilonis is Tall Northern Bog Orchid.
     
     
452. Platanthera dilatata  ______  (BPO:456) (NW:386)  AK  CNA(north)  ENA(north)  WNA
     White Bog Orchid
     
     Other names for Platanthera dilatata are Leafy White Orchid, Bog Candle, and Scentbottle.
     
     Where it occurs, the Platanthere dilatata can bloom en masse in roadside ditches and other places in the summer, during July.
     The plant exceeds 40 inches in height. There are two leaves up to 1 foot long. The flowers number about 70, each being about an inch in diameter. 
     
     
453. Platanthera huronensis  ______  (BPO:457)  AK  
     Tall Green Orchid
     
     
454. Platanthera hyperborea  ______  AK
     Northern Green Orchid  
     
     
     Genus PLATYSTELE
     
     
455. Platystele microtatantha  ______  CR
     
     
456. Platystele ovalifolia  ______  DR
     
     
     Genus PLEUROTHALLIS
     
     PLEUROTHALLIS has been just about the largest of orchid genera, with more than 1,000 species described.
     Recently, however, the genus has been studied using DNA, and a new classification is emerging that will create a number of name changes at the generic level.
     
     Those orchids that have been in PLEUROTHALLIS are in tropical America, most abundantly in mountainous regions, with some in cool cloud forests more than 10,000 feet above sea level. Yet, others are near sea level in much hotter climates.
     Most of these orchids are epiphytes, but there are a few that grow as lithophytes or terrestrials.
     The plants that have been in PLEUROTHALLIS are very diverse, ranging from small, tufted plants to large, bushy ones. 
     
     About 90 species of PLEUROTHALLIS are indigenous to Guatemala.          
     
     
457. Pleurothallis alligatorifera  ______  (BPO:463)
     
     
458. Pleurothallis anceps  ______  (BPO:463)
     
     
459. Pleurothallis atropurpurea  ______  (BPO:464)
     
     
460. Pleurothallis cardiothallis  ______  CR
     
     
461. Pleurothallis caymanensis  ______  CY  (vulnerable in CY)
     
     
462. Pleurothallis endotrachys  ______  (BPO:464)
     
     
463. Pleurothallis grobyi  ______  (BPO:464)
     
     
464. Pleurothallis johnsonii  ______  (BPO:465)
     
     
465. Pleurothallis marthae  ______  (BPO:465)
     
     
466. Pleurothallis matudiana  ______  (BPO:466)
     
     
467. Pleurothallis mirabilis  ______  (BPO:466)
     
     
468. Pleurothallis oblongifolia  ______  DR
     
     
469. Pleurothallis praecipna  ______  (BPO:467)
     
     
470. Pleurothallis pterophora  ______  (SSO:126)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
471. Pleurothallis quadrifida  ______  (BPO:467)
     
     
472. Pleurothallis sarracenia  ______  (BPO:467)
     
     
473. Pleurothallis schiedii  ______  (BPO:468)
     
     
474. Pleurothallis sonderana  ______  (BPO:468)
     
     
475. Pleurothallis tribuloides  ______  (BPO:468)
     
     
476. Pleurothallis tuerckheimii  ______  (BPO:469)
     
     
477. Pleurothallis viduata  ______  (BPO:469)
     
     
478. Pleurothallis violacea  ______  (BPO:469)
     
     
     Genus POGONIA
     
     In POGONIA there are only 2 or 3 terrestrial species. One, Pogonia ophioglossoides, is in eastern North America. Otherwise POGONIA is in Japan and China.
     The separated distribution was caused by glaciers during the Ice Ages, which caused POGONIA to disappear from the western side of North America.
     The plants have fleshy roots and a single leaf.  
     
     
479. Pogonia ophioglossoides  ______  (BPO:470) (NW:376)  CNA(north)  ENA
     Rose Pogonia
     
     Another name for Pogonia ophioglossoides is Snake-mouth Orchid.
     
     
     Genus POLYCYCNIS
     
     
480. Polycycnis barbata  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus POLYSTACHYA
     
     In POLYSTACHYA there are about 120 epiphyte species, mostly in tropical Africa. Some, however, are in Asia and tropical America.
     They grow mostly in rain forests at both low and high altitudes. 
     
     
481. Polystachya concreta  ______  CY
     
     
     Genus PONTHIEVA
     
     In PONTHIEVA there are about 25 species, occurring from the eastern and southern US south through the West Indies and Central America and in South America to Chile.  
     They are terrestrials with fleshy roots.
     The erect inflorescences have either a few or many flowers. 
     
     
482. Shadow Witch  ______  (BPO:477) (NW:390)  CNA(south)  ENA(south)  
     Ponthieva racemosa 
     
     Another name for Ponthieva racemosa is Hairy Shadow Witch. 
     
     The Shadow Witch grows in forests, on damp cliffs, and along stream banks, often in large colonies, from low altitudes to about 6,700 feet above sea level.
     The plant is about 2 feet tall with 3 to 8 leaves, up to 6 inches long and 2 inches wide in a basal rosette.
     The inflorescence is up to 10 inches long with numerous flowers about two-thirds of an inch across.
     Flowering is from autumn to spring. 
     
     
     Genus PORROGLOSSUM
     
     
483. Porroglossum mordax  ______  (BPO:478)
     
     
484. Porroglossum muscosum  ______  (BPO:478)
     
     
485. Porroglossum teagueri  ______  (BPO:478)
     
     
     Genus PRESCOTTIA
     
     
486. Prescottia oligantha  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
487. Prescottia stachyoides  ______  DR
     
     
     Genus PROMENAEA
     
     
488. Promenaea rollisonii  ______  (BPO:479)
     
     
489. Promenaea stapelioides  ______  (BPO:479)
     
     
490. Promenaea xanthina  ______  (BPO:479) (SSO:129)  BR  (in Brazil)  
     
     Alternate names for Promenaea xanthina have been Maxillaria xanthina and Promenaea citrina. 
     
     
     Genus PROSTHECHEA
     
     In PROSTHECHEA there are about 100 species, ranging from Mexico to Brazil.
     They were originally placed in EPIDENDRUM and later in ENCYCLIA, but they have been reclassified because of their pseudobulbs and lips.
     The pseudibulbs are spindle-shaped and often somewhat flattened, while those of ENCYCLIA are usually ovoid.      
     
     
491. Prosthechea baculus  ______  (BPO:480)
     
     
492. Prosthechea boothiana  ______  (NW:394)  CY  FL  (near-threatened in CY)
     Florida Dancing Lady Orchid
     
     
493. Prosthechea brassavolae  ______  (BPO:480)
     
     
494. Prosthechea chacaoensis  ______  (BPO:481)
     
     
495. Prosthechea cochleata  ______  (BPO:481) (NW:394)  CY  FL  (in the West Indies, Florida, and Mexico to Venezuela) (critically endangered in CY)
     Prosthechea cochleata  (var. triandra)  ______  (NW:394)  FL
     Florida Clamshell Orchid
     
     
496. Prosthechea fausta  ______  (BPO:481)
     
     
497. Prosthechea fragrans  ______  (BPO:482)
     
     
498. Prosthechea garciana  ______  (BPO:482)
     
     
499. Prosthechea glumacea  ______  (BPO:482)
     
     
500. Prosthechea prismatocarpa  ______  (BPO:483)
     
     
501. Prosthechea radiata  ______  (BPO:483)
     
     
502. Prosthechea rhynchophora  ______  (BPO:483)
     
     
503. Prosthechea trulla  ______  (BPO:484)
     
     
504. Prosthechea vitellina  ______  (BPO:484)    
     
     
505. Prosthechea sp.  ______  DR
     
     
     Genus PSYCHILIS
     
     In PSYCHILIS there are about 15 species on Caribbean islands. The genus is closely related to ENCYCLIA and EPIDENDRUM.
     Those in PSYCHILIS are easily distinguished by their spindle-shaped pseudobulbs. They grow in exposed conditions on rocks or as epiphytes. 
     
     
506. Psychilis atropurpurea  ______  (BPO:485)
     
     
507. Psychilis dodii  ______  (BPO:485)  DR  
     
     Psychilis dodii grows in forests between 1,000 and 4,000 feet above sea level in the Dominican Republic.
     The plant may grow up to 5 feet tall. Flowers are about 2.5 inches in diameter. Flowering is mainly in the summer.
     
     
     Genus PSYCHOPSIS
     
     In PSYCHOPSIS there are 4 species ranging from Costa Rica to Peru. They grow in wet and moist forests from sea level to about 2700 feet. 
     
     
508. Psychopsis krameriana  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus PSYGMORCHIS
     
     In PSYGMORCHIS there are only 4 species, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. They grow as twig epiphytes, particularly in trees overhanging water. They occur from sea level to about 4,700 ft.
     The plants are small and fan-shaped. The flowers open one at a time.    
     
     
509. Psygmorchis pusilla  ______ (BPO:488)  CR  GU  (from Mexico and the West Indies into South America, to Brazil)  
     
     
     Genus PTEROGLOSSASPIS
     
     
510. Pteroglossaspis ecristata  ______  (NW:390)  ENA(south)  FL
     Giant Orchid
     
     Alternate names for Pteroglossaspis ecristata are Noncrested-eulophia and Spiked-medusa.  
     
     
     Genus RESTREPIA
     
     RESTREPIA orchids are small, growing in the wild in Central America and in the Andes in South America.
     There are more than 30 species, but many are poorly defined.
     They lack pseudobulbs. The stems bear oblong to ovate leaves. The inflorescence appears on the reverse surface of one of the leaves, bearing a single flower.      
     
     
511. Restrepia antennifera  ______  (SSO:132)  EC  (in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador)
     
     An alternate name for Restrepia antennifera has been Pleurothallis ospinae.    
     
     
512. Restrepia subserrata  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus RHYNCHOLAELIA
     
     
513. Rhyncholaelia digbyana  (or Brassavola digbyana)  ______  (SSO:133)  (in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras)
     
     
     Genus RODRIGUEZIA
     
     
514. Rodriguezia bracteata  ______  (SSO:135)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
     Genus RODRIGUEZIELLA
     
     
515. Rodrigueziella gomezoides  (or Theodorea gomezoides)  ______  (SSO:136)  BR  (in eastern Brazil)
     
     
     Genus ROSSIOGLOSSUM
     
     In ROSSIOGLOSSUM there are about 6 species, with each of them occurring in the region from Mexico to Panama.
     They are epiphytes in moist cloud forests at moderate to high altitudes. 
     All were formerly included in ODONTOGLOSSUM.  
     
     
516. Rossioglossum grande  (or Odontoglossum grande)  ______  (SSO:137)  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala)  
     
     Rossioglossum grande occurs in mountains above 9,000 feet above sea level. 
     
     
517. Rossioglossum schlieperianum  ______  (BPO:511)  CR  (in Costa Rica and Panama)
     
     
     Genus SACOILA
     
     
518. Sacoila lanceolata  (var. lanceolata)  ______  (NW:389)  FL
     Leafless Beaked Orchid
     
     Alternate names for Sacoila lanceolata are Leafless Beaked Lady Orchid and Scarlet Ladies Tresses.
     
     
     Genus SCHOMBURGKIA
     
     In SCHOMBURGKIA there are about 16 species, ranging from Mexico and the West Indies to Bolivia and Brazil.
     They are related to LAELIA and CATTLEYA.
     These large epiphytes or lithophytes grow below an altitude of 3,300 feet above sea level.   
     
     
519. Schomburgkia lueddemannii  ______  CR
     
     
520. Schomburgkia superbiens  (or Cattleya superbiens)  ______  (SSO:139)  GU  (in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras)
     
     
     Genus SCUTICARIA
     
     
521. Scuticaria hadwenii  (or Bifrenaria hadwenii)  ______  (SSO:140)  BR   (in Guyana, Brazil) 
     
     
     Genus SOBRALIA
     
     In SOBRALIA there are about 75 species, ranging from Mexico to South America. They grow from sea level to high altitudes, mostly as terrestrials, but some are epiphytes.
     The flowers are large, showy, and fragrant, but they last only a day or two. 
     
     
522. Sobralia macrantha  ______  (SSO:142)  CR  GU  (from Mexico to Costa Rica)
     
     
523. Sobralia powellii  ______  CR
     
     
524. Sobralia rosea  (*) (ph)  ______  EC
     
     
     
     This Orchid, Sobralia rosea, was seen commonly
     on mid-level slopes of the Andes, when we were
     in southern Ecuador during a FONT tour in April 2014.
     (photo by Marie Gardner)     
     
     
     Genus SACOILA
     
     
525. Sacoila lanceolata  ______  CY
     
     
     Genus SOPHRONITELLA
     
     
526. Sophronitella violacea  (or Sophronitis violacea)  ______  (SSO:143)  BR  (in eastern Brazil)
     
     
     Genus SOPHRONITIS 
     
     
527. Sophronitis coccinea  (or Sophronitis grandiflora)  ______  (SSO:144)  BR  (in eastern Brazil)
     
     
     Genus SPIRANTHES
     
     SPIRANTHES is a large genus of terrestrial orchids with nearly a worldwide distribution, as there are species of it on all continents except Antarctica.  
     Most occur in tropical or subtropical areas, but some are in temperate North America, temperate Asia, and Europe.
     They have thick, fleshy, tuber-like roots, a basal rosette of leaves, and a tall inflorescence with a few to many small flowers in a spiral form at the upper part of the inflorescence.  
      
     
528. Spiranthes cernua  ______  (BPO:542) (NW:388)  CNA  ENA
     Nodding Ladies Tresses  
     
     Another name for Spiranthes cernua is Autumn Ladies Tresses.
     
     
529. Spiranthes grayi  ______ 
     
     
530. Spiranthes lacera  (var. gracilis)  ______  (BPO:543) (NW:389)  CNA  ENA
     Slender Ladies Tresses
     
     Spiranthes lacera occurs in the northeast US and into Canada, with the variety gracilis extending south to eastern Texas.
     The plant grows up to 2 feet tall with a basal rosette of leaves.
     The inflorescence has many tightly packed flowers about one-quarter of an inch long. Flowering is from summer into autumn.
     
     
531. Spiranthes lucida  ______  (NW:389)  CNA  ENA  
     Shining Ladies Tresses
     
     
532. Spiranthes magnicamporum  ______  (NW:388)  CNA
     Great Plains Ladies Tresses
     
     An alternate name for Spiranthes magnicamporum is Prairie Ladies Tresses. 
     
     
533. Spiranthes odorata  ______  ENA
     Fragrant Ladies Tresses
     
     
534. Spiranthes praecos  ______  ENA
     Grass-leaved Ladies Tresses 
     
     
535. Spiranthes romanzoffiana  ______  (NW:389)  CNA(north)  ENA(north)  WNA
     Hooded Ladies Tresses
     
     
536. Spiranthes tuberosa  (or beckii)  ______  ENA.
     Little Ladies Tresses 
     
     
537. Spiranthes vernalis  ______  ENA
     Spring Ladies Tresses
     
     
     Genus STANHOPEA
     
     In STANHOPEA there are about 60 species, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. They are epiphytes and lithophytes in moist forests at low to moderate altitudes.
     
     
538. Stanhopea wardii  ______  (BPO:546)  CR  (in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela)
     
     
     Genus TELIPOGON
     
     In TELIPOGON there are more than 100 species, ranging from Costa Rica to Bolivia. They grow as epiphytes or terrestrials at altitudes from 5,000 to 11,300 feet above sea level.
     The plants are often dwarfed by the large, showy flowers.  
     
     
539. Telipogon biolleyi  ______  CR
     
     
     Genus TICOGLOSSUM
     
     There are just 2 species in TICOCLOSSUM, at high altitudes in the central mountain range in Costa Rica and western Panama.
     These two species were in ONICIDIUM and ODONTOGLOSSUM. 
     
     
540. Ticoglossum krameri  ______  (BPO:560)  CR  (endemic to Costa Rica, on trees in cloud forests) 
     
     
     Genus TIPULARIA
     
     In TIPULARIA there are 3 species: one in the Himalayas, one in Japan, and one, Tipularia discolor, in eastern North America.
     They are all terrestrials with a broad leaf that rises from a series of underground, jointed tubers. 
     The inflorescence is tall and slender with numerous small flowers.  
     
     
541. Tipularia discolor  ______  (BPO:560) (NW:374)  ENA
     Crane-fly Orchid
     
     Another name for Tipularia discolor is Crippled Cranefly. It occurs in the US from the northeastern states west and south to Nebraska, eastern Texas, and Florida.
     Tipularia discolor is an uncommon orchid growing in coniferous and deciduous forests and along stream banks.
     The plant is up to 2 feet tall and arises from a series of tubers. The solitary leaf is dark green above and purple below, and is up to 4 inches long and 2 and a half inches wide.
     The inflorescence appears in mid-summer after the leaf has withered. There are 20 to 40 flowers, each about half an inch across. 
     
     
     Genus TOLUMNIA
     
     Plants in TOLUMNIA are native to Caribbean islands. They were called "equitant" Oncidiums, referring to their unique growth habit of overlapping leaves.
     Generally, they are small epiphytes that lack pseudobulbs, or have a very small one.
     
     
542. Tolumnia calochila  ______  CY  DR  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
543. Tolumnia heneckenii  ______  (BPO:561)  DR  (endemic to Hispaniola, in Montecristi province, Villa Elisa Reserve)
     S: Cacatica
     
     Tolumnia heneckenii occurs naturally in a very dry area in northern Hispaniola. It forms a fan of stiff, sharply curved, red-green leaves. The inflorescence gradually increases in length as each flower dies and another is formed. It can produce about 15 flowers during several months, with each flower about 1 inch long. 
     
     
544. Tolumnia variegata  ______  CY  (endemic to the Greater Antilles and Caymans)  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
     Genus TRICHOCENTRUM
     
     
545. Trichocentrum fuscum  ______  (SSO:151)  BR  (in Brazil)
     
     
     Genus TRICHOPILIA
     
     In TRICHOPILIA there are about 30 species ranging from Mexico to Brazil. They are mostly epiphytes, but some are lithophytes and a few are terrestrials. They grow in wet forests at altitudes from 1,700 to 6,700 feet above sea level.
     These plants have flattened pseudobulbs with a single leaf.
     
     
546. Trichopilia fragrans  ______  DR  
     
     
547. Trichopilia suavis  (or Trichopilia kienastiana)  ______  (BPO:572) (SSO153)  CR  (in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia)
     
     
     Genus TRIGONIDIUM
     
     In TRIGONIDIUM there are 20 epiphytic species that grow in Central and South America.
     They are closely related to MAXILLARIA.
     
     
548. Trigonidium egertonianum  ______  (BPO:574)  CR  (from Mexico to Colombia, at low to moderate altitudes)
     
     
549. Trigonidium obtusum  ______  (SSO:155)  BR  (in Guyana, Brazil)
     
     
     Genus TRIPHORA
     
     
550. Triphora gentianoides  ______  CY  FL  (critically endangered in CY)
     Gentian Noddingcaps
     
     An alternate name for Triphora gentianoides is Least Noddingcaps.
     
     
551. Three Birds Orchid  ______  (NW:377)  CNA  ENA
     Triphora trianthophora
     
     An alternate name for Triphora trianthophora is Nodding-pogonia. 
     
     
     Genus TROPIDIA
     
     
552. Tropidia polystachya  ______  CY  (critically endangered in CY)
     
     
     Genus VANILLA
     
     In VANILLA there are over 50 species, occurring in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.  
     
     
553. Vanilla bicolor  ______  DR
     Vanilla
     
     
554. Vanilla claviculata  ______  CY  (endemic to the Greater Antilles and Caymans)  (vulnerable in CY) 
     Green Withe
     
     
555. Vanilla phaeantha  ______  (NW:393)  FL
     Leafy Vanilla
     
     
556. Vanilla planifolia  ______  (BPO:583)  FL  MX  (native to Mexico, but now cultivated in many tropical areas)
     Flat-leaved Vanilla 
     
     Vanilla planifolia is grown on farms for the vanilla essence that is made from the seed pods.
     The plants grow as vines that often reach more than 100 feet long.
     The roots are produced at the nodes and grow up trees, over rocks, or on cliff faces. 
     The leaves are succulent and well-spaced along the stem.
     The short inflorescences bear a few large flowers that last for only a day or two.     
     
     
     Genus XYLOBIUM
     
     In XYLOBIUM there are 25 species, ranging from Mexico to southeast Brazil, with the greatest diversity in the Andes.
     They have clustered pseudobulbs, and the inflorescence is short, arising from the base of the pseudobulbs. 
     
     
557. Xylobium elongatum  ______  CR 
     
     
558. Xylobium variegatum  (or Xylobium squalens)  ______  (SSO:159)  BR  CR  (from Costa Rica to Brazil)
     
     
     Genus ZEUXINE
     
     
559. Zeuxine strateumatica  ______  (NW:590)  FL  (native to tropical Asia)
     Lawn Orchid
     
     An alternate name for Zeuxine strateumatica is Soldier's Orchid. 
     
     
     Genus ZOOTROPHION
     
     
560. Zootrophion atropurpureum  ______  (SSO:160)  CR  (in Cuba, Jamaica, Costa Rica)
     
     An alternate name for Zootrophion atropurpureum has been Cryptophoranthus atropurpureus.
     
     
     Genus ZYGOPETALUM
     
     
561. Zygopetalum intermedium  (or Zygopetalum mackayi)  ______  (SSO:161)  BR  (in Peru, Bolivia, Brazil)
     
     
562. Zygopetalum maxillare  (or Zypopetalum mandibulare)  ______  (SSO:162)  BR  (in Paraguay, Brazil)
     
     
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